Gamergate Controversy

Gamergate or GamerGate (GG) was a loosely organized misogynistic online harassment campaign and a right-wing backlash against feminism, diversity, and progressivism in video game culture. It was conducted using the hashtag "#Gamergate" primarily in 2014 and 2015. Beginning in August 2014, Gamergate targeted women in the video game industry, most notably feminist media critic Anita Sarkeesian and video game developers Zoë Quinn and Brianna Wu, among others. The harassment campaign included doxing, rape threats, and death threats. Gamergate proponents ("Gamergaters") stated that they were a social movement, but lacked well-defined goals, a coherent message, and leaders, making Gamergate difficult to define. Gamergaters claimed to promote ethics in video games journalism, claimed to be protecting the "gamer" identity, and opposed what they asserted as "political correctness" in video games.

Gamergaters created conspiracy theories falsely accusing Quinn of an unethical relationship with video game journalist Nathan Grayson. More broadly, they alleged unethical collusion between the press and feminists, progressives, and social critics. These claims were widely dismissed as trivial, conspiracy theories, baseless, or unrelated to actual issues of ethics in gaming and journalism. Gamergate supporters frequently denied that the harassment took place, falsely claiming it to be manufactured by the victims.

Gamergate has been described as a culture war over cultural diversification, artistic recognition, feminism in video games, social criticism in video games, and the social identity of gamers. Many supporters of Gamergate opposed the increasing influence of feminism and so-called " social justice warriors" on video game culture. Gamergate led figures both inside and outside the gaming industry to focus on methods of addressing online harassment, ways to minimize harm, and prevent similar events. Gamergate has been viewed as a contributor to the alt-right and other right-wing movements.

History

Zoë Quinn and ''Depression Quest''

In 2013, Zoë Quinn, an independent game developer, released ''Depression Quest'', a text-focused game designed to convey the experience of depression through a series of fictional scenarios, based in part on Quinn's own experience with the illness. The game received positive reviews in the gaming media, but faced backlash online from gamers who disliked its departure from typical game formats emphasizing violence and skill and who opposed "political" intrusions into gamer culture. Quinn was subjected to several months of harassment after its release, including rape and death threats. Quinn documented the harassment they received and spoke openly to the media about it, which led to even more intense abuse against them, including the posting of their home address online. They ultimately fled their house out of fear for their safety.

The controversies and events that would come to be known as Gamergate began in August 2014 as a personal attack on Quinn, incited by a blog post by Quinn's former boyfriend, Eron Gjoni. Called "The Zoe Post", it was a lengthy, detailed account of their relationship and breakup that included copies of personal chat logs, emails, and text messages. The blog falsely implied that Quinn received a favorable review of ''Depression Quest'' in exchange for their sexual relationship with Nathan Grayson, a reporter for the gaming websites ''Kotaku'' and ''Rock Paper Shotgun''.; ; ; Gjoni later said that he had "no evidence" of a sexual conflict of interest on Quinn's part. Grayson never actually reviewed any of Quinn's games, and his only ''Kotaku'' article mentioning them was published before their relationship began. Nonetheless, as reported by ''The Daily Dot'', gamers online used Gjoni's blog to accuse Quinn, without evidence, of trading sex for professional advancement. A link to the blog was posted to 4chan, where many users had previously been highly critical of ''Depression Quest'', which led to renewed attacks on Quinn.

After Gjoni's blog post, Quinn and their family were subjected to a virulent and often misogynistic harassment campaign. Online attackers of Quinn at first used the label "Quinnspiracy", later adopting the hashtag "#Gamergate" after it was coined by the actor Adam Baldwin, whose nearly 190,000 Twitter followers helped the spread of the hashtag. Harassment of Gamergate targets was coordinated via Internet Relay Chat (IRC), spreading rapidly over imageboards and forums like 4chan and Reddit.

Less than four months after Gamergate began, Quinn's record of threats they had received had grown 1,000-fold. At a conference Quinn said, "I used to go to game events and feel like I was going home ..Now it's just like... are any of the people I'm currently in the room with ones that said they wanted to beat me to death?". One anonymous 4chan user threatened to give them "a crippling injury that's never going to fully heal". Commentators both inside and outside the video game industry condemned the attacks against Quinn. The attacks included doxing (researching and broadcasting personally identifiable information about an individual) and hacking of their Tumblr, Dropbox, and Skype accounts; they were again subjected to rape and death threats. Quinn again fled their home to stay with friends. Quinn wrote that "the Internet spent the last month spreading my personal information around, sending me threats, hacking anyone suspected of being friends with me, calling my dad and telling him I'm a whore, sending nude photos of me to colleagues, and basically giving me the 'burn the witch' treatment".

Anita Sarkeesian and ''Tropes vs. Women in Video Games''

Gamergate expanded to include renewed harassment of prominent feminist media critic Anita Sarkeesian, who had previously been a target of online harassment in 2012 due in part to her YouTube video series ''Tropes vs. Women in Video Games'', which analyzes sexist portrayals of women. After a new episode of ''Tropes vs. Women'' was released on August 24, 2014, Sarkeesian received rape and death threats, and private information including her home address was leaked; she was compelled to flee her home. At the XOXO arts and technology conference in Portland, Oregon, she said, in regard to the accusations that high-profile women were making up the threats against them, that "one of the most radical things you can do is to actually believe women when they talk about their experiences". "The perpetrators", Sarkeesian went on to say, "do not see themselves as perpetrators at all  ..They see themselves as noble warriors".

Sarkeesian canceled an October 2014 speaking appearance at Utah State University (USU) after the school received three anonymous threats, the second of which claimed affiliation with Gamergate. The initial threat proposed that "a Montreal Massacre style attack will be carried out against the attendees, as well as the students and staff at the nearby Women's Center", alluding to the École Polytechnique massacre, a 1989 mass shooting motivated by antifeminism. USU's president and provost released a joint statement saying that USU, in consultation with state and federal law enforcement agencies, had assessed that there was no credible threat to students, staff, or the speaker. Requests for additional security measures were declined because of Utah's open carry laws, leading to the cancellation. The threats drew the attention of mainstream media to the Gamergate situation. Nick Wingfield of ''The New York Times'' referred to the threat as "the most noxious example of a weeks long campaign to discredit or intimidate outspoken critics of the male-dominated gaming industry and its culture". The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) investigated the threat to attack Sarkeesian and other Gamergate-related threats. The investigations, which were plagued with jurisdictional issues, ultimately closed with the FBI failing to identify the perpetrators of some threats and declining to prosecute others.

Brianna Wu and other targets of harassment

In mid-October Brianna Wu, another independent game developer and co-founder of video game studio Giant Spacekat, saw her home address and other identifying information posted on 8chan as retaliation for mocking Gamergate. Wu then became the target of rape and death threats on Twitter and elsewhere. After contacting police, Wu fled her home with her husband, saying she would not allow the threats to intimidate her into silence. Wu announced an reward for information leading to a conviction for those involved in her harassment, and set up a legal fund to help other game developers who have been harassed online. As of April 2016, Wu was still receiving threats in such volume that she employed full-time staff to document them.
In August 2021, ''The Washington Post'' described Wu as "a vocal proponent of forgiveness" for those harassers "who apologize and show they have grown" despite the extensive harassment she endured. However, "insults and continued harassment" still outnumbered apologies "10-to-1". As a result of the harassment, Wu said that she was diagnosed with Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Gamergate supporters subjected others to similar harassment, doxing, and death threats. Those who came to the victims' defense were ridiculed as "white knights", or "social justice warriors" (SJWs); this characterization was intended, according to Heron, Belford and Goker, to neutralize any opposition by questioning their motives. The term "social justice warrior" emerged as the favored term of Gamergate proponents, resulting in its pejorative use becoming mainstream. Shortly after the Gamergate hashtag was coined, video game developer Phil Fish had his personal information, including various accounts and passwords, hacked and publicly posted in retaliation for defending Quinn and attacking her detractors. The hacks and doxing also exposed documents relating to Fish's company, Polytron. As a result, Fish left the gaming industry and put Polytron up for sale, calling the situation "unacceptable" and saying, "it's not worth it".

Harassment related to Gamergate continued for several months after the onset of the controversy. Two critics of Gamergate were targets of attempted "swatting"—hoaxed reports to emergency services intended to provoke a SWAT team response at the target's home. ''The Guardian'' reported that both swatting attempts were coordinated through the "baphomet" subforum of 8chan. After the initial rush of threats that caused her to flee her home, Wu documented receiving roughly 45 death threats by April 2015; Silicon Valley investor Marc Andreessen offered up to a $10,000 reward for information leading to the conviction of those who made the threats. Wu's studio, Giant Spacekat, withdrew from the Expo Hall of PAX East 2015. Wu cited security concerns, lack of confidence in the management and their failure to return calls.

Actress and gamer Felicia Day wrote a blog post about her concerns over Gamergate and her fear of retaliation if she spoke against it. Almost immediately her home address and phone number were posted online, leading to harassing letters and phone calls. Actor Wil Wheaton and former NFL player Chris Kluwe also posted criticisms of Gamergate. Stephen Colbert questioned why men like Kluwe had not been threatened by Gamergate, noting that the targets were almost entirely women.

Coordination of harassment

Gamergate harassment was coordinated primarily in 2014 and 2015. The harassment was orchestrated largely through anonymous message boards such as 4chan, 8chan, and Reddit, particularly the "KotakuInAction" subreddit. ''Ars Technica'' reported that a series of 4chan discussion logs suggests that Twitter sockpuppet accounts were used to popularize the Gamergate hashtag. Early Gamergate IRC discussions focused on coordinating the harassment of Quinn by using astroturf campaigns to push attacks against her into mainstream view, while initial organizers attempted to cultivate a palatable narrative for public consumption, internally focusing on personal grudges against Quinn and aggressive sexual imagery. Gamergaters circulated a blacklist of publications along with email templates and phone scripts to use in lobbying companies to pull advertisements from sites critical of Gamergate. Media scholar Torill Mortensen wrote in ''Games and Culture'' that Gamergate's structure as an anonymous swarm allowed it to create an environment where anyone who criticized it or became its target was at risk, while allowing them to avoid individual responsibility for harassment.

There has been considerable discussion of self-policing and the responsibility supporters of Gamergate share when the hashtag is used for harassment. A number of websites have blocked users, removed posts, and created policies to prevent their users from threatening Quinn and others with doxing, assault, rape and murder, and planning and coordinating such threats. In September 2014, 4chan founder Christopher Poole banned all discussion of Gamergate on the site as more attacks occurred, leading to Gamergate supporters using 8chan as their central hub.

Many Gamergate supporters have denied that the harassment took place, or falsely accused victims of fabricating the evidence. Gamergate supporters have used the term "Literally Who" to refer to victims of harassment such as Quinn, saying they are not relevant to Gamergate's goals and purposes. Several commentators have decried the use of such terminology as dehumanizing, and said that discussions on Gamergate forums often focus on those referred to as "Literally Who".

By September 24, 2014, over one million Twitter messages incorporating the Gamergate hashtag had been sent. A ''Newsweek'' and Brandwatch analysis found more than two million Twitter messages between September and October 2014. Software developer Andy Baio also produced an analysis of #Gamergate tweets showing a discussion that was polarized between pro- and anti-Gamergate factions. One quarter of the tweets sampled were produced by users new to Twitter, most of whom were pro-Gamergate.

Demographics

While the number of Gamergate supporters is unclear, in October 2014, ''Deadspin'' estimated 10,000 supporters based on the number of users discussing Gamergate on Reddit. According to ''The Washington Post'', "Both mainstream gaming critics and many Gamergate supporters insist the brutal trolls are just a small, vocal minority. There's plenty of social science to back that up, too: We know that people are more aggressive, more argumentative and more nasty when they're permitted to comment on something without using their real name."

Katherine Cross, a sociologist, game critic and target of harassment from Gamergate, noted that "For a long time, Gamergate adamantly resisted that ar rightcharacterization", adding that "They said that notions that they were conservatives were slander and dismissed them. They posted straw polls that they've taken in KiA that demonstrate this. I've said time and time again that that largely means nothing." ''Vice News'' noted that "The obvious problem here is that th se areunscientific internet poll which can be easily gamed by a community that often games polls." and that "the threads on /KotakuinActiontell a different story. On February 8, for example, all the off-topic threads had a clear, far-right bent, claiming that Facebook is censoring crimes committed by immigrants, complaining about college professors who criticize Trump, and more. In the eyes of Gamergaters fighting against 'political correctness' doesn't necessarily conflict with liberal politics, but I also couldn't find any threads that could be construed as liberal." ''Vice News'' also noted that "while the majority of Gamergaters resent the affiliation f alt-right many of the movement's leading figures, who were right wing pundits before Gamergate, have graduated from rallying against political correctness in games to supporting Trump and the alt-right.", including Mike Cernovich and Milo Yiannopoulos.

