The Gardner–Salinas braille codes are a method of encoding mathematical and scientific notation linearly using

braille Braille (Pronounced: ) is a tactile writing system used by people who are visually impaired, including people who are blind, deafblind or who have low vision. It can be read either on embossed paper or by using refreshable braille displ ...

cells for tactile reading by the visually impaired. The most common form of Gardner–Salinas braille is the 8-cell variety, commonly called ''GS8''. There is also a corresponding 6-cell form called ''GS6''. The codes were developed as a replacement for Nemeth Braille by John A. Gardner, a physicist at

Oregon State University Oregon State University (OSU) is a public land-grant, research university in Corvallis, Oregon. OSU offers more than 200 undergraduate-degree programs along with a variety of graduate and doctoral degrees. It has the 10th largest engineering ...

, and Norberto Salinas, an Argentinian mathematician. The Gardner–Salinas braille codes are an example of a compact human-readable

markup language Markup language refers to a text-encoding system consisting of a set of symbols inserted in a text document to control its structure, formatting, or the relationship between its parts. Markup is often used to control the display of the document ...

. The syntax is based on the

LaTeX Latex is an emulsion (stable dispersion) of polymer microparticles in water. Latexes are found in nature, but synthetic latexes are common as well. In nature, latex is found as a milky fluid found in 10% of all flowering plants (angiosperms ...

system for scientific typesetting.

Table of Gardner–Salinas 8-dot (GS8) braille

The set of lower-case letters, the period, comma, semicolon, colon, exclamation mark, apostrophe, and opening and closing double quotes are the same as in Grade-2

English Braille English Braille, also known as ''Grade 2 Braille'', is the braille alphabet used for English. It consists of around 250 letters ( phonograms), numerals, punctuation, formatting marks, contractions, and abbreviations (logograms). Some English Br ...

Digits

Apart from 0, this is the same as the Antoine notation used in

French French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents ** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...

and

Luxembourgish Braille Luxembourgish Braille is the braille alphabet of the Luxembourgish language. It is very close to French Braille French Braille is the original braille alphabet, and the basis of all others. The alphabetic order of French has become the basis ...

Upper-case letters

GS8 upper-case letters are indicated by the same cell as standard English braille (and GS8) lower-case letters, with dot #7 added. Compare

Greek letters

Dot 8 is added to the letter forms of

International Greek Braille Greek Braille is the braille alphabet of the Greek language. It is based on international braille conventions, generally corresponding to Latin transliteration. In Greek, it is known as Κώδικας Μπράιγ ''Kôdikas Brég'' "Braille Code" ...

to derive Greek letters:

Characters differing from English Braille

ASCII symbols and mathematical operators

Text symbols

Math and science symbols

Markup

* Encodes the fraction-slash for the single adjacent digits/letters as numerator and denominator. * Used for any > 1 digit radicand. ** Used for markup to represent inkprint text.

Typeface indicators

Shape symbols

Set theory

References

Blind physicist creates better Braille
— a CNN news item, November 9, 1995
The world of blind mathematicians
— article in ''Notices of the AMS'', November 2002 {{DEFAULTSORT:Gardner-Salinas Braille Braille symbols 8-dot braille scripts Mathematical notation