The Great Hypostyle Hall is located within the
Karnak temple complex
The Karnak Temple Complex, commonly known as Karnak (, which was originally derived from ar, خورنق ''Khurnaq'' "fortified village"), comprises a vast mix of decayed temples, pylons, chapels, and other buildings near Luxor, Egypt. Construct ...
, in the
Precinct of Amon-Re
The Precinct of Amun-Re, located near Luxor, Egypt, is one of the four main temple enclosures that make up the immense Karnak Temple Complex. The precinct is by far the largest of these and the only one that is open to the general public. The t ...
. It is one of the most visited monuments of
Ancient Egypt. The structure was built around the
19th Egyptian Dynasty (c. 1290–1224 BC). Its design was initially instituted by
Hatshepsut, at the North-west
chapel to
Amun in the upper terrace of
Deir el-Bahri. The name refers to
hypostyle architectural pattern.
Architecture and construction
The Great Hypostyle Hall covers an area of . The roof, now fallen, was supported by 134
columns in 16 rows; the two middle rows are higher than the others (being in circumference and high).
The 134 papyrus columns represent the primeval papyrus swamp from which
Atum
Atum (, Egyptian: ''jtm(w)'' or ''tm(w)'', ''reconstructed'' ; Coptic ''Atoum''), sometimes rendered as Atem or Tem, is an important deity in Egyptian mythology.
Name
Atum's name is thought to be derived from the verb ''tm'' which means 'to co ...
, a self-created deity, arose from the waters of
Nun at the beginning of creation.
The hall was not constructed by
Horemheb, or
Amenhotep III as earlier scholars had thought but was built entirely by
Seti I who engraved the northern wing of the hall with inscriptions. Decoration of the southern wing was completed by the
19th dynasty pharaoh
Ramesses II.
Inscriptions and reliefs
A series of succeeding pharaohs added inscriptions to the walls and the columns in places their predecessors had left blank, including
Ramesses III,
Ramesses IV and
Ramesses VI. The northern side of the hall is decorated in raised relief, and was mainly Seti I's work. The southern side of the hall was completed by Ramesses II, in sunk relief although he used raised relief at the very beginning of his reign before changing to the sunk relief style and re-editing his own raised reliefs. Ramesses II also usurped decoration of his father along the main north-south and east-west processional ways of the hall, giving the casual observer the idea that he was responsible for the building. However, most of Seti I's reliefs in the northern part of the hall were respected.
The outer walls depict scenes of battle, Seti I on the north and Ramesses II on the south. Although these reliefs had religious and ideological functions, they are important records of the wars of these kings. On another wall adjoining the south wall of the Hall is a record of Ramesses II's
Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty
The Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty, also known as the Eternal Treaty or the Silver Treaty, is the only Ancient Near Eastern treaty for which the versions of both sides have survived. It is also the earliest known surviving peace treaty. It is som ...
that he signed in Year 21 of his reign.
In 1899, eleven of the massive columns of the Great Hypostyle Hall collapsed in a chain reaction, because their foundations were undermined by ground water.
Georges Legrain, who was then the chief archaeologist in the area, supervised the rebuilding
that was completed in May 1902. Later, similar work had to continue in order to strengthen the rest of the columns of the Temple.
See also
*
Talatat
Notes
References
Peter J. Brand, Rosa Erika Feleg, and William J. Murnane, The Great Hypostyle Hall in the Temple of Amun at Karnak, Oriental Institute Publications 142, Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 2019, Translation and Commentar
Figures and Plate
External links
University of Memphis' Great Hypostyle Hall Project*
{{Coord, 25.7186, 32.6579, type:landmark_region:EG, display=title
Buildings and structures completed in the 13th century BC
Karnak temple complex
Seti I