Organization

The series of events that came to be known as Gamergate has been described as "torturously complex". As a movement, it had no official leaders or clearly defined agenda. Because of its anonymous membership, lack of organization and leaderless nature, sources differ as to the goals or mission of Gamergate and defining it has been difficult. Frank Lantz of NYU's Game Center wrote that he could not find "a single explanation of a coherent Gamergate position". Christopher Grant, editor-in-chief of ''Polygon'', told the ''Columbia Journalism Review'': "The closest thing we've been able to divine is that it's noise. It's chaos  ..all you can do is find patterns. And ultimately Gamergate will be defined—I think has been defined—by some of its basest elements."

As the threats expanded, international media focused on Gamergate's violent, misogynistic element and its inability to present a coherent message. Bob Stuart, in ''The Daily Telegraph,'' reported that "Gamergate has since swelled into an unwieldy movement with no apparent leaders, mission statement, or aims beyond calling out 'social justice warriors'.  ..When members of the games industry are being driven from their houses and jobs, threatened, or abused, it makes Gamergate's claim that it is engaged in an ethical campaign appear laughable." The campaign's focus broadened to take on other targets in the news media, as with Hulk Hogan's lawsuit against Gawker Media.

Jesse Singal, in ''New York'', stated that he had spoken to several Gamergate supporters to try to understand their concerns, but found conflicting ideals and incoherent messages. Singal observed Gamergate supporters making a constant series of attacks on Quinn, Sarkeesian, and other people, while frequently stating that Gamergate "is not about" them. Chris Ip of the ''Columbia Journalism Review'' said that Gamergate supporters espousing critiques of ethics in journalism could not be separated from harassers. With anyone able to tweet under the hashtag and no single person willing or able to represent the hashtag and take responsibility for its actions, Ip said it is not possible for journalists to neatly separate abusers from those seeking reasonable debate.

Jon Stone wrote in ''The Guardian'' that readjusts and reinvents itself in response to attempts to disarm and disperse its noxiousness, subsuming disaffected voices in an act of continual regeneration, cycling through targets, pretexts, manifestoes, and moralisms". ''Polygon''s Grant said that as of October 2014, Gamergate had remained amorphous and leaderless so that the harassment can be conducted without any culpability.

Gamergaters attacked gaming websites that criticized Gamergate and gaming websites that expressed support for diversity in gaming culture, including ''Kotaku'', ''Gamasutra'', ''Ars Technica'', ''Polygon'', and ''Gawker''.

Harassment and Twitter

While organized through anonymous message boards such as 4chan and Reddit, Gamergate harassment was most prominent on Twitter. Michael Salter, a University of Western Sydney criminologist, writes that Twitter's design and architecture was "highly conducive" to such abuse campaigns, allowing Gamergaters to overwhelm users' ability to individually block the large numbers of fake or "sockpuppet" accounts used to send abusive and harassing messages.

Twitter was criticized for its inability to respond quickly and prevent harassment over the service. Within the United States, Twitter and other social media sites are not liable for content posted by third-parties of their service under Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act (1996), and so have no legal obligation to police malicious content such as harassment and threats. Brianna Wu, shortly after becoming a target of harassment, stated that Twitter facilitated harassment by the ease with which anyone could make a new account even after having an earlier account blocked, and challenged the service to improve its responsiveness to complaints. Robinson Meyer of ''The Atlantic'' said Gamergate is an "identity crisis" for Twitter, and by not dealing with harassing users, the platform is failing to protect victims.

Early on during Gamergate, software developer Randi Harper started the "Good Game Auto Blocker" or "ggautoblocker", an expanding list of known Twitter accounts that were tied to the Gamergate hashtag which could be automatically blocked, therefore reducing the degree of harassment received. In November 2014, Twitter announced a collaboration with the non-profit group "Women, Action & the Media" (WAM), in which users of Twitter can report harassment to a tool monitored by WAM members, who would forward affirmed issues to Twitter within 24 hours. The move, while arising in the wake of the Gamergate harassment, was due to general issues of the harassment of women on the Internet. In May 2015, WAM reported that of 512 reported harassment instances by the tool during the month of November 2014, 12% of those were tied to the Gamergate controversy based on the ggautoblocker list, with most harassment occurring from single-instance accounts targeting a single person.

Efforts to affect public perceptions

Early in the controversy, posters on 4chan focused on donating to a group called The Fine Young Capitalists (TFYC), which had been embroiled in a dispute with Quinn over a women-only game development contest that Quinn had organized. TFYC sponsored a video game design contest for women in 2014. They were created by a partnership between Colombian media developer Autobótika and Canadian organization Empowered Up. It was founded with the goal of helping women and other underrepresented groups get involved in video game design. Its founder is Matthew Rappard, who is the only member who is publicly identified.

Advocating donations to help TFYC create the game, posters on 4chan's politics board argued that such donations would make them "look really good" and would make them "PR-untouchable". For their donations, TFYC allowed 4chan to create a character to be included in the game. The result was "Vivian James", a character designed to appear like an ordinary female gamer; her name is meant to sound like "video games". The colors of her striped purple and green hooded sweatshirt represent a viral 4chan meme known as "daily dose", which depicted a character from the anime Dragon Ball Z sexually assaulting another character. Allegra Ringo of ''Vice'' called her "a character masquerading as a feminist icon for the express purpose of spiting feminists".

To respond to widespread criticism of Gamergate as misogynistic, posters on 4chan created a second Twitter hashtag, #NotYourShield, intended to show that Gamergate was not about opposition to feminism or wanting to push women out of gaming. Many of the accounts used to tweet the tag were sockpuppets that had copied their avatars from elsewhere on the Internet; the methods used to create it have been compared to #EndFathersDay, a hoax manufactured on 4chan using similar methods. Quinn said that in light of Gamergate's exclusive targeting of women or those who stood up for women, "#notyourshield was, ironically, solely designed to be a shield for this campaign once people started calling it misogynistic". Arthur Chu wrote that the hashtag was an attempt to discourage allies from supporting the people being attacked by Gamergate.

Fine Young Capitalists post-Gamergate

The winner of the contest was ''Afterlife Empire'', designed and written by Danielle Maiorino; Autobótika developed the game, which was released on Steam on August 21, 2015.
Other projects by The Fine Young Capitalists included videos about female video game designers, which were sponsored by 4chan users during the development of ''Afterlife Empire''. In 2015, The Fine Young Capitalists worked with pornographic actress Mercedes Carrera to create a scholarship for students studying in STEM fields. Fundraising included a live webcam show featuring Carrera; $11,280 was raised.

Targeting advertisers

Gamergate supporters were critical of the wave of articles calling for diversity that followed the initial outbreak of the controversy, interpreting them as an attack on games and gamer culture. Gamergaters responded with a coordinated email campaign that demanded advertisers drop several involved publications; in a five-step 'war plan' against organizations that offended them, a Gamergate posting described how they would choose from a list of target organizations, pick a grievance from a list others had compiled, and send a form letter containing it to an advertiser. Intel reacted to this by withdrawing an ad campaign from Gamasutra in October 2014. After a number of game developers criticized Intel for this, arguing that it could have a chilling effect on free speech and that it amounted to supporting harassment, Intel apologized, ultimately resuming advertising on Gamasutra in mid-November.

Sad Puppies

Gamergate became associated with the "Sad Puppies" and "Rabid Puppies" during 2015 Hugo Awards for science fiction writing. These groups organized voting blocs to promote overlapping slates that dominated the 2015 Hugo Award nominations, though they failed to win the awards. The campaign was described as a backlash against the increasing racial, ethnic, and gender diversity in science fiction. Members of the blocs said that they sought to counteract what they asserted was a focus on giving awards based on the race, ethnicity, or gender of the author or characters rather than quality, and bemoaning the increasing prominence of what they described as 'message' fiction with fewer traditional "zap gun" science-fictional trappings. By 2018, the Sad Puppies had diminished visibility, and Quinn's 2017 memoir '' Crash Override'' was nominated for the 2018 Hugo Award for Best Related Work (for non-fiction works related to science fiction or fantasy).

Purpose and goals

The most active Gamergate supporters or "Gamergaters" said that Gamergate was a movement for ethics in games journalism, for protecting the "gamer" identity, and for opposing "political correctness" in video games and that any harassment of women was done by others not affiliated with Gamergate. They argued that the close relationships between journalists and developers demonstrated a conspiracy among reviewers to focus on progressive social issues. Some supporters pointed to what they considered disproportionate praise for games such as ''Depression Quest'' and ''Gone Home'', which feature unconventional gameplay and stories with social implications, while they viewed traditional AAA games as downplayed. False claims of the "ethics in game journalism" had started as early as 2012, when Geoff Keighley was accused of such unethical behavior when he was presenting information about ''Halo 4'' among advertisements for Mountain Dew and Doritos, an event called "Doritosgate" in the gamer culture.

Observers in the media have largely rejected these claims as baseless and malicious. Chris Ip of the ''Columbia Journalism Review'' wrote that "many criticisms of press coverage by people who identify with Gamergate  ..have been debunked" and concluded that "at core, the movement is a classic culture war". Writing in ''Vox'', Emily VanDerWerff said that " ery single question of journalistic ethics Gamergate has brought up has either been debunked or dealt with". According to Leigh Alexander, then editor-at-large of ''Gamasutra'', the ethics concerns were a conspiracy theory, albeit a sincere one; Alexander writes that there is nothing unethical about journalists being acquainted with those they cover and that meaningful reporting requires journalists to develop professional relationships with sources. ''Ars Technica'', ''Vox'', and ''Wired'', among others, stated that discussions of gender equality, sexism and other social issues in game reviews present no ethical conflict.

Several writers who attempted to understand Gamergate's motivations concluded that, rather than relating to purported issues with gaming journalism ethics, Gamergate represented an effort to suppress opposing views. Salter writes that "mass media had a decisive role in evaluating the competing claims of Gamergate and its critics, and ultimately dismissing Gamergate as a misogynist abuse campaign". Screenshots of 4chan boards, collected and published by Quinn, suggested that complaints about ethics in games journalism were invented ''post hoc'' by Gamergaters to distract critics from their ongoing abuse of Quinn. Jay Hathaway wrote at ''Gawker'' that this strategy emerged once Gamergaters found that harassing Quinn about their sexual history was unlikely to win the campaign support; according to Hathaway, IRC chat logs showed that "the amergatemovement was focused on destroying Zoë Quinn first, reforming games reporting second".

Other commentators argued that Gamergate had the potential to raise significant issues in gaming journalism, but that the wave of misogynistic harassment and abuse associated with the hashtag had poisoned the well, making it impossible to separate honest criticism from sexist trolling. Visible support for Gamergate in the form of tweets, online videos, and blogs seldom involved discussion of ethics, but often featured misogynistic and/or racist commentary. The targets were mainly female game developers, academics, and writers.

Researchers at the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University described Gamergate as a "vitriolic campaign against Quinn that quickly morph dinto a broader crusade against alleged corruption in games journalism" which involved considerable abuse and harassment of female developers and game critics. Concerns have also been raised when juxtaposing the behavior of Gamergate supporters with their claimed message. Dr. Kathleen Bartzen Culver, a professor and media ethics expert at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, wrote that while Gamergate supporters claimed to be interested in journalism ethics, their "misogynistic and threatening" behavior belied this claim. "Much of the conversation—if I can even call it that—has been a toxic sludge of rumor, invective, and gender bias. The irony comes from people who claim to be challenging the ethics of game journalists through patently unethical behavior."

After analyzing a sample of tweets related to Gamergate, ''Newsweek'' concluded that it was primarily about harassment rather than ethics, stating that the sample "suggests that  ..contrary to its stated goal, Gamergate spends more time tweeting negatively at game developers than at game journalists". Casey Johnston wrote for ''Ars Technica'' that, based on logs from the 4chan users who initially pushed Gamergate into the spotlight, the goal behind the hashtag campaign was to "perpetuate misogynistic attacks by wrapping them in a debate about ethics". An academic analysis of a week's worth of public posts tagged with #Gamergate found that the issue publics involved were not "only or even primarily" concerned with ethics in gaming journalism.

In an interview with Anita Sarkeesian in ''The Guardian'', Jessica Valenti said that "the movement's much-mocked mantra, 'It's about ethics in journalism was seen by others as "a natural extension of sexist harassment and the fear of female encroachment on a traditionally male space". Sarkeesian asked, "if this 'movement' was about journalism, why wasn't it journalists who had to deal with a barrage of rape and death threats?". Wu told ''The Boston Globe'' that the ethics claims were "a pretext" and described Gamergate as "an actual hate group  ..they're upset and threatened by women who are being very outspoken about feminism".

