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The German Navy (, ) is the
navy A navy, naval force, or maritime force is the branch of a nation's armed forces principally designated for naval and amphibious warfare; namely, lake-borne, riverine, littoral, or ocean-borne combat operations and related functions. It in ...
of
Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwee ...
and part of the unified ''
Bundeswehr The ''Bundeswehr'' (, meaning literally: ''Federal Defence'') is the armed forces of the Federal Republic of Germany. The ''Bundeswehr'' is divided into a military part (armed forces or ''Streitkräfte'') and a civil part, the military part con ...
'' (Federal Defense), the German Armed Forces. The German Navy was originally known as the ''Bundesmarine'' (Federal Navy) from 1956 to 1995, when ''Deutsche Marine'' (German Navy) became the official name with respect to the 1990 incorporation of the East German '' Volksmarine'' (People's Navy). It is deeply integrated into the
NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, ; french: Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, ), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 member states – 28 European and two N ...
alliance. Its primary mission is protection of Germany's territorial waters and maritime infrastructure as well as sea lines of communication. Apart from this, the German Navy participates in peacekeeping operations, and renders humanitarian assistance and disaster relief. It also participates in anti-piracy operations.


History

The German Navy traces its roots back to the '' Reichsflotte'' (Imperial Fleet) of the revolutionary era of 1848–52. The ''Reichsflotte'' was the first German navy to sail under the
black-red-gold The national colours of the Federal Republic of Germany are officially black, red, and gold, defined with the adoption of the West German flag as a tricolour with these colours in 1949. As Germany was divided into West Germany and East Germany b ...
flag. Founded on 14 June 1848 by the orders of the democratically elected Frankfurt Parliament, the ''Reichsflotte'''s brief existence ended with the failure of the revolution and it was disbanded on 2 April 1852; thus, the modern day navy celebrates its birthday on 14 June. Between May 1945 and 1956, the German Mine Sweeping Administration and its successor organizations, made up of former members of Nazi Germany's ''
Kriegsmarine The (, ) was the navy of Germany from 1935 to 1945. It superseded the Imperial German Navy of the German Empire (1871–1918) and the inter-war (1919–1935) of the Weimar Republic. The was one of three official branches, along with the a ...
'' (War Navy), became something of a transition stage for the navy, allowing the future ''Marine'' to draw on recently experienced personnel upon its formation. Also, from 1949 to 1952 the US Navy had maintained the Naval Historical Team in Bremerhaven. This group of former ''Kriegsmarine'' officers acting as historical and tactical consultants to the Americans, was significant in establishing a German element in the NATO senior naval staff. In 1956, with
West Germany West Germany is the colloquial term used to indicate the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; german: Bundesrepublik Deutschland , BRD) between its formation on 23 May 1949 and the German reunification through the accession of East Germany on 3 ...
's accession to NATO, the ''Bundesmarine'' (Federal Navy), as the navy was known colloquially, was formally established. In the same year the East German ''Volkspolizei See'' (literally People's Police Sea) became the ''Volksmarine'' (People's Navy). During the Cold War all of the German Navy's combat vessels were assigned to
NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, ; french: Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, ), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 member states – 28 European and two N ...
's Allied Forces Baltic Approaches's naval command NAVBALTAP. With the accession of
East Germany East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR; german: Deutsche Demokratische Republik, , DDR, ), was a country that existed from its creation on 7 October 1949 until German reunification, its dissolution on 3 October 1990. In t ...
to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1990 the ''Volksmarine'' along with the whole
National People's Army The National People's Army (german: Nationale Volksarmee, ; NVA ) were the armed forces of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) from 1956 to 1990. The NVA was organized into four branches: the (Ground Forces), the (Navy), the (Air Force) a ...
became part of the ''Bundeswehr''. Since 1995 the name ''German Navy'' is used in international context, while the official name since 1956 remains ''Marine'' without any additions. As of April 2020, the strength of the navy is 16,704 men and women. A number of naval forces have operated in different periods. See * ''
Preußische Marine The Prussian Navy (German: ''Preußische Marine''), officially the Royal Prussian Navy (German: ''Königlich Preußische Marine''), was the naval force of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1701 to 1867. The Prussian Navy was created in 1701 from the f ...
'' (Prussian Navy), 1701–1867 *'' Reichsflotte'' (Fleet of the Realm), 1848–52 * North German Federal Navy, 1867–71 *
Imperial German Navy The Imperial German Navy or the Imperial Navy () was the navy of the German Empire, which existed between 1871 and 1919. It grew out of the small Prussian Navy (from 1867 the North German Federal Navy), which was mainly for coast defence. Wilhel ...
(''Kaiserliche Marine''), 1871–1919 *''
Reichsmarine The ''Reichsmarine'' ( en, Realm Navy) was the name of the German Navy during the Weimar Republic and first two years of Nazi Germany. It was the naval branch of the '' Reichswehr'', existing from 1919 to 1935. In 1935, it became known as the ...
'', 1919–35 *''
Kriegsmarine The (, ) was the navy of Germany from 1935 to 1945. It superseded the Imperial German Navy of the German Empire (1871–1918) and the inter-war (1919–1935) of the Weimar Republic. The was one of three official branches, along with the a ...
'', 1935–45 * German Mine Sweeping Administration, 1945–48 *'' Volksmarine'', the navy of
East Germany East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR; german: Deutsche Demokratische Republik, , DDR, ), was a country that existed from its creation on 7 October 1949 until German reunification, its dissolution on 3 October 1990. In t ...
(GDR) 1956–90 * ''Marine'', 1956–present (''Bundesmarine'', colloquially)


