GraalVM

GraalVM is a Java VM and JDK based on HotSpot/ OpenJDK, implemented in Java. It supports additional programming languages and execution modes, like ahead-of-time compilation of Java applications for fast startup and low memory footprint. The first production-ready version, GraalVM 19.0, was released in May 2019. The most recent version is GraalVM 22.1.0, made available in April 2022.

Major differentiators of GraalVM compared to the base JDK are:

* ''GraalVM Compiler'', a JIT compiler for Java
* ''GraalVM Native Image'', allowing the ahead-of-time compilation of Java applications
* ''Truffle Language Implementation framework'' and the ''GraalVM SDK'', to implement additional programming language runtimes
* ''LLVM Runtime'' and ''JavaScript Runtime''

Project goals

* To improve the performance of Java virtual machine-based languages to match the performance of native languages.
* To reduce the startup time of JVM-based applications by compiling them ahead-of-time with GraalVM Native Image technology.
* To enable GraalVM integration into the Oracle Database, OpenJDK, Node.js, Android/iOS, and to support similar custom embeddings.
* To allow freeform mixing of code from any programming language in a single program, billed as " polyglot applications".
* To include an easily extended set of " polyglot programming tools".

History

GraalVM has its roots in the Maxine Virtual Machine project at Sun Microsystems Laboratories (now Oracle Labs). The goal was to write a Java virtual machine in Java itself, hoping to free the development from the problems of developing in C++, particularly manual memory management, and benefit from meta-circular optimizations. Upon realizing that writing everything in Java was too ambitious as a first step, the decision was taken to focus on the compiler only and hook it into Hotspot, to reuse as much as possible the Hotspot runtime. The GraalVM compiler was started by manually converting the code of the Hotspot client compiler (named "C1") into Java, replacing the previous Maxine compiler.

Graal was included in HotSpot-based Java VM releases like OpenJDK from Java 9 through 15, in order to support experimental ahead-of-time compilation. It was removed in Java 16 as maintaining both the version in the JDK and the standalone GraalVM release caused duplicate effort. A similar functionality to create native executables from Java projects is provided by the ''native-image'' tool of standalone GraalVM releases.

Releases

GraalVM is available as Community Edition for an open-source license and as Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition accessible by accepting the "OTN License Agreement Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition Including License for Early Adopter Versions". Oracle Corporation announced the release of ''Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition'' on 8 May 2019. GraalVM can substitute a default JDK on Linux and macOS platforms on x86 64-bit systems.

GraalVM 22

GraalVM 22.1.0
GraalVM 22.1.0 was released in April 2022.

GraalVM 22.0.0
GraalVM 22.0.0 was released in January 2022.

GraalVM 21

GraalVM 20

GraalVM 20.3.0

GraalVM 20.3.0 was released in November 2020. It was marked as the first LTS enterprise version of GraalVM and as the final release for 2020. This version supports code sharing in the GraalVM LLVM runtime, allowing the AST and compiled code of common bitcode libraries to be shared between multiple contexts within a single engine.

GraalVM 20.1.0

GraalVM 20.1.0 was released in May 2020. It included several improvement for many of the components. Besides performance improvements, usability fixes for ''native-image'' were published. The JavaScript engine supports all ECMAScript 2020 mode features by default. The regular expression engine (''TRegex'') used by JavaScript and Python supports all expressions now. Ruby (''TruffleRuby'') improved in compatibility with native gems.

GraalVM 20.0.0

GraalVM 20.0.0 was released in February 2020. It improved in its Windows support, brought an enhanced ''native-image'' tool and improved the tooling support, among many detailed changes in the compiler and supported languages.

GraalVM 19

GraalVM 19.0.0

The support on Windows is currently under development and released as an early adopter functionality in GraalVM 19.0.

GraalVM 19.0 is based on top of JDK version 8u212.