Gamergate has been criticized for focusing on women, especially female developers, while ignoring many large-scale journalistic ethics issues. Alex Goldman of NPR's ''On the Media'' criticized Gamergate for targeting female independent ("indie") developers rather than AAA games publishers, and said claims of unethical behavior by Quinn and Sarkeesian were unfounded. In ''Wired'', Laura Hudson found it telling that Gamergate supporters concentrated on impoverished independent creators and critics, and nearly exclusively women, rather than the large game companies whose work they enjoyed. ''Vox'' writer Emily VanDerWerff highlighted an essay written by game developer David Hill, who said that corruption, nepotism, and excessive commercialism existed in the gaming industry, but that Gamergate was not addressing those issues. Adi Robertson, of ''The Verge'', commented on the long-standing ethical issues gaming journalism has dealt with, but that most Gamergate supporters did not seem interested in "addressing problems that don't directly relate to feminist criticism or the tiny indie games scene".

'' Feminist Media Studies'' described Gamergate as "a convenient way for a loose coalition of frustrated geeks, misogynists, alt-righters, and trolls to coalesce around a common idea—that popular culture was 'overly concerned' with a particular kind of identity politics—even if their tactics and actual motivations for participating were varied."

Kyle Wagner of ''Deadspin'' argued that "By design, Gamergate is nearly impossible to define. It refers, variously, to a set of incomprehensible Benghazi-type conspiracy theories about game developers and journalists; to a fairly broad group of gamers concerned with corruption in gaming journalism; to a somewhat narrower group of gamers who believe women should be punished for having sex; and, finally, to a small group of gamers conducting organized campaigns of stalking and harassment against women." and that "This ambiguity is useful, because it turns any discussion of this subject into a debate over semantics." Wagner also argued that Gamergate is "The Future Of The Culture Wars".

Social, cultural, and political impact

Observers have generally described Gamergate as part of a long-running culture war against efforts to diversify the traditionally male video gaming community, particularly targeting outspoken women. They cite Gamergate supporters' frequent harassment of female figures in the gaming industry and its overt hostility toward people involved in social criticism and analysis of video games. ''The Washington Post''s digital culture writer Caitlin Dewey said that "Whatever Gamergate may have started as, it is now an Internet culture war" between predominantly female game developers and critics advocating for greater inclusion, and "a motley alliance of vitriolic naysayers" opposed to such changes.Dewey, quoted in '' Vox'' said that Gamergate supporters were less interested in criticizing ethical issues than in opposition to social criticism and analysis of video games and in harassment of prominent women. ''Ars Technica'' quoted early members as saying that they had no interest in video games and were primarily interested in attacking Quinn.

Gamergate has been described as being driven by antifeminist ideologies. Some supporters have denied this, but acknowledge that there are misogynistic voices within Gamergate. Antonsen, Ask, and Karlstrom wrote in ''Nordic Journal of Science and Technology Studies'' "in the case of #gamergate, it is the explicit goal of many of the participants to exclude groups of people, particularly women, from the debate and from the game industry and limit women's rights as citizens." Jon Stone, in ''The Guardian'', called it a "swelling of vicious right-wing sentiment" and compared it to the men's rights movement. Commentators such as Stone, Liana Kerzner, and Ryan Cooper have said that the controversy is being exploited by right-wing voices and by conservative pundits who had little interest in gaming. Chrisella Herzog states that in addition to violent sexism, Gamergate has virulent strains and violent sentiments of homophobia, transphobia, anti-Semitism, racism, and neo-Nazism. Gamergate supporters also promoted the Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory.

Quinn said the campaign had "roped well-meaning people who cared about ethics and transparency into a pre-existing hate mob", and urged industry publishers and developers to condemn the hashtag. They further asked those Gamergate supporters who had any earnest discussion about ethics to move away from the "Gamergate" tag.

''TheGamer'' noted that Gamergate was "a polarizing debate which you were either for or against, with no in-between."

Gamer identity

Gamergate is often considered to be a reaction to the changing cultural identity of the "gamer". As video games grew in mainstream popularity during the 1990s, a "gamer" identity emerged among predominantly young, male, heterosexual players, and the types of games designed to appeal to them. Over the years, the growing popularity of games expanded that audience to include many who did not fit the traditional gamer demographic, particularly women. Games with artistic and cultural themes grew in popularity, and independent video game development made these games more common, while mobile and casual games expanded the scope of the industry beyond the traditional gamer identity. The games most popular with typical "gamers", often featuring explicit violence along with exaggerated gender stereotypes, were joined by a more diverse set of games that included gay, lesbian, and transgender themes. "Indie" gaming blogs and websites were created to comment on these developments, in contrast to the more established gaming press, which was traditionally dependent on the games industry itself.

The media-studies scholar Adrienne Massanari writes that Gamergate is a direct response to such changes in video-game content as well as changes in the demographics of players. Surveys by the Entertainment Software Association in 2014 and 2015 showed that video-game players were between 44% and 48% female, with an average age of thirty-five. This broader audience began to question some assumptions and tropes that had been common in games. Shira Chess and Adrienne Shaw write that concern over these changes is integral to Gamergate, especially a fear that sexualized games aimed primarily at young men might eventually be replaced by less sexualized games marketed to broader audiences. Gamergaters often dismiss such games and their more diverse, casual group of players as being not "real" games or gamers. Alyssa Rosenberg of ''The Washington Post'' said that some of Gamergaters' concerns were rooted in a view of video games as "appliances" rather than art, that should be reviewed based on feature checklists rather than traditional artistic criteria. Chris Suellentrop of ''The New York Times'' criticized resistance to innovative uses of the gaming medium, and the belief that increased coverage and praise of artistic games like ''Gone Home'' would negatively affect blockbuster games such as ''Grand Theft Auto V''.

Gamergate is particularly associated with opposition to the influence of so-called " social justice warriors" in the gaming industry and media, who are perceived as a threat to traditional gaming culture.; As the video-game market grew more diverse, cultural critics became interested in issues of gender representation and identity in games. One prominent feminist critic of the representation of women in gaming is Anita Sarkeesian, whose ''Tropes vs. Women in Video Games'' project is devoted to female stereotypes in games. Her fund-raising campaign and videos were met with hostility and harassment by some gamers. Further incidents raised concerns about sexism in video gaming. Prior to August 2014, escalating harassment prompted the International Game Developers Association (IGDA) to provide support groups for harassed developers and to begin discussions with the FBI to help investigate online harassment of game developers. In an interview on Comedy Central's program ''The Colbert Report'', Sarkeesian said she believes women are targeted because they are "challenging the status quo of gaming as a male-dominated space".

In late August 2014, shortly after the initial accusations against Grayson and harassment of Quinn, several gaming sites published opinion essays on the controversy that focused on the growing diversity of gaming and the mainstreaming of the medium, some of which included criticism of sexism within gamer culture. These so-called "gamers are dead" articles were seen as part of a conspiracy to undercut traditional gamer identity and were used by participants to rally support for Gamergate. One of these articles, published on ''Gamasutra'' and written by Leigh Alexander, was titled "Gamers' don't have to be your audience. 'Gamers' are over". ''Slate's'' David Auerbach and '' The Sentinel's'' David Elks criticized these articles for alienating their publications' audience by attacking the gamer identity. Writing for '' Paste'', L. Rhodes said the antagonism in the Gamergate controversy was a result of the industry seeking to widen its customer demographic instead of focusing on core gamers, which Rhodes says "is precisely what videogames needed". Brendan Keogh of '' Overland'' stated that Gamergate "does not represent a marginalised, discriminated identity under attack so much as a hegemonic and normative mainstream being forced to redistribute some of its power".

Misogyny and sexism

Gamergate has been described as an expression of sexism and misogyny within gaming culture; its main themes are opposition to feminism and so-called "social justice warriors", who are perceived as a threat to traditional video games.; Women's greater visibility in the gaming industry has seen a corresponding rise in gendered harassment and intimidation directed at them. Among mainstream journalists, the harassment campaign that became known as Gamergate is considered emblematic of this surge of online misogyny. According to Sarah Kaplan of ''The Washington Post'', "sexism in gaming is a long-documented, much-debated but seemingly intractable problem", and became the crux of the Gamergate controversy. Jaime Weinman, writing in ''Maclean's'', said, " ether it was supposed to be or not, GamerGate is largely about women". Discussing Gamergate on her ESPN blog, Jane McManus compared the misogyny that women in the gaming industry experience to that faced by the first women entering sporting communities. In October 2015, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau described issues like Gamergate and misogyny in video games as "something that we need to stand clearly against".

Sexism and misogyny had been identified as problems in the video game industry and online community prior to the events of Gamergate. Sarkeesian considered that the Internet has a "boys'-locker-room feel" to it, with male users trying to show off to each other which causes escalating cases of harassment in situations like Gamergate. In March 2014, game designer Cliff Bleszinski wrote a blog post commenting on the "latent racism, homophobia and misogyny" that existed within the online gaming community. In a November 2014 interview with ''Develop'', Wu said the game industry "has been a boys' club for 30 years", and that the common portrayal of women as "sex symbols and damsels in distress" in video games has led to the players taking the same attitudes. Brendan Sinclair, writing for '' GamesIndustry.biz'', stated that the events of the Gamergate controversy were "reprehensible and saddening" and "this industry has some profound issues in the way it treats women".

Many commentators have said that the harassment associated with Gamergate springs from this existing well of deep-seated misogyny, and that it was merely brought to the fore by the anonymity of the Internet. Lisa Nakamura, a professor of digital studies at the University of Michigan, wrote that Gamergate "showed the world the extent of gaming's misogyny". In an interview with the BBC, Quinn stated that " fore amergatehad a name, it was nothing but trying to get me to kill myself, trying to get people to hurt me, going after my family.  ..There is no mention of ethics in journalism at all outside of making the same accusation everybody makes towards any successful woman; that clearly she got to where she is because she had sex with someone." Danielle Citron of the University of Maryland wrote that the intent of this type of harassment is to demean the victim, make them doubt their own integrity, and to redefine the victim's identity in order to "fundamentally distort who she is".

Targets of Gamergate supporters have overwhelmingly been women, even when men were responsible for the supposed wrongdoings. Writing in ''The New Yorker'', Simon Parkin observed that Quinn was attacked while the male journalist who was falsely accused of reviewing their work favorably largely escaped, revealing the campaign as "a pretense to make further harassment of women in the industry permissible". In ''The New York Times'', Chris Suellentrop said that a petition sought to have a female colleague fired for criticizing the portrayal of women in ''Grand Theft Auto V'', while he and many other male critics raised similar concerns but did not face similar reprisals. Most commentators have described Gamergate as consisting largely of white males, though some supporters have said that it includes a notable percentage of women, minorities and LGBT members.

Critics of the movement have described it as a kind of misogynistic terrorism. Writing in ''The Week'', Ryan Cooper called the harassment campaign "an online form of terrorism" intended to reverse a trend in gaming culture toward increasing acceptance of women, and stated that social media platforms need to tighten their policies and protections against threats and abuse. Speaking on Iowa Public Radio, academic Cindy Tekobbe said the harassment campaign was intended to drive women from public spaces and intimidate them into silence. Prof. Joanne St. Lewis of the University of Ottawa stated that Gamergate's harassment and threats should be considered acts of terrorism as the perpetrators seek to harm women and to prevent them from speaking back or defending others.

Law enforcement

Though ''Newsweek'' reported that the FBI had a file regarding Gamergate, no arrests have been made nor charges filed, and parts of the FBI investigation into the threats had been closed in September 2015 due to a lack of leads. Former FBI supervisory special agent for cybercrimes, Tim Ryan, stated that cyberharassment cases are a low priority for authorities because it is difficult to track down the perpetrator and they have lower penalties compared to other crimes they are tasked to enforce. In June 2015, the US Supreme Court ruled in ''Elonis v. United States'' that harassing messages sent online are not necessarily true threats that would be prosecutable under criminal law and, according to ''Pacific Standard'', this poses a further challenge in policing Gamergate-related harassment. However, the Court's decision also suggested that if threats made over social media were found to be true threats, they should be treated the same as threats made in other forms of communication.

Wu has expressed her frustration over how law enforcement agencies have responded to the threats that she and other women in the game industry have received. On public release of the FBI's case files on Gamergate, Wu said she was "livid", and that "Only a fraction of information we gave the FBI was looked into. They failed on all levels." The lack of legal enforcement contributes towards the harassers' ability to maintain these activities without any risk of punishment, according to Chrisella Herzog of ''The Diplomatic Courier''; at worst, harassers would see their social media accounts suspended but are able to turn around to register new accounts to continue to engage.