Current operations

German warships permanently participate in all four NATO Maritime Groups. The German Navy is also engaged in operations against international
terrorism Terrorism, in its broadest sense, is the use of criminal violence to provoke a state of terror or fear, mostly with the intention to achieve political or religious aims. The term is used in this regard primarily to refer to intentional violen ...
such as
Operation Enduring Freedom Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) was the official name used synonymously by the U.S. government for both the War in Afghanistan (2001–2014) and the larger-scale Global War on Terrorism. On 7 October 2001, in response to the September 11 a ...
and NATO Operation Active Endeavour. Presently the largest operation the German Navy is participating in is
UNIFIL The United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon ( ar, قوة الأمم المتحدة المؤقتة في لبنان, he, כוח האו"ם הזמני בלבנון), or UNIFIL ( ar, يونيفيل, he, יוניפי״ל), is a UN peacekeeping m ...
off the coast of
Lebanon Lebanon ( , ar, لُبْنَان, translit=lubnān, ), officially the Republic of Lebanon () or the Lebanese Republic, is a country in Western Asia. It is located between Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south, while Cyprus lie ...
. The German contribution to this operation is two frigates, four
fast attack craft A fast attack craft (FAC) is a small, fast, agile, offensive, often affordable warship armed with anti-ship missiles, gun or torpedoes. FACs are usually operated in close proximity to land as they lack both the seakeeping and all-round defens ...
, and two auxiliary vessels. The naval component of UNIFIL has been under German command. The navy is operating a number of development and testing installations as part of an inter-service and international network. Among these is the
Centre of Excellence for Operations in Confined and Shallow Waters The Centre of Excellence for Operations in Confined and Shallow Waters (COE CSW) is an international military organization founded to support NATO's transformation program. As part of the NATO Centres of Excellence programme the COE CSW was est ...
(COE CSW), an affiliated centre of Allied Command Transformation. The COE CSW was established in April 2007 and officially accredited by NATO on 26 May 2009. It is co-located with the staff of the German Flotilla 1 in
Kiel Kiel () is the capital and most populous city in the northern German state of Schleswig-Holstein, with a population of 246,243 (2021). Kiel lies approximately north of Hamburg. Due to its geographic location in the southeast of the Jutland ...
whose Commander is double-hatted as Director, COE CSW.


