Great Falls of the Potomac oil by George J Beck 1797

Great Falls is a series of rapids and waterfalls on the

Potomac River The Potomac River () drains the Mid-Atlantic United States, flowing from the Potomac Highlands into Chesapeake Bay. It is long,U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline dataThe National Map. Retrieved Augu ...

, upstream from Washington, D.C., on the border of Montgomery County,

Maryland Maryland ( ) is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It shares borders with Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean t ...

and

Fairfax County Fairfax County, officially the County of Fairfax, is a county in the Commonwealth of Virginia. It is part of Northern Virginia and borders both the city of Alexandria and Arlington County and forms part of the suburban ring of Washington, D.C. ...

Virginia Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States, between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are ...

. Great Falls Park, managed as part of George Washington Memorial Parkway, is on the southern banks in

, and

Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park is located in the District of Columbia and the state of Maryland. The park was established in 1961 as a National Monument by President Dwight D. Eisenhower to preserve the neglected remains ...

parkland is along the northern banks of the river in

. Both are operated by the

National Park Service The National Park Service (NPS) is an agency of the United States federal government within the U.S. Department of the Interior that manages all national parks, most national monuments, and other natural, historical, and recreational properti ...

. The Potomac and the falls themselves are legally entirely within Maryland, with the state and county boundaries following the south bank of the river. Scenic views are offered on both the Maryland side and the Virginia side. The

Billy Goat Trail The Billy Goat Trail is a hiking trail that follows a path between the C&O Canal and the Potomac River within the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park near the Great Falls in Montgomery County, Maryland. The trail has three sect ...

on Bear Island, accessible from Maryland, offers scenic views of the Great Falls, as do vantage points on Olmsted Island (also accessible from Maryland). There are overlook points on the Virginia side. The Great Falls area is popular for outdoor activities such as

kayaking Kayaking is the use of a kayak for moving over water. It is distinguished from canoeing by the sitting position of the paddler and the number of blades on the paddle. A kayak is a low-to-the-water, canoe-like boat in which the paddler sits faci ...

whitewater rafting Rafting and whitewater rafting are recreational outdoor activities which use an inflatable raft to navigate a river or other body of water. This is often done on whitewater or different degrees of rough water. Dealing with risk is often a ...

rock climbing Rock climbing is a sport in which participants climb up, across, or down natural rock formations. The goal is to reach the summit of a formation or the endpoint of a usually pre-defined route without falling. Rock climbing is a physically a ...

, and

hiking Hiking is a long, vigorous walk, usually on trails or footpaths in the countryside. Walking for pleasure developed in Europe during the eighteenth century.AMATO, JOSEPH A. "Mind over Foot: Romantic Walking and Rambling." In ''On Foot: A Histor ...

. Great Falls and Little Falls (about 5 miles downstream) are named in contradistinction to one another.

History

The rocks of the falls date to the late

Precambrian The Precambrian (or Pre-Cambrian, sometimes abbreviated pꞒ, or Cryptozoic) is the earliest part of Earth's history, set before the current Phanerozoic Eon. The Precambrian is so named because it preceded the Cambrian, the first period of th ...

and are about 750 million years old. The rocks are a resistant metamorphized

schist Schist ( ) is a medium-grained metamorphic rock showing pronounced schistosity. This means that the rock is composed of mineral grains easily seen with a low-power hand lens, oriented in such a way that the rock is easily split into thin flakes ...

, gneisses, metagraywackes, and metaconglomerates. The Falls formed the last time sea level dropped, during the Last Glacial Period about 35,000 years ago, causing the Potomac to downcut its valley. The river cascades over a series of falls, dropping a total of in elevation over a distance of less than . As

sea level rise Globally, sea levels are rising due to human-caused climate change. Between 1901 and 2018, the globally averaged sea level rose by , or 1–2 mm per year on average.IPCC, 2019Summary for Policymakers InIPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cr ...

s again, the power of the falls will be reduced due to a shorter vertical drop and likewise downcutting will slow down. Should the ocean level ever exceed the height of the falls again, downcutting would reverse entirely with silt filling in the now-underwater falls. The Potomac narrows significantly as it passes over the falls and through

Mather Gorge Mather Gorge is a river gorge south and just downriver of Great Falls in the state of Maryland bordering Virginia. The Maryland land side of the gorge is Bear Island, part of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park, and the Virgin ...

. Heavy rain or snow in the watershed upstream causes white-water floods which entirely submerge the rocks and even threaten the adjacent park visitor center (built on stilts for this reason). A pillar at the Virginia overlook, well above the river, marks the level reached during the 1936 Northeastern United States Floods.

Gallery

File:ViewfromOlmstedIslandSouthFootBridge.jpg, Southward view of the

from a

footbridge A footbridge (also a pedestrian bridge, pedestrian overpass, or pedestrian overcrossing) is a bridge designed solely for pedestrians.''Oxford English Dictionary'' While the primary meaning for a bridge is a structure which links "two points at ...

on Olmsted Island. July 2021. File:GreatFallsPotomacPanorama.jpg, Great Falls panorama from Virginia File:Potomac Great Falls panorama (from Maryland).jpg, Great Falls panorama from Maryland File:Great falls potomac 20200703 083332 VID.webm, View of Great Falls from the Olmsted Island overlook File:Great Falls of the Potomac River January 2014.webm, Great Falls of the Potomac River, between Virginia and Maryland in the United States. January 1, 2014

Canals

Various attempts to build canals around Great Falls were undertaken. The remains of the Patowmack Canal on the Virginia side, were an early attempt to skirt the falls, using 5 locks. That canal was started by

George Washington George Washington (February 22, 1732, 1799) was an American military officer, statesman, and Founding Father who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Appointed by the Continental Congress as commander of ...

. Later the

Chesapeake and Ohio Canal The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, abbreviated as the C&O Canal and occasionally called the "Grand Old Ditch," operated from 1831 until 1924 along the Potomac River between Washington, D.C. and Cumberland, Maryland. It replaced the Potomac Canal, ...

was built on the Maryland side of the falls and ultimately connected the Potomac tidewater with

Cumberland, Maryland Cumberland is a U.S. city in and the county seat of Allegany County, Maryland. It is the primary city of the Cumberland, MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area. At the 2020 census, the city had a population of 19,076. Located on the Potomac River, ...

. The Chesapeake and Ohio also used the Great Falls as a feeder (now abandoned) to supply water for its own use.

Notes

References

External links