Games of

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, or (card)

solitaire Solitaire is any tabletop game which one can play by oneself, usually with cards, but also with dominoes. The term "solitaire" is also used for single-player games of concentration and skill using a set layout tiles Tiles are thin objects ...

s as they are usually called in North America, have their own 'language' of specialised terms such as "building down", "packing", "foundations", "talon" and "tableau". Once learnt they are helpful in describing, succinctly and accurately, how the games are played. Patience games are usually for a single player, although a small number have been designed for two and, in rare cases, three or even four players. They are games of skill or chance or a combination of the two. There are three classes of patience grouped by object. The most frequent object is to arrange the cards either in ascending sequence (e.g. from Ace to King) or descending sequence. Occasionally both forms of

sequence In mathematics Mathematics (from Greek: ) includes the study of such topics as numbers (arithmetic and number theory), formulas and related structures (algebra), shapes and spaces in which they are contained (geometry), and quantities and t ...

are aimed at in the same game. The card forming the starting point of the required sequence is known as the foundation card and the sequence or #family, family is said to be #build, 'built up' on such card. In some cases foundation cards are picked out and placed in position beforehand; in others they are only laid down as they come to hand in course of play. In some instances the cards forming the sequence must be of the same suit as the foundation card; in others suit is disregarded. Some games permit the provisional formation of #auxiliary sequence, auxiliary sequences (descending or ascending), i.e. groups of cards in succession but not yet ripe to be played to the families or sequences on the foundation cards. A second object of many patiences is merely to 'pair' cards. The cards thus paired are thrown aside and, if the player is able, under the limitations of the particular game, to throw out all the cards in this way he or she has won. A third object is to throw out or dispose of any two cards which together form a particular number, say eleven or thirteen–the player's success, as before, depending on being able to get rid of all the cards in this manner.Hoffmann, Professor (1892), pp. 1–6. It will be obvious that the endeavour to arrange, pair, or combine the cards of a whole pack is a difficult task, varying in degree according to the rules of the particular game. The player must therefore be prepared for a good many failures, sometimes when he or she has all but reached the goal of success. Hence why the name 'patience games' has been give to recreations of this description.

A

; alternating colour, alternative color : Placing #red, red on #black, black cards or black on red cards alternately.Parlett (1979), pp. 24–32. ; available : A card that is available may be picked up and laid down elsewhere. ; available cards : Those that are not #blocked, blocked or #covered, covered by other cards, ''i.e.'', not forbidden by the particular rules of each game, to be used.Cadogan (1874), p. xi. ; auxiliary sequence : A pile of cards that is #pack, packed on a #depot, depot within the #tableau, tableau in readiness for being #built, built in the reverse order on the #foundations, foundations when the time is right.

B

; base, base card : See foundation card.Jackson (2001), pp. 7 ff. ; below : A card is below another if it is nearer to the bottom of the playing #board, board or to the player. See also #beneath, beneath. ; beneath : A card is beneath another if it is #covered, covered or #overlap, overlapped by it. See also #below, below. ; black (suits) : The suits of Clubs (suit), Clubs and Spades (suit), Spades. ; blocked : The situation when no more legal #move, moves can be made. In some instances the game is automatically lost; in others a #grace, grace may be used to unblock the game. Also chockered. ; build : To place one card on the top of the other in sequence, or otherwise, according to the rules. To place cards in their final location, in #stack, stacks or #cascade, cascades according to the rules.Barry (2010), p. 11. ; build down : To place cards one on top of another in descending sequence. Cards may be 'built downward', e.g. from King to Ace.Barry (2010), p. 11. ; build up : To place cards one on top of another in ascending sequence. Cards may be 'built upward', e.g. from Ace to King.Barry (2010), p. 11. ; buried : See #covered, covered.