U.S. Representative Katherine Clark, one of whose constituents was Brianna Wu, called for a stronger response from law enforcement to online abuse, partly as a result of advocacy by the women targeted by Gamergate. On March 10, 2015, Clark wrote a letter to the House Appropriations Committee asking it to call on the Justice Department to crack down on the harassment of women on the internet, saying the campaign of intimidation associated with Gamergate had highlighted the problem. She asked the U.S. Department of Justice to "prioritize" online threats against women, saying, "We do not think this a harmless hoax. We think this has real-life implications for women". Clark also hosted a Congressional briefing on March 15, along with the Congressional Victims' Rights Caucus to review issues of cyberstalking and online threats; during the briefing, Quinn spoke of her experiences with Gamergate, which an executive director of the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence described during the hearing as "an online hate group  ..which was started by an ex-boyfriend to ruin uinn'slife". On May 27, the United States House of Representatives formally supported Clark's request for increased measures to combat online abuse against women, explicitly pressing for more investigations and prosecutions by the Department of Justice. On June 2, Rep. Clark introduced the "Prioritizing Online Threat Enforcement Act of 2015" to Congress. The bill would have allocated more funding for the FBI to employ additional agents to enforce laws against cyberstalking, online criminal harassment, and threats. Two years later, in June 2017, Rep. Clark introduced the "Online Safety Modernization Act of 2017" with co-sponsors Reps. Susan Brooks (Indiana) and Pat Meehan (Pennsylvania), which combined several of Clark's previous bills. The bill focused on penalizing "cybercrimes against individuals", including doxing, swatting, and sextortion, as well as granting $20 million for law enforcement training to help tackle such crimes, and $4 million to establish the National Resource Center on Cybercrimes Against Individuals in order to study and collect statistics and information related to these crimes.

Gaming industry response

The harassment of Quinn, Sarkeesian, Wu, and others led prominent industry professionals to condemn the Gamergate attacks for damaging the video gaming community and the public perception of the industry. ''Vanity Fair''s Laura Parker stated that the Gamergate situation led those outside of the video game industry to be "flooded with evidence of the video-game community as a poisonous and unwelcoming place", furthering any negative views they may have had of video games. Independent game developer Andreas Zecher wrote an open letter calling upon the community to take a stand against the attacks, attracting the signatures of more than two thousand professionals within the gaming industry. Many in the industry saw the signatures "as proof that the people sending vicious attacks at Quinn and Sarkeesian weren't representative of the video game industry overall". Writing for ''The Guardian'', Jenn Frank described the tactics used in the harassment campaign and the climate of fear it generated through its attacks on women and their allies, concluding that this alienating and abusive environment would harm not only women but also the industry as a whole. Frank herself received significant harassment for writing this article, and announced an intention to quit games journalism as a result. Games designer Damion Schubert wrote that Gamergate was "an unprecedented ", and that silencing critiques of games harms games developers by depriving them of feedback. Several video game developers, journalists, and gamers from across various gender, racial, and social backgrounds adopted new Twitter hashtags, such as # INeedDiverseGames, #StopGamergate2014 and #GamersAgainstGamergate, to show solidarity with the people targeted by the harassment and their opposition to the reactionary messages from Gamergate supporters.

The Electronic Frontier Foundation characterized Gamergate as a "magnet for harassment", and notes the possible financial risk for companies dealing with it on social media platforms. The Entertainment Software Association (ESA) issued a statement condemning the harassment, stating that " ere is no place in the video game community—or our society—for personal attacks and threats". ESA president Mike Gallagher, speaking at the June 2015 Electronic Entertainment Expo, clarified that the ESA did not become more involved as they felt it was an argument that was outside their industry and their involvement would have been disruptive, but praised the efforts to counter harassment that will benefit the industry in the future. At BlizzCon 2014, Blizzard Entertainment president and co-founder Mike Morhaime denounced recent harassment; blaming a "small group of people hohave been doing really awful things" and "tarnishing our reputation" as gamers. He called on attendees to treat each other with kindness and demonstrate to the world that the community rejects harassment. His statements were widely interpreted as referring to Gamergate. CEOs of both the American and European branches of Sony Computer Entertainment, Shawn Layden and Jim Ryan respectively, said the harassment and bullying were absolutely horrific and that such inappropriate behavior would not be tolerated at Sony. The Swedish Games Industry issued a statement denouncing the harassment and sexism from Gamergate supporters. In 2016, Nintendo of America denounced Gamergate, calling it "an online hate campaign" and that "Nintendo firmly rejects the harassment of individuals in any way".

Responses to Gamergate have encouraged the video game industry to review its treatment of women and minorities, and to make changes to support them. Intel, following its accidental involvement in Gamergate, pledged more than $300 million to help support a "Diversity in Technology" program with partners including Sarkeesian's Feminist Frequency organization and the IGDA, aimed at increasing the number of women and minorities in the industry. Intel CEO Brian Krzanich stated in announcing the program that "it's not good enough to say we value diversity, and then have our industry not fully represent". Electronic Arts (EA) COO Peter Moore said the controversy made EA pay more attention to diversity and inclusion, telling ''Fortune'' " there's been any benefit to Gamergate,  ..I think it just makes us think twice at times". Speaking about Gamergate harassment to the ''Seattle Times'', IGDA executive director Kate Edwards said, "Gaming culture has been pretty misogynistic for a long time now. There's ample evidence of that over and over again... What we're finally seeing is that it became so egregious that now companies are starting to wake up and say, "We need to stop this. This has got to change."

The Electronic Entertainment Expo 2015 included markedly more female protagonists in these new games, as well as more visible presence by women at the event. Some commentators characterized this as a response to Gamergate and a rejection of the misogynistic Gamergate harassment.

The game '' Batman: Arkham Knight'', released in 2015, references Gamergate with the hashtag #CrusaderGate, which the Riddler uses to unsuccessfully try to rally the Internet against Batman; bemoaning its failure, the Riddler describes those who use the hashtag as "idiotic and easily roused rabble".

Representation in media

" Intimidation Game", an episode of the crime television series '' Law & Order: Special Victims Unit'', portrays a fictionalized version of Gamergate, including a character whom some observers said resembled Sarkeesian and whose story seemed based on those of women subject to the harassment campaign. The 2015 documentary film '' GTFO'' analyzed issues of sexism and harassment in video gaming. The film's director, Shannon Sun-Higginson, stated Gamergate was "a terrible, terrible thing, but it's actually symptomatic of a wider, cultural, systemic problem". The Gamergate situation was covered as part of a larger topic of online harassment of women in the June 21, 2015, episode of ''Last Week Tonight with John Oliver''. The impact of the Gamergate controversy on Brianna Wu was the subject of the March 16, 2016, episode of ''The Internet Ruined My Life''.

In October 2021, Mind Riot Entertainment announced that a fictional series based on Gamergate co-created and co-written by Wu and J. Brad Wilke was in production. The series will focus on the origins of the controversy through the lens of multiple, fictional people in the game industry such as executives, journalists, and indie developers and their subsequent reactions. On March 8, 2022, it was announced that Norman Lear and Brent Miller will be executive producers.

Reducing online harassment

In January 2015, Quinn and Alex Lifschitz created the Crash Override Network, a private group of experts who provide free support and counsel to those that have been harassed online, including as a result of Gamergate, and to work with law authorities and social media sites in response to such threats. Software developer Randi Harper founded a similar group, the Online Abuse Prevention Initiative, a non-profit organization that also seeks to provide aid to those harassed online.

Anita Sarkeesian was named as one of ''Time'' magazine's list of the 30 most influential people on the Internet in March 2015, and later in the magazine's Top 100 Most Influential People of 2015, in recognition of her role in highlighting sexism in the video game community in the wake of the Gamergate controversy. She was also highlighted as one of ''Cosmopolitan''s fifty "Internet's Most Fascinating" in a 2015 list due to her efforts to curb online harassment.

An online abuse panel (itself the subject of controversy) at the 2016 SXSW festival said that there was no technological solution to the problem of harassment given human nature; although policy changes have been made, the larger issue is more societal than platform-specific. Referring to the discussion at SXSW in a speech for Women's History Month, then- U.S. President Barack Obama said that "We know that women gamers face harassment and stalking and threats of violence from other players. When they speak out about their experiences, they're attacked on Twitter and other social media outlets, even threatened in their homes." Obama urged targets of harassment to speak out, praising the courage of those who had resisted online harassment. "And what's brought these issues to light is that there are a lot of women out there, especially young women, who are speaking out bravely about their experiences, even when they know they'll be attacked for it".

Legacy

The people targeted by Gamergate have continued to be attacked in right-wing media and on men's rights websites, and have been forced to limit their public appearances and social media activity. Some figures and tactics associated with Gamergate went on to become components of the alt-right, which featured in the 2016 United States presidential election and in other more targeted harassment campaigns, such as Learn to Code in early 2019.

It has been argued that Gamergate helped elect Donald Trump as US president in 2016 and assisted other right-wing movements; Alyssa Rosenberg called Trump "the Gamergate of Republican politics" in an opinion article for ''The Washington Post'' in 2015. Trump's strategist Steve Bannon remarked that through Milo Yiannopoulos, who rose to fame during Gamergate as the technology journalist for ''Breitbart News'' (a news website Bannon co-founded), he had created a generation and an "army" that came in "through Gamergate ... and then get turned onto politics and Trump". According to ''Axios'', in the 2022 book ''Meme Wars'', Joan Donovan, research director at Harvard's Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy, argued that Gamergate served as "The key template that the far right and former President Trump's MAGA movement have used to organize online", noting that during Gamergate, "online mobs deployed techniques and tactics that were later taken up by the Trumpist right, including the use of memes, false allegations and coordinated harassment." Donovan also argued that "similar techniques are being used to intimidate and harass entire groups of people, most prominently transgender youth and adults."

The alt-right's emergence was marked by Gamergate. According to the journalist David Neiwert, Gamergate "heralded the rise of the alt-right and provided an early sketch of its primary features: an Internet presence beset by digital trolls, unbridled conspiracism, angry-white-male-identity victimization culture, and, ultimately, open racism, anti-Semitism, ethnic hatred, misogyny, and sexual and gender paranoia". Gamergate politicized many young people, especially males, in opposition to the perceived culture war being waged by leftists. Through their shared opposition to political correctness, feminism, and multiculturalism, chan culture built a link to the alt-right. By 2015, the alt-right had gained significant momentum as an online movement. According to the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', Gamergate is "a manifestation of the so-called 'men's rights movement' that had its origins on the Web site 4chan."

Gamergate has been compared to the far-right political conspiracy theory QAnon. ''Business Insider'' compared QAnon and the GameStop short squeeze to Gamergate by referring to all three as "populist uprisings". Claire Goforth of ''The Daily Dot'' argued that Gamergate helped give birth to QAnon: "Each movement, in its inception, tapped into the collective force of the army of trolls who frequent anonymous message boards. Their tactics are an outgrowth of an online subculture where no prejudice is too shocking, no attack too vicious, no accusation too egregious." and "Like Gamergate, QAnon is toxic and alluring because it clothes trolls and conspiracy theorists in the armor of righteousness. Their chosen enemies' faults are an absolute evil that needs to be excised. Nothing else matters when that's the ultimate goal." Goforth also noted that "While Gamergate was confined to the web, QAnon has crawled out of the screen." Kate Knibbs of ''Wired'' called Gamergate "proto-QAnon", saying that both are "ideologically incoherent and loosely organized, seeping across chan boards, forums, and social platforms" and that "it was impossible to tell exactly how many people actually believed what they were saying and how many were trolling."

2015–2018

In 2015, Yasmin Kafai, the Chair of the Teaching, Learning, and Leadership division at the University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education (Penn GSE), said that "What Gamergate has changed is not the situation for women and minorities in gaming, but it has changed the public perception". In 2016, Sarah Jeong of ''The Washington Post'' compared the Pizzagate conspiracy theory to Gamergate, calling both a "time the darker parts of the Internet have delivered up sustained, orchestrated harassment on the back of a convoluted nest of lies." and claimed that "If we took 'Gamergate' harassment seriously, 'Pizzagate' might never have happened". In May 2017, Sean Murray of ''TheGamer'' argued that "The most important thing that Gamergate did was bring the online harassment of women into the public consciousness. That alone is something to be thankful for, but many people went above and beyond." In July 2017, Katherine Cross of ''The Daily Beast'' compared the CNN Blackmail controversy with Gamergate, claiming that "Many of the same tactics and major players that made names for themselves in GamerGate—from Mike Cernovich to Weev—are being used to push a wide-scale harassment campaign against CNN."

In July 2018, Kishonna Gray, a communication and gender studies researcher, argued that "Gaming culture and games companies have been complicit in the abuse. There's no way that GamerGate could have had the power that it did have without that historical practice of diminishing women. The game industry weaponized GamerGate." Also in July 2018, '' Vox'' said that Gamergate's "success" "gave many on the extreme right a template for how to attack their perceived enemies." and that "The methods deployed in this ground-zero Gamergate event have since become standard practice for internet mobs wishing to attack seemingly anyone they believe to be a foe." As of 2018, "Not only are Gamergate supporters still active, but its most visible advocates seem to be thriving in the age of President Trump."