Equipment


Ships and submarines

In total, there are about 65 commissioned ships in the German Navy, including; 11 frigates, 5 corvettes, 2 minesweepers, 10
minehunter A minehunter is a naval vessel that seeks, detects, and destroys individual naval mines. Minesweepers, on the other hand, clear mined areas as a whole, without prior detection of mines. A vessel that combines both of these roles is known a ...
s, 6
submarines A submarine (or sub) is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability. The term is also sometimes used historically or colloquially to refer to remotely op ...
, 11 replenishment ships and 20 miscellaneous auxiliary vessels. The displacement of the navy is 220,000
tonne The tonne ( or ; symbol: t) is a unit of mass equal to 1000  kilograms. It is a non-SI unit accepted for use with SI. It is also referred to as a metric ton to distinguish it from the non-metric units of the short ton ( United State ...
s. Ships of the German Navy include: * 4 ''Baden-Württemberg''-class frigates F125 (all delivered by January 2022) * 3 ''Sachsen''-class frigates F124 * 4 ''Brandenburg''-class frigates F123 * 5 ''K130 Braunschweig'' class corvettes (5 additional units in production, planned commissioning from 2025) * 6 Type 212 submarines In addition, the German Navy and the Royal Danish Navy are in cooperation in the "Ark Project". This agreement made the Ark Project responsible for the strategic sealift of German armed forces where the full-time charter of three roll-on-roll-off cargo and troop ships are ready for deployments. In addition, these ships are also kept available for the use of the other European NATO countries. The three vessels have a combined displacement of 60,000 tonnes. Including these ships, the total ships' displacement available to the ''Deutsche Marine'' is 280,000 tonnes. Procurement of Joint Support Ships (either two JSS800 for an amphibious group of 800 soldiers, or three smaller JSS400), was planned during the 1995–2010 period but the programme appears now to have been abandoned, not having been mentioned in two recent defence reviews. The larger ships would have been tasked for strategic troop transport and amphibious operations, and were to displace 27,000 to 30,000 tons for 800 soldiers.


Aircraft

The naval air arm of the German Navy is called the ''Marinefliegerkommando''. The ''Marinefliegerkommando'' operates 56 aircraft, in May 2021 it was announced that the German Navy intended to replace the P-3C aircraft with 5 Boeing P-8 Poseidon MPA aircraft through a FMS agreement from 2025 onwards. , - , Lockheed P-3C Orion – CUP , United States , , MPA , 2006 , 4 , , Former
Royal Netherlands Navy The Royal Netherlands Navy ( nl, Koninklijke Marine, links=no) is the naval force of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. During the 17th century, the navy of the Dutch Republic (1581–1795) was one of the most powerful naval forces in the world an ...
, will be replaced in 2025 by 5 Boeing P-8 Poseidon , - ,
Boeing P-8 Poseidon The Boeing P-8 Poseidon is an American maritime patrol and reconnaissance aircraft developed and produced by Boeing Defense, Space & Security, and derived from the civilian Boeing 737-800. It was developed for the United States Navy (USN). T ...
, United States , , MPA , , , , 5 on order, entry into service 2025. , - ,
Dornier 228 The Dornier 228 is a twin- turboprop STOL utility aircraft, designed and first manufactured by Dornier GmbH (later DASA Dornier, Fairchild-Dornier) from 1981 until 1998. Two hundred and forty-five were built in Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. In ...
, Germany , , Pollution control , 1996 , 2 , , , - , NH90 Sea Lion , Germany , Rotorcraft , SAR/transport , 2018 , 13 , , Total of 18 on order, replacing the
Westland Sea King The Westland WS-61 Sea King is a British licence-built version of the American Sikorsky S-61 helicopter of the same name, built by Westland Helicopters. The aircraft differs considerably from the American version, with Rolls-Royce Gnome engi ...
, - , NH90 Sea Tiger , Germany , Rotorcraft , ASW , 2025 , , , Total of 31 on order, replacing
Westland Lynx The Westland Lynx is a British multi-purpose twin-engined military helicopter designed and built by Westland Helicopters at its factory in Yeovil. Originally intended as a utility craft for both civil and naval usage, military interest led t ...
, - ,
Westland Lynx The Westland Lynx is a British multi-purpose twin-engined military helicopter designed and built by Westland Helicopters at its factory in Yeovil. Originally intended as a utility craft for both civil and naval usage, military interest led t ...
Mk.88 , UK , Rotorcraft , ASW , 1981 , 21 , , Will be replaced by the NH90 Sea Tiger , - ,
Westland Sea King The Westland WS-61 Sea King is a British licence-built version of the American Sikorsky S-61 helicopter of the same name, built by Westland Helicopters. The aircraft differs considerably from the American version, with Rolls-Royce Gnome engi ...
Mk.41 , UK , Rotorcraft , SAR/transport , 1975 , 14 , , Being replaced by the NH90 Sea Lion , - , Sea Falcon , Sweden , UAV , ISR , , , 2 , Used as testbed for future UAVs on the corvettes, 8 more planned , - , Puma AE II , United States , UAV , ISR , 2019 , 6 , , 3 systems with 6 UAVs, dubbed "LARUS" in the German Navy , - ,
DJI Phantom 4 The Phantom () is a series of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) developed by Chinese technology company DJI. Technical specs The DJI Phantom drones have mostly similar technical properties. These are the specs for the Vision+ model: * Start weigh ...
, China , Micro UAV , ISR , 2017 , 5 , ,