C

; cascade : Cards are built on one another, starting from the bottom up. Each card's value and suit is face up, and should be able to be viewed by the player. However, only the top card is available for play. It is most commonly found in addition games. ; cells : In computer games, such as freeCell, cells allow only one card at a time to be placed in them. Any card can be put in a cell. Same as #space, space and formerly known as a #depot, depot. ; chockered : See #blocked, blocked. ; closed : A game of incomplete information in which cards that cannot be played are discarded to a #wastepile, wastepile. See also #open, open and #half-open, half-open. ; colour or color : In French-suited packs there are two 'colours': #red, red, i.e. the #suit, suits of Hearts (suit), Hearts and Diamonds (suit), Diamonds, and #black, black, i.e. the suits of Clubs (suit), Clubs and Spades (suit), Spades. ; column : A line of cards extending towards the player and usually #spread, spread, i.e. #overlapping, overlapping so that all are identifiable, but only the #topmost, topmost card is #exposed, exposed and therefore #available, available. ; come out, out : A game is 'out' or said to 'come out' when the player achieves its objective. See also #get out, get out. ; court card : Picture card. The picture cards or face cards, being dressed in costume, were originally called coat cards. They are the King, Queen and Knave or Jack. ; covered : A card is covered when another card lies wholly or partially over it. It is not normally #available, available. Also buried. ; crown : A #suite, suite or #family, family is 'crowned' when the last card, often the King, is played to it.

D

; deal : To take cards from the top of the #card pack, pack and lay them on the #tableau, tableau, face up unless the rules state otherwise. ; denomination : See #value, value. ; depot, depôt : Position in the layout comprising a #pile, pile of cards, one card or a space waiting for a card. A depository to which cards not playable direct to foundations may be placed. ; discard : To place a card on the #wastepile, wastepile instead of playing it to the #tableau, tableau. ; discard pile : See #wastepile, wastepile. ; down-card, downcard : A card lying face down.

E

; exposed : A card is exposed when it is not #covered, covered or #overlap, overlapped by another. Exposed cards are usually #available, available.

F

; face : To turn a #down-card, down-card face up. ; face down : A card is face down when its picture or pip side is hidden. ; face up : A card is face up when its picture or pip side is uppermost. ; family, families : Cards #build, built in

upon the #foundation card, foundation cards. ; fan : A few cards, usually three, laid in an #overlapping, overlapping, crescent-shaped #row, row such that only one is #exposed, exposed and #available, available. ; fanned : When the cards in the #pile, pile are #overlapping, overlapping, but part of each card can be seen. The #fan, fan is usually crescent-shaped and three in number. ; foundation, foundation pile : A pile of cards, typically squared and face-up, and #built, built on the bottom card which is the foundation card. As the #tableau, tableau is cleared, cards are moved to the foundations. ; foundation card : A card on which the Patience is formed. Foundations cards are generally Kings and Aces.Dick (1884), pp. 7–8. Also base or base card. ; foundation row : A #row, row of #foundation cards, foundation cards or the #spaces, spaces for them.

G

; get out : To win a patience game; to succeed in achieving the aim of the game. See also #come out, come out. ; grace : A special move that might otherwise be illegal.Arnold (2011), pp. 159–160. See also #merci, merci. ; grace card : A card which may be used as a #grace, grace.

H

; half-open : A game which starts off #closed, closed, i.e. with incomplete information because not all cards are visible on the table, and which becomes #open, open as play proceeds. Thus it is a combination of chance and skill. See also #closed, closed and #open, open. ; heel : Cards set aside for later in the game. ; honours, honors : The Aces together with the #court card, court cards.

L

; lane : An empty line of spaces in the #tableau, tableau, which has been formed by the removal of an entire #row, row of cards. Carpet patience 1

; layout : The arrangement of cards #deal, dealt to the table at the start of the game. Parlett carefully distinguishes it from the #tableau, tableau.