2019

In January 2019, Talia Lavin of ''The New Republic'' said that Gamergate was "a public test of weapons online trolls would use to inflict hell on anyone who they perceived as enemies" and that "Its tactics have only grown in sophistication in the intervening years."

In a retrospective for ''Slate'' in August 2019, Evan Urquhart wrote that Gamergate was still active on Reddit and that its members continue to harass journalists. However, Urquhart also commented that Gamergate had not stopped socially-conscious games journalism, efforts to increase diversity in games, or individuals like Quinn and Sarkeesian. In a retrospective for ''The New York Times'', Charlie Warzel said that "Gamergate is occasionally framed as a battle for the soul of the internet between a diverse, progressive set and an angry collection of white males who feel displaced. And it is that, too. But its most powerful legacy is as proof of concept of how to wage a post-truth information war." In a retrospective for TechCrunch, Jon Evans stated that the mainstream media had not learned how to combat Gamergate-like strategies and criticized coverage from ''The New York Times'' in particular. In a retrospective for NPR, Audie Cornish said that Gamergate "was a warning and a demonstration of how bad actors could abuse the power of social networks to achieve malicious ends."

In a retrospective for ''Polygon'' in December 2019, Sarkeesian said that "GamerGate's real goals were expressed in the explicit racism, sexism, and transphobia of the memes the movement generated, and the posts its supporters wrote on the message boards where they organized and strategized. Later, the flimsiness of the 'ethics in games journalism' pretense would became a mocking meme signifying a bad faith argument. It would almost be funny, if GamerGate hadn't done so much harm, and caused so much lasting trauma." Sarkeesian also criticized the video game industry's response to Gamergate, saying that "The game industry's silence was shameful".

2020–present

In a retrospective for ''Vox'' in January 2020, Aja Romano stated that police, businesses, and social media platforms are still susceptible to Gamergate-like tactics and that they would have to change in order to keep victims safe. Romano also stated that " amergate'sinsistence that it was about one thing (ethics in journalism) when it was about something else (harassing women) provided a case study for how extremists would proceed to drive ideological fissures through the foundations of democracy: by building a toxic campaign of hate beneath a veneer of denial."

In September 2020, Kate Knibbs of ''Wired'' compared the backlash to the 2020 film ''Cuties'' with Gamergate, claiming that people were "using tactics favored by Gamergate like review bombing, online harassment, and calls for boycotts."

In the aftermath of the 2021 United States Capitol attack, Brianna Wu said that "everything I tried to get the FBI to act on in the aftermath of GamerGate has now come true...We told people that if social media companies like Facebook and Reddit did not tighten their policies about these communities of organized hate, that we were going to see violent insurrection in the United States … We told people that these communities were organizing online for violence and extremism. That, unfortunately, has proven to be true." Donovan said that key figures in Gamergate worked to raise online fury ahead of the attack.

In August 2021, Jen Golbeck, a computer scientist and professor at the University of Maryland, said that "The important lasting, lingering impact of amergatewas it was one of the first grass-roots campaigns of harassment that had no real consequences for the people who did it". In October 2021, Andrew Paul of ''Input'' magazine said that Gamergate "is largely considered one of the biggest influences for today's spread of misinformation, unhinged online conspiracy movements, and right-wing reactionary trends." and that "Some of the most effective methods of weaponizing memes got their start within the Gamergate movement, along with doxxing tactics and harassment strategies."

In April 2022, David Emery of Snopes.com said that Gamergate is "considered by many a watershed event in the ascendancy of extremist personalities and tactics to online prominence" and that "Gamergate is regarded as emblematic of the deeply rooted sexist and reactionary attitudes observed not only in the male-dominated gaming industry of that time, but across the internet at large." Also in April, Caroline Sinders, a research fellow at the Center for Democracy and Technology, said that "Gamergate, for a lot of people, for mainstream culture, was the introduction to what doxxing is". In May 2022, Elle Reeve of CNN said that Gamergate resulted in a "massive wave of young people enter ngwhat had been an old man's world of White nationalism." Also in May, Katherine Denkinson of ''The Independent'' compared the backlash against Amber Heard and her supporters in her then- ongoing trial against Johnny Depp with Gamergate, claiming that "the anti-Amber train has been expertly commandeered by the alt-right.", while noting that Gamergate "was quickly co-opted by the alt-right to promote anti-feminist rhetoric."

In September 2022, Adam Jerret of ''The Conversation'' argued that while "GamerGate was a low point for the gaming world", in the eight years since Gamergate, video games and the gaming industry have "embrace more diverse and caring values", resulting in "a new era of 'values-conscious games' which explore a variety of topics, such as empathy, diversity and wellbeing." that "are proving increasingly popular with existing and newfound audiences." Jerret also argued that Gamergaters "expressed a desire to isolate the world of gaming from broader social mores."

David DePape, the man accused of attacking Paul Pelosi (Nancy Pelosi's husband), is alleged to have said in a blog post that Gamergate introduced him to right-wing politics.

See also

* Comicsgate

Notes

References

{{reflist, 30em, refs=

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{{cite web , url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2014/09/new-chat-logs-show-how-4chan-users-pushed-gamergate-into-the-national-spotlight/ , title=Chat logs show how 4chan users created #GamerGate controversy , work=Ars Technica , date=September 9, 2014 , first=Casey , last=Johnston , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913121615/http://arstechnica.com/gaming/2014/09/new-chat-logs-show-how-4chan-users-pushed-gamergate-into-the-national-spotlight/ , archive-date=September 13, 2014

{{cite web , last1=VanDerWerff , first1=Todd , title=#GamerGate: Here's why everybody in the video game world is fighting , url=https://www.vox.com/2014/9/6/6111065/gamergate-explained-everybody-fighting , work= Vox , access-date=December 19, 2014 , date=October 13, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218162300/http://www.vox.com/2014/9/6/6111065/gamergate-explained-everybody-fighting , archive-date=December 18, 2014

{{cite news , url=http://time.com/3274247/video-game-culture-war/ , title=Sexism, Lies, and Video Games: The Culture War Nobody Is Winning , last=Alexander , first=Leigh , author-link=Leigh Alexander (journalist) , magazine=Time , date=September 5, 2014 , access-date=September 7, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907004104/https://time.com/3274247/video-game-culture-war/ , archive-date=September 7, 2014 , url-access=limited

{{cite web , url=http://herocomplex.latimes.com/games/gamergate-related-controversy-reveals-ugly-side-of-gaming-community/ , title=Hero Complex: Gamergate-related controversy reveals ugly side of gaming community , last=Martens , first=Todd , work=Los Angeles Times , date=September 6, 2014 , access-date=September 7, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906205443/http://herocomplex.latimes.com/games/gamergate-related-controversy-reveals-ugly-side-of-gaming-community/ , archive-date=September 6, 2014

{{cite web , url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-29028236 , title=Gamers take a stand against misogyny after death threats , last=Rawlinson , first=Kevin , work=BBC News , date=September 2, 2014 , access-date=September 7, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907195908/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-29028236 , archive-date=September 7, 2014

{{cite web , url=http://www.dailydot.com/geek/zoe-quinn-outs-4chan-behind-gamergate/ , title=Zoe Quinn claims 4chan was behind GamerGate the whole time , last=Romano , first=Aja , work=The Daily Dot , date=September 6, 2014 , access-date=September 7, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907080614/http://www.dailydot.com/geek/zoe-quinn-outs-4chan-behind-gamergate/ , archive-date=September 7, 2014

{{cite web , url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/phil-fish-selling-rights-to-fez-after-being-hacked/1100-6421882/ , title=Phil Fish Selling Rights to Fez After Being Hacked , work=GameSpot , publisher=CBS Interactive , date=August 23, 2014 , access-date=September 6, 2014 , first=Emanuel , last=Maiberg , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902025359/http://www.gamespot.com/articles/phil-fish-selling-rights-to-fez-after-being-hacked/1100-6421882/ , archive-date=September 2, 2014

{{cite web , url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/sep/01/how-to-attack-a-woman-who-works-in-video-games , title=How to attack a woman who works in video gaming , first=Jenn , last=Frank , work=The Guardian , date=September 1, 2014 , access-date=September 18, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917083214/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/sep/01/how-to-attack-a-woman-who-works-in-video-games , archive-date=September 17, 2014

{{cite interview , url=http://www.escapistmagazine.com/articles/view/video-games/gamergate-interviews/12390-Damion-Schubert-GamerGate-Interview , title="Damion Schubert" GamerGate Interview , last=Schubert , first=Damion , interviewer= , date=October 10, 2014 , work=The Escapist , access-date=December 21, 2014 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222091440/http://www.escapistmagazine.com/articles/view/video-games/gamergate-interviews/12390-Damion-Schubert-GamerGate-Interview , archive-date=December 22, 2014

{{cite news , url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11082629/Gamergate-Misogyny-death-threats-and-a-mob-of-angry-trolls-Inside-the-dark-world-of-video-games.html , title=Misogyny, death threats and a mob of trolls: Inside the dark world of video games with Zoe Quinn — target of #GamerGate , first=Radhika , last=Sanghani , date=September 10, 2014 , access-date=September 14, 2014 , work=The Daily Telegraph , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913224532/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11082629/Gamergate-Misogyny-death-threats-and-a-mob-of-angry-trolls-Inside-the-dark-world-of-video-games.html , archive-date=September 13, 2014 , url-access=limited

{{cite web , url=http://www.polygon.com/2014/9/4/6105185/fbi-game-developer-harassment , title=FBI working with game developer association to combat online harassment , first=Brian , last=Crecente , date=September 4, 2014 , access-date=September 15, 2014 , work=Polygon , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908004144/http://www.polygon.com/2014/9/4/6105185/fbi-game-developer-harassment , archive-date=September 8, 2014

{{cite web , url=https://www.vox.com/xpress/2014/9/15/6149965/gamergate-explained-short , title=The confusion around #GamerGate explained, in three short paragraphs , date=September 15, 2014 , access-date=September 15, 2014 , first=Emily , last=VanDerWerff , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917040345/http://www.vox.com/xpress/2014/9/15/6149965/gamergate-explained-short , archive-date=September 17, 2014

{{cite web , last=Newton , first=Casey , url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/9/13/6145169/anita-sarkeesian-shares-the-most-radical-thing-you-can-do-to-support , title=Anita Sarkeesian shares the most radical thing you can do to support women online , date=September 13, 2014 , work=The Verge , access-date=September 15, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915030154/http://www.theverge.com/2014/9/13/6145169/anita-sarkeesian-shares-the-most-radical-thing-you-can-do-to-support , archive-date=September 15, 2014

{{cite web , url=http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2014-04-24-women-increasing-representation-among-us-gamers-esa , title=Women increasing representation among US gamers—ESA , work= GamesIndustry.biz , date=April 24, 2014 , access-date=January 8, 2015 , first=Brendan , last=Sinclair , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110213740/http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2014-04-24-women-increasing-representation-among-us-gamers-esa , archive-date=January 10, 2015

{{cite news , url=http://www.onthemedia.org/story/my-attempt-write-about-gamergate/ , title=My Attempt To Write About "Gamergate" , first=Alex , last=Goldman , work= On the Media , publisher=WNYC , access-date=September 15, 2014 , date=September 5, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916104005/http://www.onthemedia.org/story/my-attempt-write-about-gamergate/ , archive-date=September 16, 2014

{{cite news , last1=Ringo , first1=Allegra , title=Meet the Female Gamer Mascot Born of Anti-Feminist Internet Drama , url=https://www.vice.com/read/meet-the-female-gamer-mascot-created-by-anti-feminists-828 , access-date=September 16, 2014 , work=Vice , date=August 28, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114083321/http://www.vice.com/read/meet-the-female-gamer-mascot-created-by-anti-feminists-828 , archive-date=January 14, 2016

{{cite web , url=https://www.vice.com/read/we-talked-to-zoe-quinn-about-whats-next-for-the-gaming-world-999 , title=Zoe Quinn Told Us What Being Targeted By Every Troll in the World Feels Like , first=Mike , last=Pearl , work=Vice , date=September 12, 2014 , access-date=September 21, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920221218/http://www.vice.com/read/we-talked-to-zoe-quinn-about-whats-next-for-the-gaming-world-999 , archive-date=September 20, 2014

{{cite news , last1=Plunkett , first1=Luke , title=We Might Be Witnessing The 'Death of An Identity' , url=http://kotaku.com/we-might-be-witnessing-the-death-of-an-identity-1628203079 , access-date=September 22, 2014 , work=Kotaku , date=August 28, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920224947/http://kotaku.com/we-might-be-witnessing-the-death-of-an-identity-1628203079 , archive-date=September 20, 2014