Structure

The German Navy is commanded by the
Inspector of the Navy The Inspector of the Navy (german: Inspekteur der Marine) is the commander of the Navy of the modern-day German Armed Forces, the Bundeswehr. Since the various bodies responsible for the high command of the German Navy were merged in 2012, the In ...
(''Inspekteur der Marine'') supported by the Navy Command (''Marinekommando'') in
Rostock Rostock (), officially the Hanseatic and University City of Rostock (german: link=no, Hanse- und Universitätsstadt Rostock), is the largest city in the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and lies in the Mecklenburgian part of the state ...
.


Formations

* Navy Command ('),
Rostock Rostock (), officially the Hanseatic and University City of Rostock (german: link=no, Hanse- und Universitätsstadt Rostock), is the largest city in the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and lies in the Mecklenburgian part of the state ...
**''
Einsatzflottille 1 ''Einsatzflottille 1'' (EinsFltl 1 or EF 1) is one of the three brigade-level units of the German Navy, in addition to '' Einsatzflottille 2'' and the Naval Air Command. It is based in Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, and is under the head of the Navy ...
'' (HQ
Kiel Kiel () is the capital and most populous city in the northern German state of Schleswig-Holstein, with a population of 246,243 (2021). Kiel lies approximately north of Hamburg. Due to its geographic location in the southeast of the Jutland ...
) ::*1st Corvette Squadron (''1. Korvettengeschwader''), Warnemünde ::* 1st Submarine Squadron ('),
Eckernförde Eckernförde ( da, Egernførde, sometimes also , nds, Eckernför, sometimes also ) () is a German town in Schleswig-Holstein, Rendsburg-Eckernförde, on the coast of the Baltic Sea approximately 30 km north-west of Kiel. The population is ...
::**Submarine Training Centre (''Ausbildungszentrum Unterseeboote''), Eckernförde ::*3rd Minesweeping Squadron (''3. Minensuchgeschwader''), Kiel ::* Sea Battalion, Eckernförde ::*
Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine Naval Special Forces Command, also called the ("Combat Swimmers", abbreviated "KSM") or (Deployment Group 3402) are an elite special forces unit of the Germany Navy, specializing in commando and amphibious warfare operations. They are the onl ...
, Eckernförde ::*Naval Base Command Kiel (''Marinestützpunktkommando Kiel'') ::*Naval Base Command Eckernförde ::*Naval Base Command Warnemünde :*''
Einsatzflottille 2 ''Einsatzflottille 2'' (EinsFltl 2 or EF 2) is one of the three brigade-level units of the German Navy, in addition to ''Einsatzflottille 1'' and the Naval Air Command. It is based in Wilhelmshaven, Lower Saxony, and is subordinated to Navy Com ...
'', Wilhelmshaven ::*HQ 2nd Flotilla ::*2nd Frigate Squadron (''2. Fregattengeschwader''), Wilhelmshaven ::*4th Frigate Squadron (''4. Fregattengeschwader''), Wilhelmshaven ::*Auxiliary Squadron (''Trossgeschwader''), Wilhelmshaven ::*Naval Base Command Wilhelmshaven :*
Naval Aviation Command Naval Aviation Command can refer to: * Argentine Naval Aviation * Navy Aviation Command The Navy Aviation Command ( el, Διοίκηση Αεροπορίας Ναυτικού, ΔΑΝ) is the naval aviation component of the Hellenic Navy. It was es ...
('), Nordholz ::*Naval Air Wing 3 (''Marinefliegergeschwader 3''), Nordholz ::*Naval Air Wing 5 (''Marinefliegergeschwader 5''), Nordholz :*
Naval Support Command The ''Marineunterstützungskommando'' (MUKdo) is a command authority of the German Navy. The advance detachment began in the spring of 2012 in Roffhausen near Wilhelmshaven on the site of the former Olympic works with the establishment of the o ...
('' — MUKdo'') :*
Naval Medical Institute The ''Schifffahrtmedizinisches Institut der Marine'' (SchiffMedInstM) is a naval medical institute of the German Navy in Kronshagen. It is the central specialist facility for all medical officers in the German Navy. In addition to the marine me ...
('), Kiel :*
Naval Academy A naval academy provides education for prospective naval officers. See also * Military academy A military academy or service academy is an educational institution which prepares candidates for service in the officer corps. It normally pr ...
('),
Flensburg Flensburg (; Danish, Low Saxon: ''Flensborg''; North Frisian: ''Flansborj''; South Jutlandic: ''Flensborre'') is an independent town (''kreisfreie Stadt'') in the north of the German state of Schleswig-Holstein. Flensburg is the centre of the ...
:*
Naval Petty Officer School The ''Marineunteroffizierschule'' (MUS) is a naval petty officer school of the German Navy in Plön. It reports to the Head of Personnel, Training, Organization in the Navy Command in Rostock. History In the early days of the newly establishe ...
('), Plön :* Naval Engineering School ('), Parow, near
Stralsund Stralsund (; Swedish: ''Strålsund''), officially the Hanseatic City of Stralsund (German: ''Hansestadt Stralsund''), is the fifth-largest city in the northeastern German federal state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania after Rostock, Schwerin, N ...
:*
Naval Operations School The ''Marineoperationsschule'' (MOS) was a naval school and is the central training facility of the German navy for tactics, navigation and communication with headquarters in Bremerhaven and training group in Wilhelmshaven. Since 1 October 2012 ...
('), Bremerhaven :*
Naval Damage Control Training Centre The ''Einsatzausbildungszentrum Schadensabwehr Marine'' (EAZS M) is a naval school of the German Navy in Neustadt in Holstein. It is subordinate to the department head operations in the naval command in Rostock. History The naval damage control ...
('), Neustadt in Holstein