M

; marriage : The placing a card ''of the same suit'' on the next one above or below it in value. Any number may be placed on each other in this way. ; master card : See foundation card. ; merci : A rule that allows the #play, play of a card in certain circumstances in contravention of the normal rules of the patience concerned.Tarbart (1905), pp. 1–4. Similar to #grace, grace. ; multiples : Cards are placed in multiples when the

is a multiple of a number other than one e.g. where cards may only be placed on the card two, three, or four; higher or lower. In multiples, a Jack counts as eleven, a Queen twelve, and a King thirteen. #wrapping, Wrapping is often applied, i.e. if building up by two is required, then the sequence 10 - Queen - Ace - 3 - 5 is permitted.

O

; open : A game in which play begins with all cards face up on the table. Like chess, an open game is purely a game of skill. See also #closed, closed and #half-open, half-open. ; overlap, overlapping : A #column, column of cards is overlapping when each succeeding card partly covers the preceding one such that it can be identified.

P

; pack # To pack is to place cards in

in an intermediate location, usually the #tableau, tableau, until they can be placed on the #foundation, foundations. # A pack (also deck) is the set of cards in hand which are being dealt at the outset of the game. Normally 52 cards or a multiple thereof. However some patiences are played with a Piquet pack or Euchre pack of 32 cards. ; packet : A #squared, squared up #pile, pile of cards dealt at the start of a game. Sometimes dealt such that the top card is #face up, face up and #available, available while the ones #beneath, beneath are #face down, face down. ; pair : Two cards of the same rank. ; patience : The name of a type of card game, usually for one player, in Britain and many other countries. ; pile : A stack of cards one on top of the other and #squared, squared such that only the #topmost card, topmost card, whether #face up, face up or #face down, face down is visible. ; pips : The spots on the cards; that is, the figures of clubs, diamonds, etc.Cheney (1869), pp. 113 ff. ; play (a card, cards) : To place (a card) on the #foundation, foundations in contradistinction to placing them elsewhere. To take up and use it in the game for #build, building, #packing, packing or filling a #space, space as opposed to discarding it to a #wastepile, wastepile.

R

; rank : The #value, value or #denomination, denomination of a card. ; red (suits) : The suits of Hearts (suit), Hearts and Diamonds (suit), Diamonds. ; redeal, re-deal # When the #stock, stock is empty, to take the #wastepile, wastepile, turn it over, and use it to reform the stock. Sometimes it must be shuffled. # A second or follow-on deal. ; released cards : Those that, by the removal of the cards that blocked them, have now become #available, available. ; reserve :Cards #available, available for #play, play that are not part of the #foundation, foundations, #talon, talon, #tableau, tableau or #discard pile, discard piles. ; reversing : In two-#pack, pack patiences, when it is allowed to #build, build #sequences, sequences simultaneously, ascending on Ace #foundation, foundations and descending on King foundations, so that when the tops cards of two foundations are in sequence (e.g. a Six and a Seven), cards may be transferred from one to the other. ; row : A line of cards placed side by side. May or may not be #overlap, overlapped. ; rubbish heap, rubbish-heap : See #wastepile, wastepile.

S

; sequence, ascending sequence, descending sequence : A #cascade, cascade, #pile, pile or #row, row of cards in order of #rank, rank. Often the aim is to form a full sequence in each #suit, suit, typically from Ace (low) to King (playing card), King (high). The regular succession of cards ascending from Ace to King or descending from King to Ace; a sequence need not be of one suit. ; shuttling : A feature in some games whereby placing a card under an existing pile releases the top card which must be now played next. See, e.g. Travellers (card game), Travellers and its variants. ; singleton : A single care of any #suit, suit. ; solitaire : North American name for games of patience. ; space : A gap in the #tableau, tableau due to the removal of a singleton card or a #pile, pile of cards. Same as vacancy. A gap or #vacancy, vacancy in the layout into which cards may be played or from which cards have been removed.Parodi (2004), pp. 9 ff. An empty #depot, depot. ; spots : See #pips, pips. ; spread : To #overlap, overlap cards in a #row, row or #column, column such that each card can be made out, but only the #topmost card, topmost card is #exposed, exposed and therefore #available, available. ; squared : When the cards in the pile are directly on top of one another. ; Stock (cards), stock : See #talon, talon. ; Suit (cards), suit : One of the four families of cards in a #card pack, pack all sharing the same symbol e.g. Clubs (suit), Clubs, Spades (suit), Spades, Hearts (suit), Hearts and Diamonds (suit), Diamonds or Acorns (suit), Acorns, Leaves (suit), Leaves, Hearts and Bells (suit), Bells. ; suite : A #pile, pile of cards that has been #build, built in