{{cite news , last=Johnston , first=Casey , title=The death of the "gamers" and the women who "killed" them , url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2014/08/the-death-of-the-gamers-and-the-women-who-killed-them/ , access-date=September 22, 2014 , work=Ars Technica , date=August 28, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920200435/http://arstechnica.com/gaming/2014/08/the-death-of-the-gamers-and-the-women-who-killed-them/ , archive-date=September 20, 2014

{{cite web , url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/01/8chan-tries-swatting-gamergate-critic-sends-cops-to-an-old-address/ , title=8chan user offers to "swat" GamerGate critic, cops sent to an old address , first=Nathan , last=Mattise , date=January 4, 2015 , access-date=January 13, 2015 , work=Ars Technica , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112210635/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/01/8chan-tries-swatting-gamergate-critic-sends-cops-to-an-old-address/ , archive-date=January 12, 2015

{{cite web , url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jan/13/gamergate-hits-new-low-with-attempts-to-send-swat-teams-to-critics , title=Gamergate hits new low with attempts to send Swat teams to critics , work=The Guardian , date=January 13, 2015 , access-date=January 13, 2015 , first=Alex , last=Hern , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113170700/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jan/13/gamergate-hits-new-low-with-attempts-to-send-swat-teams-to-critics , archive-date=January 13, 2015

{{cite web , url=http://metaleater.com/video-games/feature/the-darker-side-of-gamergate , title=The Darker Side of GamerGate , last=Kerzner , first=Liana , work=MetalEater , date=September 29, 2014 , access-date=September 30, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003170400/http://metaleater.com/video-games/feature/the-darker-side-of-gamergate , archive-date=October 3, 2014

{{cite web , last=Cooper , first=Ryan , url=https://theweek.com/article/index/267333/how-to-stop-misogynists-from-terrorizing-the-world-of-gamers , title=How to stop misogynists from terrorizing the world of gamers , work=The Week , date=September 2, 2014 , access-date=October 1, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930192756/http://theweek.com/article/index/267333/how-to-stop-misogynists-from-terrorizing-the-world-of-gamers , archive-date=September 30, 2014

{{cite web , last1=Kieffer , first1=Ben , last2=Woodbury , first2=Emily , url=http://iowapublicradio.org/post/engaging-gamergate-there-fear-going-it-woman , title=Engaging in #GamerGate: "There is that fear going into it, as a woman" , work=Iowa Public Radio , date=September 30, 2014 , access-date=October 1, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004055950/http://iowapublicradio.org/post/engaging-gamergate-there-fear-going-it-woman , archive-date=October 4, 2014

{{cite news , last1=Vorel , first1=Jim , title=Fez Creator Phil Fish and Polytron Corporation Hacked, Doxxed , url=https://pastemagazine.com/articles/2014/08/fez-creator-phil-fish-and-polytron-corporation-hac-1.html , access-date=October 2, 2014 , work= Paste , publisher= Wolfgang's Vault , date=August 22, 2014 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006084021/http://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2014/08/fez-creator-phil-fish-and-polytron-corporation-hac-1.html , archive-date=October 6, 2014

{{cite news , last1=Romano , first1=Aja , title=4chan hacks and doxes Zoe Quinn's biggest supporter , url=http://www.dailydot.com/geek/4chan-hacks-phil-fish-over-his-defense-of-zoe-quinn/ , access-date=October 2, 2014 , work=The Daily Dot , date=August 22, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101042/http://www.dailydot.com/geek/4chan-hacks-phil-fish-over-his-defense-of-zoe-quinn/ , archive-date=October 6, 2014

{{cite web , url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2014/09/24/349835297/-gamergate-controversy-fuels-debate-on-women-and-video-games , title=#Gamergate Controversy Fuels Debate on Women And Video Games , first=Nate , last=Rott , date=September 24, 2014 , access-date=September 25, 2014 , work=All Things Considered , publisher=NPR , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924215349/http://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2014/09/24/349835297/-gamergate-controversy-fuels-debate-on-women-and-video-games , archive-date=September 24, 2014

{{cite web , url=http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2014-10-03-game-devs-urge-you-to-write-intel-in-response-to-gamergate , title=Game devs urge you to write Intel in response to #GamerGate , first=James , last=Brightman , date=October 3, 2014 , access-date=October 3, 2014 , work=GamesIndustry.biz , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141005194225/http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2014-10-03-game-devs-urge-you-to-write-intel-in-response-to-gamergate , archive-date=October 5, 2014

{{cite web , url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/10/3/6906025/intel-issues-apology-after-backlash-from-gamergate-opponents , title=Intel issues apology after backlash from #GamerGate opponents , work=The Verge , date=October 3, 2014 , access-date=October 3, 2014 , first=Kwame , last=Opam , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004075640/http://www.theverge.com/2014/10/3/6906025/intel-issues-apology-after-backlash-from-gamergate-opponents , archive-date=October 4, 2014

{{cite web , url=https://theweek.com/article/index/269377/intels-awful-capitulation-to-gamergates-sexist-thugs , title=Intel's awful capitulation to #gamergate's sexist thugs , first=Ryan , last=Cooper , date=October 7, 2014 , access-date=October 9, 2014 , work=The Week , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008233018/http://theweek.com/article/index/269377/intels-awful-capitulation-to-gamergates-sexist-thugs , archive-date=October 8, 2014

{{cite news , url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/16/technology/gamergate-women-video-game-threats-anita-sarkeesian.html , title=Feminist Critics of Video Games Facing Threats in 'GamerGate' Campaign , first=Nick , last=Wingfield , date=October 15, 2014 , access-date=October 24, 2014 , work=The New York Times , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024104532/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/16/technology/gamergate-women-video-game-threats-anita-sarkeesian.html , archive-date=October 24, 2014 , url-access=limited

{{cite news , url=http://metro.co.uk/2014/10/15/gamergate-what-is-it-and-why-are-gamers-so-angry-4907102/ , title=GamerGate – what is it, and why are gamers so angry? , first=Rob , last=Waugh , date=October 15, 2014 , access-date=October 24, 2014 , work= Metro , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022171558/http://metro.co.uk/2014/10/15/gamergate-what-is-it-and-why-are-gamers-so-angry-4907102/ , archive-date=October 22, 2014

{{cite news , url=https://www.cjr.org/behind_the_news/gamergate.php , title=How do we know what we know about #Gamergate? , work=Columbia Journalism Review , date=October 23, 2014 , first=Chris , last=Ip , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024081152/https://www.cjr.org/behind_the_news/gamergate.php , archive-date=October 24, 2014

{{cite web , url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/10/15/tech/utah-anita-sarkeesian-threat/index.html , title=Anita Sarkeesian cancels Utah State speech after threat , last1=Ahmed , first1=Saeed , first2=Tony , last2=Marco , date=October 15, 2014 , publisher= CNN , access-date=October 25, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019070251/http://edition.cnn.com/2014/10/15/tech/utah-anita-sarkeesian-threat/index.html , archive-date=October 19, 2014

{{cite web , url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-29626809 , title=Feminist video-games talk cancelled after massacre threat , work=BBC News , last=Kelion , first=Leo , date=October 15, 2014 , access-date=October 25, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030164224/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-29626809 , archive-date=October 30, 2014

{{cite web , last1=Albrecht , first1=Stan L. , last2=Cockett , first2=Noelle , title=Letter from USU President Albrecht and Provost Cockett , date=October 15, 2014 , url=http://www.usu.edu/ust/index.cfm?article=54180 , publisher=Utah State University , access-date=February 3, 2015 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203055601/http://www.usu.edu/ust/index.cfm?article=54180 , archive-date=February 3, 2015

{{cite news , last=Opsahl , first=Kevin , url=http://news.hjnews.com/allaccess/usu-awaits-fbi-report-on-sarkeesian-death-threat/article_87f4d88c-8332-11e4-80f4-5f738c57bca5.html , title=USU awaits FBI report on Sarkeesian death threat , work=The Herald Journal , location=Logan, Utah , date=December 13, 2014 , access-date=January 5, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222091422/http://news.hjnews.com/allaccess/usu-awaits-fbi-report-on-sarkeesian-death-threat/article_87f4d88c-8332-11e4-80f4-5f738c57bca5.html , archive-date=December 22, 2014

{{cite web , url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2470723,00.asp , title=Everything You Never Wanted to Know About GamerGate , first=Chandra , last=Steele , date=October 21, 2014 , access-date=October 24, 2014 , work=PC Magazine , publisher=Ziff Davis , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023193242/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0%2C2817%2C2470723%2C00.asp , archive-date=October 23, 2014

{{cite news , last=Caesar , first=Chris , url=https://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/2014/10/11/video-game-developer-twitter-rape-death-threats-forced-from-home/FjC4cjeqwEDxWFeeVpyWSP/story.html , title=Video Game Developer: Twitter Rape, Death Threats Forced Me From Home , work=Boston.com , date=October 11, 2014 , access-date=October 25, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020162246/http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/2014/10/11/video-game-developer-twitter-rape-death-threats-forced-from-home/FjC4cjeqwEDxWFeeVpyWSP/story.html , archive-date=October 20, 2014

{{cite web , url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/oct/23/felicia-days-public-details-online-gamergate , title=Felicia Day's public details put online after she described Gamergate fears , first=Alex , last=Hern , work=The Guardian , access-date=October 25, 2014 , date=October 23, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024184623/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/oct/23/felicia-days-public-details-online-gamergate , archive-date=October 24, 2014

{{cite news , url=http://time.com/3535619/felicia-day-writes-about-gamergate-gets-information-hacked/ , title=Felicia Day Writes About #GamerGate, Gets Information Hacked , first=Eliana , last=Dockterman , magazine=Time , date=October 23, 2014 , access-date=October 25, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024235109/http://time.com/3535619/felicia-day-writes-about-gamergate-gets-information-hacked/ , archive-date=October 24, 2014 , url-access=limited

{{cite news , url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2014/10/20/inside-gamergates-successful-attack-on-the-media/ , title=Inside Gamergate's (successful) attack on the media , newspaper=The Washington Post , last=Dewey , first=Caitlin , date=October 20, 2014 , access-date=October 25, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024234720/http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2014/10/20/inside-gamergates-successful-attack-on-the-media/ , archive-date=October 24, 2014 , url-access=limited

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{{cite magazine , url=https://nymag.com/scienceofus/2014/10/gamergate-should-stop-lying-to-itself.html , title=Gamergate Should Stop Lying to Itself , last=Singal , first=Jesse , date=October 20, 2014 , magazine=New York , access-date=October 25, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023061146/http://nymag.com/scienceofus/2014/10/gamergate-should-stop-lying-to-itself.html , archive-date=October 23, 2014 , url-access=limited

{{cite news , url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturenews/11180510/gamergate-misogynist-felicia-day-zoe-quinn-brianna-wu.html , title=#GamerGate: the misogynist movement blighting the video games industry , last=Stuart , first=Bob , date=October 24, 2014 , work=The Daily Telegraph , access-date=October 25, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025064836/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturenews/11180510/gamergate-misogynist-felicia-day-zoe-quinn-brianna-wu.html , archive-date=October 25, 2014 , url-access=limited

{{cite news , url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2014/10/15/the-game-industrys-top-trade-group-just-spoke-out-against-gamergate/ , title=The game industry's top trade group just spoke out against Gamergate , first=Hayley , last=Tsukayama , date=October 15, 2014 , access-date=October 24, 2014 , newspaper=The Washington Post , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024234742/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2014/10/15/the-game-industrys-top-trade-group-just-spoke-out-against-gamergate/ , archive-date=October 24, 2014 , url-access=limited

{{cite news , url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/26/opinion/sunday/the-disheartening-gamergate-campaign.html , title=Can Video Games Survive? The Disheartening GamerGate Campaign , last=Suellentrop , first=Chris , date=October 26, 2014 , work=The New York Times , access-date=October 25, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026062144/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/26/opinion/sunday/the-disheartening-gamergate-campaign.html , archive-date=October 26, 2014 , url-access=limited

{{cite web , url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/oct/13/gamergate-right-wing-no-neutral-stance , title=Gamergate's vicious right-wing swell means there can be no neutral stance , last=Stone , first=Jon , date=October 13, 2014 , work=The Guardian , access-date=October 26, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026225832/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/oct/13/gamergate-right-wing-no-neutral-stance , archive-date=October 26, 2014

{{cite news , url=http://www.onthemedia.org/story/codemning-gamergate/ , title=Condemning #GamerGate , last=Garfield , first=Bob , author-link=Bob Garfield , work=On The Media , date=October 24, 2014 , access-date=October 27, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027125640/http://www.onthemedia.org/story/codemning-gamergate/ , archive-date=October 27, 2014