Components

The GraalVM compiler is shipped with the components of a normal Java virtual machine ( OpenJDK). Additional components are included in GraalVM to support new execution modes (''GraalVM Native Image'') or programming languages (''LLVM runtime'', ''GraalVM JavaScript'' as a potential replacement to the deprecated Nashorn engine, ''TRegex'' as a regular expression engine).

GraalVM Compiler

The GraalVM Compiler is a modern Java just-in-time compiler. It complements or replaces the existing compilers (C1/C2 in HotSpot). In contrast to those existing compilers, the GraalVM compiler is written in modular, maintainable and extendable fashion in Java itself.

It is released under GPL version 2 with the classpath exception.

GraalVM Native Image

GraalVM Native Image is an ahead-of-time compilation technology that produces executable binaries of class files. It is released as an early adopter plugin, which means it is production-ready but may include backport incompatible updates in the future releases.

This functionality supports JVM-based languages, but can optionally execute dynamic languages, developed on top of GraalVM with Truffle framework. The executable file does not run on a JVM and uses necessary runtime components as thread scheduling or GC from “Substrate VM” - a trivial version of a virtual machine. Since the resulting native binary includes application classes, JDK dependencies and libraries already, the startup and execution time reduces significantly.

GraalVM Native Image is officially supported by the Fn, Gluon, Helidon, Micronaut, Picocli, Quarkus, Vert.x and Spring Boot Java frameworks.

In September 2016, Oracle detailed plans to add ahead-of-time compilation to the OpenJDK using the GraalVM compiler for Java 9. This proposal, tracked by the JEP 295: Ahead-of-Time Compilation, was included in Java 9. The experimental use of GraalVM as a just-in-time compiler was added for the Linux x86-64 platform for Java 10.

In JDK releases 9 to 15, the command creates a Native Image. The experimental flag enables the use of Graal JIT. The functionality is since available in the ''native-image'' component of standalone GraalVM releases.

Truffle Language Implementation Framework

In association with GraalVM, Oracle Labs developed a language abstract syntax tree interpreter called "Truffle" which would allow it to implement languages on top of the GraalVM. Many languages have been implemented in Truffle, including a C interpreter claiming to be about as fast as GCC and Clang.

The Truffle framework and its dependent part, GraalVM SDK, are released under the Universal Permissive License, version 1.0, to encourage use of the framework for projects which do not want to be bound by the copyright or other parent rights.

Instrumentation-based Tool Support

A major advantage of the GraalVM ecosystem is language-agnostic, fully dynamic instrumentation support built-in directly into the VM runtime. Execution events can be captured by API clients with overhead that is extremely low in fully optimized code.

The core GraalVM installation provides a language-agnostic debugger, profiler, heap viewer, and others based on instrumentation and other VM support. GraalVM also includes a backend implementation of the Chrome Inspector remote debugging protocol. Although designed originally for JavaScript debugging, it can be used to debug all GraalVM languages from a browser.

Language and Runtime Support

GraalVM is written in and for the Java ecosystem. It can execute applications written in all languages that compile to the Java bytecode format, e.g. Java, Scala, Kotlin, and more.

Based on Truffle Language Implementation framework additional languages can be supported in GraalVM.
* GraalVM JavaScript: ECMAScript 2021 compliant JavaScript runtime, with support for Node.js
* TruffleRuby: Ruby language implementation with preliminary support for Ruby on Rails
* FastR: R language implementation
* GraalVM Python: Python 3 language implementation
* GraalVM LLVM Runtime (''SuLong''): LLVM bitcode interpreter implementation
* GraalWasm: A WebAssembly implementation

Support for additional languages can be implemented by users of GraalVM. Some notable third-party language implementations are grCuda, SOMns, TruffleSqueak, and Yona.Yona Language
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References

External links

{{Oracle FOSS

Cross-platform software
Java compilers
Java platform software
Java virtual machine
Oracle software
Stack-based virtual machines