on a foundation card. Same as foundation pile. An Ace-suite is one #base, based on an Ace, etc. A full sequence of 13 cards of one suit. ; suitable cards : Those whose value and suit fit them to be played or placed in the tableaux.

T

; tableau : An arrangement of cards on the table, typically comprising several #depots, depots i.e. places where #column, columns of #overlap, overlapping cards may be formed, the #packing, packing taking place on the #available, available cards on the columns. It is thus distinct from a #layout, layout, #reserve, reserve, #talon, talon or #wastepile, wastepile. The main part of the #layout, layout on the table. Sometimes equated, confusingly, to layout. ; Talon (cards), talon : The remaining stack of cards, typically squared and face-down, that is left after the #layout, layout has been populated. These cards can be turned over into the #waste, waste, usually one-by-one, but sometimes in groups of two or three (depending on rules), whenever the player wishes. Also #stock, stock. Sometimes equated, confusingly, to waste pile. ; top card, topmost card : See #uppermost card, uppermost card.

U

; up-card, upcard : A card lying #face up, face up, usually at the top of a #pile, pile. See also #down-card, down-card. ; uppermost card : The #exposed, exposed card on the top, or surface of a packet. Also top or topmost card.

V

; vacancy : See #space, space. ; value : The figures of the court cards and the number of points, pips or spots of the minor cards.

W

; waste (heap) : See #wastepile, wastepile. ; wastepile, waste pile : A stack or pile of cards, usually from the #stock, stock or #talon, talon, that is formed when they are turned up but cannot be played immediately. The pile is usually #squared, squared and #face-up, face-up and only the topmost card is #available, available. Also rubbish heap, waste heap or discard pile. ; wing : The left or right half of the #tableau, tableau when it is divided in two by a clear space. ; worrying back : Putting a card already built on a foundation back onto one of the #depots, depots in the #tableau, tableau. Not allowed in many patiences. First introduced in Emperor (card game), Emperor Patience in 1890.Whitmore Jones (1890), pp. 72–74. ; wrapping # Building around the corner # Using modular arithmetic to build the sequence, e.g. Queen-King-Ace-2-3, 10-Queen-Ace-3-5, 8-Jack-Ace-4-7.

Footnotes

References

Literature

* Arnold, Peter (2011). ''Card Games for One''. London: Chambers. * Barry, Sheila Anne (2010). ''Great Card Games for One''. NY: Puzzlewright. * Cadogan, Lady Adelaide (1872). ''Illustrated Games of Patience''. * Ednah Dow Littlehale Cheney, Cheney, Ednah Dow Littlehale (1869). ''Patience: A Series of Games with Cards''. Boston: Lee & Shepard. * Dick, William Brisbane (1883). ''Dick's Games of Patience, Or, Solitaire with Cards.'' NY: Dick & Fitzgerald. * Hoffmann, Professor [Angelo Lewis] (1892). ''The Illustrated Book of Patience Games''. London, NY, Glasgow and Manchester: George Routledge. * Jackson, Robin (2001). ''Solitaire: Over 30 Challenging Solitaire Games''. NY: Barnes & Noble. * Parlett, David (1979). ''The Penguin Book of Patience''. London: Penguin. * Parodi, Francesca (2004). ''Big Book of Solitaire''. NY: Sterling. * "Tarbart" (1905). ''Games of Patience'', 2nd edition. London: Thos. De La Rue. * Whitmore Jones, Mary (1890). ''Games of Patience for One or More Players''. 2nd Series. London: L. Upcott Gill. NY: Scribner’s.

External links

Glossary of card game terms
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