Ranks


Officers


Petty officers and enlisted seamen


Radio and communication stations

* DHO38 * DHJ58 * DHJ59


Future developments

* The German government has announced the selection in January 2020 and contracting in June 2020 of Damen Group as the main contractor, together with partners Blohm+Voss and
Thales Thales of Miletus ( ; grc-gre, Θαλῆς; ) was a Greek mathematician, astronomer, statesman, and pre-Socratic philosopher from Miletus in Ionia, Asia Minor. He was one of the Seven Sages of Greece. Many, most notably Aristotle, regarded ...
, for supplying four Multi-Purpose Combat Ship
MKS 180 frigate F126 or frigate 126 (''Fregatte 126'') is a planned German frigate class intended to replace the ''F123'' s in the German Navy. The ships are to be the largest surface warships to join the Navy since World War II. The first ship is planned to be c ...
s (''Mehrzweckkampfschiff 180'') to the German Navy with an option for 2 additional ships. The ships will be built at Blohm + Voss shipyard in Hamburg and at other shipyard locations of the North German Lürssen Group. * Two further-developed
Type 212 The German Type 212 class (German: U-Boot-Klasse 212 A), also Italian ''Todaro'' class, is a diesel-electric submarine developed by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft AG (HDW) for the German and Italian navies. It features diesel propulsion and an ...
submarines with significant advancements (Common Design) will be designed & procured with Norway in the next decade. The contract was signed in July 2021, where according to the official statement the "NDMA and its German counterparts in the Bundesamt für Ausrüstung, Informationstechnik und Nutzung der Bundeswehr (BAAINBw) will acquire six new submarines – four Norwegian and two German – as well as Naval Strike Missiles for use on both German and Norwegian naval vessels." According to ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems the delivery of the two boats for the German Navy is scheduled for 2032 and 2034. * Five additional
Braunschweig class corvette The K130 ''Braunschweig'' class (sometimes Korvette 130) is Germany's newest class of ocean-going corvettes. Five ships have replaced the of the German Navy. In October 2016 it was announced that a second batch of five more corvettes, originall ...
s are ordered and will be delivered 2020–2023. *
NH90 NFH The NHIndustries NH90 is a medium-sized, twin-engine, multi-role military helicopter. It was developed in response to NATO requirements for a battlefield helicopter which would also be capable of being operated in naval environments. The NH90 ...
'Sea Tiger' Helicopters ordered to replace
Lynx A lynx is a type of wild cat. Lynx may also refer to: Astronomy * Lynx (constellation) * Lynx (Chinese astronomy) * Lynx X-ray Observatory, a NASA-funded mission concept for a next-generation X-ray space observatory Places Canada * Lynx, ...
in ASW/AsuW role, originally ordered by the German Army as NH90 TTH variant with deliveries planned from 2025 onwards. Up to 31 could be ordered. * 18
NH90 MRH The NHIndustries NH90 is a medium-sized, twin-engine, multi-role military helicopter. It was developed in response to NATO requirements for a battlefield helicopter which would also be capable of being operated in naval environments. The NH90 ...
'Sealion' Helicopters are unarmed and will replace the current 21 ''Sea King'' helicopters of Naval Air Wing 5 in SAR and ship-based Transport Role (VertRep) with deliveries planned from 2019 onwards. * The Saab Skeldar has been ordered as a testbed for a future maritime UAV for the Braunschweig class corvette. * Integration of the German Navy Marines ( Seebatallion) in the
Netherlands Marine Corps The Netherlands Marine Corps ( nl, Korps Mariniers) is the elite naval infantry corps of the Royal Netherlands Navy. The marines trace their origins back to the establishment of the on 10 December 1665, by the then grand pensionary of the D ...
and use of the Amphibious ships of the Royal Netherlands Navy such as the Joint Support Ship
HNLMS Karel Doorman (A833) HNLMS ''Karel Doorman'' ( nl, Zr.Ms. Karel Doorman) is a multi-function support ship for amphibious operations of the Royal Netherlands Navy, which is also used by the German Navy. The ship replaced both of the navy's replenishment oilers: ...
as of 2016. * In June 2020 it was announced that German Navy and
Royal Netherlands Navy The Royal Netherlands Navy ( nl, Koninklijke Marine, links=no) is the naval force of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. During the 17th century, the navy of the Dutch Republic (1581–1795) was one of the most powerful naval forces in the world an ...
will cooperate and plan the future replacement of both the ''Sachsen''-class frigate and ''De Zeven Provinciën''-class frigate from 2030 onwards.