{{cite web , url=http://www.newsweek.com/gamergate-about-media-ethics-or-harassing-women-harassment-data-show-279736 , title=Is GamerGate About Media Ethics or Harassing Women? Harassment, the Data Shows , first=Taylor , last=Wofford , date=October 25, 2014 , access-date=October 28, 2014 , work=Newsweek , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028033210/http://www.newsweek.com/gamergate-about-media-ethics-or-harassing-women-harassment-data-show-279736 , archive-date=October 28, 2014

{{cite web , url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-29821050 , title=Zoe Quinn: GamerGate must be condemned , first=Dave , last=Lee , date=October 30, 2014 , access-date=October 30, 2014 , publisher=BBC , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030002347/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-29821050 , archive-date=October 30, 2014

{{cite interview , url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-29821050 , title=Zoe Quinn: GamerGate must be condemned , publisher=BBC News , access-date=October 31, 2014 , date=October 29, 2014 , last=Quinn , first=Zoë , interviewer=Dave Lee , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030184058/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-29821050 , archive-date=October 30, 2014

{{cite web , url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/10/23/7047647/felicia-day-response-shows-why-good-gamergate-is-still-hurting-people , title=Gamergate can't stop being about harassment , last=Robertson , first=Adi , date=October 23, 2014 , work=The Verge , access-date=October 31, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030120827/http://www.theverge.com/2014/10/23/7047647/felicia-day-response-shows-why-good-gamergate-is-still-hurting-people , archive-date=October 30, 2014

{{cite web , url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-29642313 , title=Twitter and the poisoning of online debate , work=BBC News , date=October 16, 2014 , last=Cellan-Jones , first=Rory , access-date=October 31, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030164220/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-29642313 , archive-date=October 30, 2014

{{cite web , url=https://www.vox.com/2014/10/23/7044593/gamergate , title=#GamerGate has won a few battles. It will lose the war.—Vox , date=October 23, 2014 , work=Vox , last=VanDerWerff , first=Emily , access-date=October 31, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101045959/http://www.vox.com/2014/10/23/7044593/gamergate , archive-date=November 1, 2014

{{cite magazine , url=https://www.wired.com/2014/10/the-secret-about-gamergate-is-that-it-cant-stop-progress/ , title=Gamergate Goons Can Scream All They Want, But They Can't Stop Progress – Wired , magazine=Wired , date=October 21, 2014 , last=Hudson , first=Laura , access-date=October 31, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030095626/http://www.wired.com/2014/10/the-secret-about-gamergate-is-that-it-cant-stop-progress , archive-date=October 30, 2014

{{cite news , url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/act-four/wp/2014/10/29/gamergate-reopens-the-debate-over-video-games-as-art/ , title=Gamergate reopens the debate over video games as art , newspaper=The Washington Post , date=October 29, 2014 , last=Rosenberg , first=Alyssa , access-date=October 31, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029161429/http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/act-four/wp/2014/10/29/gamergate-reopens-the-debate-over-video-games-as-art/ , archive-date=October 29, 2014 , url-access=limited

{{cite web , url=http://thecolbertreport.cc.com/video-playlists/j0zpbx/the-colbert-report-11015-highlights/wr7hqq , title=The Colbert Report 11015 Highlights – Video Clips , work=The Colbert Report , publisher= Comedy Central , date=October 29, 2014 , access-date=October 31, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031001013/http://thecolbertreport.cc.com/video-playlists/j0zpbx/the-colbert-report-11015-highlights/wr7hqq , archive-date=October 31, 2014

{{cite web , url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-10-14/a-no-gamergate-target-wants-twitter-to-make-harrassment-harder , title=A #GamerGate Target Wants Twitter to Make Harassment Harder , first=Joshua , last=Brustein , date=October 14, 2014 , access-date=November 5, 2014 , work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110114631/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-10-14/a-no-gamergate-target-wants-twitter-to-make-harrassment-harder , archive-date=November 10, 2014

{{cite magazine , url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/10/the-existential-crisis-of-public-life-online/382017/ , title=The Existential Crisis of Public Life Online , first=Robinson , last=Meyer , date=October 30, 2014 , access-date=November 5, 2014 , magazine=The Atlantic , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105082131/http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/10/the-existential-crisis-of-public-life-online/382017/ , archive-date=November 5, 2014 , url-access=limited

{{cite web , url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2014-03-21-misogyny-racism-and-homophobia-where-do-video-games-stand , title=Misogyny, racism and homophobia: where do video games stand? , first=Robert , last=Purchase , date=March 21, 2014 , access-date=November 5, 2014 , work=Eurogamer , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106053346/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2014-03-21-misogyny-racism-and-homophobia-where-do-video-games-stand , archive-date=November 6, 2014

{{cite web , url=http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2014-11-03-wu-offers-usd11k-for-harassment-conviction , title=Wu offers $11K for harassment conviction , first=Rachel , last=Weber , date=November 3, 2014 , access-date=November 5, 2014 , work=GamesIndustry.biz , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106033833/http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2014-11-03-wu-offers-usd11k-for-harassment-conviction , archive-date=November 6, 2014

{{cite news , url=http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/news/58529300-78/sarkeesian-threats-usu-austin.html.csp , title=Feminist media critic calls for boycott of Utah campuses , last=Alberty , first=Erin , date=October 16, 2014 , work=The Salt Lake Tribune , access-date=November 2, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021091458/http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/news/58529300-78/sarkeesian-threats-usu-austin.html.csp , archive-date=October 21, 2014

{{cite news , last=Mendoza , first=Jessica , url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Innovation/Tech-Culture/2015/0120/Online-harassment-targets-strike-back-against-abusers.-Will-it-work , title=Online harassment targets strike back against abusers. Will it work? , work=The Christian Science Monitor , date=January 20, 2015 , access-date=January 21, 2015 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121102436/http://www.csmonitor.com/Innovation/Tech-Culture/2015/0120/Online-harassment-targets-strike-back-against-abusers.-Will-it-work , archive-date=January 21, 2015 , url-access=limited

{{cite web , url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/1/17/7628567/crash-override , title=Crash Override wants to help survivors of Gamergate and other online abuse , work=The Verge , date=January 17, 2015 , access-date=January 17, 2015 , first=T.C. , last=Sottek , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117152804/http://www.theverge.com/2015/1/17/7628567/crash-override , archive-date=January 17, 2015

{{cite web , url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/10/30/7131931/gamergate-is-dead , title=Gamergate is Dead , first=Chris , last=Plante , work=The Verge , date=October 30, 2014 , access-date=November 7, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105184101/http://www.theverge.com/2014/10/30/7131931/gamergate-is-dead , archive-date=November 5, 2014

{{cite web , url=https://cnet.com/news/blizzard-on-online-harassment-its-tarnishing-our-reputation-as-gamers/ , title=Blizzard on online harassment: It's tarnishing our reputation as gamers , last=Sherr , first=Ian , publisher=CNET , date=November 7, 2014 , access-date=November 7, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107220847/http://www.cnet.com/news/blizzard-on-online-harassment-its-tarnishing-our-reputation-as-gamers/ , archive-date=November 7, 2014

{{cite web , url=http://i.wow.joystiq.com/2014/11/07/blizzcon-opening-ceremony-liveblog/ , title=BlizzCon Opening Ceremony liveblog , last=Ziebart , first=Alex , work=Joystiq , publisher=AOL , date=November 7, 2014 , access-date=November 7, 2014 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108000417/http://i.wow.joystiq.com/2014/11/07/blizzcon-opening-ceremony-liveblog/ , archive-date=November 8, 2014 , url-status=dead

{{cite magazine , url=http://www.develop-online.net/analysis/games-developers-must-fight-internet-abuse-together/0199849 , title=Games developers must fight internet abuse together , first=James , last=Batchelor , date=November 10, 2014 , access-date=November 10, 2014 , magazine=Develop , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110233251/http://www.develop-online.net/analysis/games-developers-must-fight-internet-abuse-together/0199849 , archive-date=November 10, 2014

{{cite web , url=http://ethics.journalism.wisc.edu/2015/01/03/a-magical-putter-and-the-year-in-media-ethics/ , title=A Magical Putter and the Year in Media Ethics , last=Culver , first=Kathleen Bartzen , work=Center for Journalism Ethics , publisher=University of Wisconsin–Madison , date=January 3, 2015 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114045642/http://ethics.journalism.wisc.edu/2015/01/03/a-magical-putter-and-the-year-in-media-ethics/ , archive-date=January 14, 2015

{{cite web , url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/10/30/7130191/stephen-colbert-takes-on-gamergate-with-anita-sarkeesian , title=Stephen Colbert takes on Gamergate with Anita Sarkeesian , last=McCormick , first=Rich , work=The Verge , date=October 30, 2014 , access-date=November 18, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141117195158/http://www.theverge.com/2014/10/30/7130191/stephen-colbert-takes-on-gamergate-with-anita-sarkeesian , archive-date=November 17, 2014

{{cite news , url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/10/30/how-media-critic-anita-sarkeesian-turned-stephen-colbert-into-a-feminist/ , title=How media critic Anita Sarkeesian turned Stephen Colbert into a feminist , last=McDonald , first=Soraya Nadia , newspaper=The Washington Post , date=October 30, 2014 , access-date=November 18, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112111813/http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/10/30/how-media-critic-anita-sarkeesian-turned-stephen-colbert-into-a-feminist/ , archive-date=November 12, 2014 , url-access=limited

{{cite web , url=http://www.pcgamer.com/blizzard-ceo-on-gamergate-they-are-tarnishing-our-reputations-as-gamers/ , title=Blizzard CEO on GamerGate: "They are tarnishing our reputations as gamers" , last=Wilde , first=Tyler , work=PC Gamer , date=November 6, 2014 , access-date=November 18, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111151822/http://www.pcgamer.com/blizzard-ceo-on-gamergate-they-are-tarnishing-our-reputations-as-gamers/ , archive-date=November 11, 2014

{{cite web , url=http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2014-11-17-sonys-layden-harassment-completely-unacceptable , title=Sony's Layden: Harassment "completely unacceptable" , first=James , last=Brightman , date=November 17, 2014 , access-date=November 17, 2014 , work=GamesIndustry.biz , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120031310/http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2014-11-17-sonys-layden-harassment-completely-unacceptable , archive-date=November 20, 2014

{{cite interview , url=https://venturebeat.com/2014/11/17/sonys-north-american-playstation-chief-on-ps4s-dominance-1-year-anniversary-and-gamergate-interview/ , title=Sony's North American PlayStation chief on PS4's dominance, 1-year anniversary, and GamerGate (interview) , first=Shawn , last=Layden , date=November 17, 2014 , access-date=November 18, 2014 , work=VentureBeat , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118234126/http://venturebeat.com/2014/11/17/sonys-north-american-playstation-chief-on-ps4s-dominance-1-year-anniversary-and-gamergate-interview/ , archive-date=November 18, 2014

{{cite news , url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/video-games/11231892/Intel-reinstates-advertising-on-Gamasutra-after-Gamergate-campaign.html , title=Intel reinstates advertising on Gamasutra after 'Gamergate' campaign , first=Ian , last=Douglas , work=The Daily Telegraph , date=November 14, 2014 , access-date=November 18, 2014 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118095800/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/video-games/11231892/Intel-reinstates-advertising-on-Gamasutra-after-Gamergate-campaign.html , archive-date=November 18, 2014

{{cite news , url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Innovation/Tech-Culture/2014/1125/Gamergate-and-the-new-horde-of-digital-saboteurs , title=Gamergate and the new horde of digital saboteurs , last=Eördögh , first=Fruzsina , work=The Christian Science Monitor , date=November 25, 2014 , access-date=November 25, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125205855/http://www.csmonitor.com/Innovation/Tech-Culture/2014/1125/Gamergate-and-the-new-horde-of-digital-saboteurs , archive-date=November 25, 2014 , url-access=limited

{{cite web , url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-11-26/anita-sarkeesian-battles-sexism-in-games-gamergate-harassment , title=The Gaming Industry's Greatest Adversary Is Just Getting Started , last=Kolhatkar , first=Sheelah , work=Bloomberg Businessweek , publisher=Bloomberg L.P. , date=November 26, 2014 , access-date=November 26, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126142636/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-11-26/anita-sarkeesian-battles-sexism-in-games-gamergate-harassment , archive-date=November 26, 2014

{{cite web , url=http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2014-12-15-gamergates-silver-lining , title=GamerGate's silver lining , first=Brendan , last=Sinclair , date=December 15, 2014 , access-date=December 18, 2014 , work=GamesIndustry.biz , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218212556/http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2014-12-15-gamergates-silver-lining , archive-date=December 18, 2014

