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The Gemmatimonadota are a
phylum In biology, a phylum (; plural: phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class. Traditionally, in botany the term division has been used instead of phylum, although the International Code of Nomenclatur ...
of bacteria established in 2003. The
phylum In biology, a phylum (; plural: phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class. Traditionally, in botany the term division has been used instead of phylum, although the International Code of Nomenclatur ...
contains two classes Gemmatimonadetes and Longimicrobia.


Species

The type species ''
Gemmatimonas aurantiaca ''Gemmatimonas aurantiaca'' is a Gram-negative, aerobic, polyphosphate-accumulating micro-organism. It is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped aerobe, with type strain T-27T (=JCM 11422T =DSM 14586T). It replicates by budding Budding or blastogenesi ...
'' strain T-27T was isolated from activated sludge in a sewage treatment system in 2003. It is a Gram-negative bacterium able to grow by both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. The second cultured species was ''Gemmatirosa kalamazoonensis'' gen. nov., sp. nov. strain KBS708, which was isolated from organically managed agricultural soil in Michigan USA. The third cultured species ''Gemmatimonas phototrophica'' strain AP64T was isolated from a shallow freshwater desert lake Tiān é hú (Swan Lake) in North China. A unique feature of this organism is the presence of bacterial photosynthetic reaction centers. It probably acquired genes for anoxygenic photosynthesis via
horizontal gene transfer Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer (LGT) is the movement of genetic material between unicellular and/or multicellular organisms other than by the ("vertical") transmission of DNA from parent to offspring (reproduction). HG ...
. ''G. phototrophica'' is a facultative photoheterotrophic organism. It requires the supply of organic substrate for growth, but it may obtain additional energy for its metabolism from light. ''Longimicrobium terrae'' strain CB-286315T was isolated from a soil sample from a typical Mediterranean forest ecosystem located in Granada, Spain. Due to this large phylogenetic distance from other cultured Gemmatimonades, it established a novel class named Longimicrobia.


Environmental distribution

Data from culture-independent studies indicate that Gemmatimonadota are widely distributed in many natural habitats. They make up about 2% of soil bacterial communities and has been identified as one of the top nine phyla found in soils; yet, there are currently only six cultured isolates. Gemmatimonadota have been found in a variety of arid soils, such as grassland, prairie, and pasture soil, as well as eutrophic lake sediments and alpine soils. This wide range of environments where Gemmatimonadota have been found suggests an adaptation to low soil moisture. A study conducted showed that the distribution of the Gemmatimonadota in soil tends to be more dependent on the moisture availability than aggregation, reinforcing the belief that the members of this phylum prefer dryer soils. Smaller numbers were also found in various aquatic environments, such as fresh waters and sediments.


Phylogeny


Taxonomy

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the
List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) is an online database that maintains information on the naming and taxonomy Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification. A taxonomy (or taxonomical ...
(LSPN) and
National Center for Biotechnology Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), a branch of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). It is approved and funded by the government of the United States. Th ...
. * Phylum Gemmatimonadota Zhang et al. 2003 ** Class
Gemmatimonadetes The Gemmatimonadota are a phylum of bacteria established in 2003. The phylum contains two classes Gemmatimonadetes and Longimicrobia. Species The type species ''Gemmatimonas aurantiaca'' strain T-27T was isolated from activated sludge in a sew ...
Zhang et al. 2003 Oren,_Parte_&_Garrity_2016_ex_Cavalier-Smith_2020.html" ;"title="Gemmatimonadia" Oren, Parte & Garrity 2016 ex Cavalier-Smith 2020">Gemmatimonadia" Oren, Parte & Garrity 2016 ex Cavalier-Smith 2020*** Order Gemmatimonadales Zhang et al. 2003 **** Family Gemmatimonadaceae Zhang et al. 2003 ***** Genus '' Roseisolibacter'' Pascual et al. 2018 ****** Species '' R. agri'' Pascual et al. 2018 ***** Genus "'' Gemmatirosa''" DeBruyn et al. 2013 ****** Species '' G. kalamazoonesis'' DeBruyn et al. 2013 ***** Genus ''
Gemmatimonas ''Gemmatimonas'' is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, motile and non-spore In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable ...
'' Zhang et al. 2003 em. Zeng et al. 2015 ****** Species '' G. aurantiaca'' Zhang et al. 2003 em. Zeng et al. 2015 ****** Species '' G. phototrophica'' Zeng et al. 2015 ** Class Longimicrobia Pascual et al. 2016 *** Order Longimicrobiales Pascual et al. 2016 **** Family Longimicrobiaceae Pascual et al. 2016 ***** Genus '' Longimicrobium'' Pascual et al. 2016 ****** Species '' L. terrae'' Pascual et al. 2016


See also

*
List of bacterial orders This article lists the orders of the Bacteria. The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and the phylogeny is based on 16 ...
*
List of bacteria genera This article lists the genera of the bacteria. The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). However many taxonomic names a ...


References


External links


Brief taxonomy

Fawaz, M. N. (2013). Revealing the Ecological Role of Gemmatimonadetes Through Cultivation and Molecular Analysis of Agricultural Soils.
44–60. Brief review of the phylum. Bacteria phyla {{bacteria-stub