See also

* List of ship classes of the ''Bundesmarine'' and ''Deutsche Marine'' * List of ships of the German navies *
List of admirals of the German Navy The list of admirals of the German Navy consists flag officer A flag officer is a commissioned officer in a nation's armed forces senior enough to be entitled to fly a flag to mark the position from which the officer exercises command. The term ...
* German commando frogmen *''
Marineamt The Navy Office () was a higher command within the German Navy, founded in 1965 and disestablished in 2012. Its original responsibility was training, education and armaments planning for the German Navy. It was situated at Wilhelmshaven until it w ...
'' *''
Marine-Regatta-Verein The Marine-Regatta-Verein (MRV), "Naval Regatta Union", is a yacht club of the German Navy. Its main branch is located in the harbor city of Kiel, and it has branches in different states of Germany. This club promotes both sailing and powerboati ...
'' *
U-boat U-boats were naval submarines operated by Germany, particularly in the First and Second World Wars. Although at times they were efficient fleet weapons against enemy naval warships, they were most effectively used in an economic warfare ro ...
*'' Volksmarine''


References


Further reading

* Jan Wiedemann: COE CSW celebrates fifth anniversary; in: NAVAL FORCES III/2014 p. 90 f. * Hans-Joachim Stricker: Centre of Excellence for Operations in Confined and Shallow Waters COE CSW – Das COE als Ausdruck unserer besonderen nationalen Fähigkeiten im Bündnis; in: Marineforum 6-2007 p. 3 f. * Fritz-Rudolf Weber: Centre of Excellence for Operations in Confined and Shallow Waters – Think Tank für die NATO; in: Marineforum 1/2-2010 p. 11 ff. * Hans Georg Buss, Stefan Riewesell: Maritime C-IED and Harbour Protection: A Joint Effort; in: The Transformer Fall 2013 Vol 9 Issue 2 p. 18 * Rahn, Werner. "German Navies from 1848 to 2016: Their Development and Courses from Confrontation to Cooperation." ''Naval War College Review'' 70.4 (2017)
online


External links

*
The German Navy — Facts and Figures, 12th Edition, February 2013

Uniforms
{{Authority control Bundeswehr Navies by country