{{cite web , url=http://www.newsweek.com/fbi-has-file-gamergate-293441 , title=The FBI Has a File on Gamergate , first=Taylor , last=Wofford , date=December 19, 2014 , access-date=December 19, 2014 , work=Newsweek , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219180713/http://www.newsweek.com/fbi-has-file-gamergate-293441 , archive-date=December 19, 2014

{{cite web , url=http://www.macleans.ca/society/technology/gamergate-how-a-gamer-fight-turned-into-an-all-out-culture-war/ , title=How a gamer fight turned into an all-out culture war , work=Maclean's , date=December 8, 2014 , last=Weinman , first=Jamie , access-date=December 20, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222091450/http://www.macleans.ca/society/technology/gamergate-how-a-gamer-fight-turned-into-an-all-out-culture-war/ , archive-date=December 22, 2014

{{cite news , url=http://www.salon.com/2014/11/23/from_stuff_white_people_like_to_notyourshield_how_irony_is_killing_activism/ , title=From Stuff White People Like to #NotYourShield: How irony is killing activism , last=Chu , first=Arthur , author-link=Arthur Chu , date=November 23, 2014 , work=Salon , access-date=December 20, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219213650/http://www.salon.com/2014/11/23/from_stuff_white_people_like_to_notyourshield_how_irony_is_killing_activism/ , archive-date=December 19, 2014

{{cite news , url=https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2014/dec/19/gamergate-swedish-gaming-companies-tackle-sexism-in-video-games , title=Gamergate: Swedish gaming companies tackle sexism in video games , last=Qvist , first=Bella , date=December 18, 2014 , work=The Guardian , access-date=December 20, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220093019/http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2014/dec/19/gamergate-swedish-gaming-companies-tackle-sexism-in-video-games , archive-date=December 20, 2014

{{cite magazine , last=Romano , first=Aja , title=The battle of Gamergate and the future of video games , url=http://kernelmag.dailydot.com/issue-sections/features-issue-sections/11195/battle-of-gamergate-2014/ , magazine=The Kernel , publisher=The Daily Dot , date=December 21, 2014 , access-date=December 22, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223130742/http://kernelmag.dailydot.com/issue-sections/features-issue-sections/11195/battle-of-gamergate-2014/ , archive-date=December 23, 2014

{{cite news , url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/she-the-people/wp/2014/12/31/janay-rice-anita-sarkeesian-and-jackie-three-women-who-made-us-get-mad-in-2014/ , title=Janay Rice, Anita Sarkeesian, and 'Jackie': Three women who made us get mad in 2014 , first=Joann , last=Weiner , date=December 31, 2014 , access-date=January 6, 2015 , newspaper=The Washington Post , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231235517/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/she-the-people/wp/2014/12/31/janay-rice-anita-sarkeesian-and-jackie-three-women-who-made-us-get-mad-in-2014/ , archive-date=December 31, 2014 , url-access=limited

{{cite web , url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/gaming/features/2014/video_game_club_2014/gamergate_and_the_year_in_video_gaming_2014.html , title=Entry 8: Gamergate is the most expansive real-world ARG in video game history. , first=Jenn , last=Frank , work=Slate , date=January 5, 2015 , access-date=January 6, 2015 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105194610/http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/gaming/features/2014/video_game_club_2014/gamergate_and_the_year_in_video_gaming_2014.html , archive-date=January 5, 2015

{{cite web , url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/jumping-gamergate-turns-fearing-life/story?id=28230901&singlePage=true , title=When Jumping into Gamergate Turns into Fearing For Your Life , first1=Juju , last1=Chang , first2=Katie , last2=Yu , work=Nightline , date=January 14, 2015 , access-date=January 14, 2015 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115053315/https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/jumping-gamergate-turns-fearing-life/story?id=28230901&singlePage=true , archive-date=January 15, 2015

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{{cite news , url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/08/movies/in-the-documentary-gtfo-female-video-gamers-fight-back.html , title=In the Documentary 'GTFO,' Female Video Gamers Fight Back , first=Robert , last=Ito , date=March 9, 2015 , access-date=June 21, 2015 , work=The New York Times , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618175601/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/08/movies/in-the-documentary-gtfo-female-video-gamers-fight-back.html , archive-date=June 18, 2015 , url-access=limited

{{cite web , last=Martens , first=Todd , url=http://herocomplex.latimes.com/games/female-gamers-tell-their-stories-in-gtfo-which-tackles-sexism-in-gaming-industry/ , title=SXSW: Female gamers tell their stories in 'GTFO,' which tackles industry sexism , date=March 13, 2015 , work=Los Angeles Times , access-date=June 22, 2015 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626114431/http://herocomplex.latimes.com/games/female-gamers-tell-their-stories-in-gtfo-which-tackles-sexism-in-gaming-industry/ , archive-date=June 26, 2015

{{cite news , last=Locker , first=Melissa , url=http://time.com/3929724/john-oliver-internet-trolls-last-week-tonight/ , title=Watch John Oliver Take on Internet Trolls on Last Week Tonight , magazine=Time , date=June 22, 2015 , access-date=June 22, 2015 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622154429/http://time.com/3929724/john-oliver-internet-trolls-last-week-tonight/ , archive-date=June 22, 2015 , url-access=limited

{{cite web , url=http://katherineclark.house.gov/index.cfm/2015/3/clark-calls-for-investigation-and-prosecution-of-online-threats-against-women , title=Clark calls for investigation and prosecution of online threats against women , author= , publisher=house.gov , date=March 10, 2015 , access-date=March 11, 2015 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314214033/http://katherineclark.house.gov/index.cfm/2015/3/clark-calls-for-investigation-and-prosecution-of-online-threats-against-women , archive-date=March 14, 2015

{{cite web , url=http://www.womenactionmedia.org/cms/assets/uploads/2014/11/Twitterprojectpressrelease-1.pdf , title=To combat the harassment of women online, Women, Action & the Media (WAM!) announces a new partnership with Twitter , author= , publisher=Women, Action and the Media , date=November 6, 2014 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318140330/http://www.womenactionmedia.org/cms/assets/uploads/2014/11/Twitterprojectpressrelease-1.pdf , archive-date=March 18, 2015

{{cite report , url=https://womenactionmedia.org/cms/assets/uploads/2015/05/wam-twitter-abuse-report.pdf , title=Reporting, Reviewing, and Responding to Harassment on Twitter , publisher=Women, Action and the Media , date=May 13, 2015 , author1=Matias, J. N. , author2=Johnson, A. , author3=Boesel, W. E. , author4=Keegan, B. , author5=Friedman, J. , author6=DeTar, C. , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528232457/http://womenactionmedia.org/cms/assets/uploads/2015/05/wam-twitter-abuse-report.pdf , archive-date=May 28, 2015

{{cite web , url=https://www.polygon.com/2015/6/25/8846691/batman-gamergate-easter-egg-arkham-knight , title=Batman: Arkham Knight's Riddler is displeased with GamerGate (spoilers) , first=Charlie , last=Hall , date=June 25, 2015 , access-date=July 21, 2015 , work=Polygon , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722042953/http://www.polygon.com/2015/6/25/8846691/batman-gamergate-easter-egg-arkham-knight , archive-date=July 22, 2015

{{cite web , url=http://fortune.com/2015/08/06/video-game-developer-jobs/ , title=Despite industry growth, game developers worry about jobs , first=Chris , last=Morris , date=August 6, 2015 , access-date=August 9, 2015 , work=Fortune , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808234535/http://fortune.com/2015/08/06/video-game-developer-jobs/ , archive-date=August 8, 2015

{{cite news , url=http://www.seattletimes.com/pacific-nw-magazine/game-on-women-are-developing-new-video-games-and-a-new-culture/ , title='This has got to change': Women game developers fight sexism in industry , date=August 13, 2015 , access-date=August 14, 2015 , work=The Seattle Times , first=Susan , last=Kelleher , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813234908/http://www.seattletimes.com/pacific-nw-magazine/game-on-women-are-developing-new-video-games-and-a-new-culture/ , archive-date=August 13, 2015

{{cite journal , title=Hackers, gamers and cyborgs , journal= Overland , date=Autumn 2015 , last=Keogh , first=Brendan , issue=218 , pages=17–22 , issn=0030-7416 , url=https://overland.org.au/previous-issues/issue-218/feature-brendan-keogh/ , access-date=August 18, 2015 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823042249/https://overland.org.au/previous-issues/issue-218/feature-brendan-keogh/ , archive-date=August 23, 2015

{{cite news , last=Korfhage , first=Matthew , url=http://www.wweek.com/portland/article-25207-permalink.html , title=Gone Home and Portland's Connection to Video Games' Biggest Controversy , work=Willamette Week , date=August 12, 2015 , access-date=August 18, 2015 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815052904/http://www.wweek.com/portland/article-25207-permalink.html , archive-date=August 15, 2015

{{cite web , url=https://venturebeat.com/2014/10/31/the-deanbeat-like-it-or-hate-it-gamergate-isnt-losing-steam/ , title=The DeanBeat: Like it or hate it, #GamerGate isn't losing steam , first=Dean , last=Takahasi , date=October 31, 2014 , access-date=August 18, 2015 , work=VentureBeat , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150804105637/http://venturebeat.com/2014/10/31/the-deanbeat-like-it-or-hate-it-gamergate-isnt-losing-steam/ , archive-date=August 4, 2015

{{cite news , url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/aug/29/anita-sarkeesian-gamergate-interview-jessica-valenti , title=Anita Sarkeesian interview: 'The word "troll" feels too childish. This is abuse' , date=August 29, 2015 , access-date=August 29, 2015 , work=The Guardian , first=Jessica , last=Valenti , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829103341/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/aug/29/anita-sarkeesian-gamergate-interview-jessica-valenti , archive-date=August 29, 2015

{{cite journal , last=Massanari , first=Adrienne , title=#Gamergate and The Fappening: How Reddit's algorithm, governance, and culture support toxic technocultures , journal=New Media & Society , volume=19 , issue=3 , pages=329–346 , year=2015 , issn=1461-4448 , doi=10.1177/1461444815608807 , s2cid=9236382 , doi-access=

{{cite journal , last=Mortensen , first=Torill Elvira , title=Anger, Fear, and Games: The Long Event of #GamerGate , journal=Games and Culture , volume=13 , issue=8 , pages=787–806 , year=2016 , doi=10.1177/1555412016640408 , s2cid=147383984 , doi-access= , issn=1555-4120

{{cite book , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wIr4CgAAQBAJ&q=%22prominent%22%20Anita%20Sarkeesian&pg=PT166 , title=Gender at Work: Theory and Practice for 21st Century Organizations , publisher=Routledge , quote=According to Anita Sarkeesian (2014), a prominent feminist critic of video games .., isbn=978-1-3174-3707-9 , last1=Rao , first1=Aruna , last2=Sandler , first2=Joanne , last3=Kelleher , first3=David , last4=Miller , first4=Carol , date=2015 , access-date=January 1, 2021 , archive-date=January 2, 2017 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102103216/https://books.google.com/books?id=wIr4CgAAQBAJ&lpg=PT166&dq=%22prominent%22%20anita%20sarkeesian&pg=PT166 , url-status=live{{Page needed, date=January 2021

{{cite book , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zqHAAwAAQBAJ&q=%22prominent%22%20Anita%20Sarkeesian&pg=PA153 , title=Digitized Lives: Culture, Power, and Social Change in the Internet Era , publisher=Routledge , quote=Anita Sarkeesian, a prominent feminist pop culture critic .., isbn=978-1-1366-8996-3 , last1=Reed , first1=T.V , date=2014 , page=153 , access-date=January 1, 2021 , archive-date=January 2, 2017 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102072840/https://books.google.com/books?id=zqHAAwAAQBAJ&lpg=PA153&dq=%22prominent%22%20anita%20sarkeesian&pg=PA153 , url-status=live

{{cite web , url=https://vault.fbi.gov/gamergate/Gamergate%20Part%2001%20of%2001/view , title=Gamergate – Part 01 of 01 , publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation , website=FBI Vault , date=January 27, 2017 , access-date=January 27, 2017 , pages=167–169 , format=PDF , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126203826/https://vault.fbi.gov/gamergate/Gamergate%20Part%2001%20of%2001/view , archive-date=January 26, 2017

{{cite web , url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/1/27/14412594/fbi-gamergate-harassment-threat-investigation-records-release , title=The FBI has released its Gamergate investigation records , first=Adi , last=Robertson , date=January 27, 2017 , access-date=January 27, 2017 , work=The Verge , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127184556/http://www.theverge.com/2017/1/27/14412594/fbi-gamergate-harassment-threat-investigation-records-release , archive-date=January 27, 2017

{{cite news , url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Passcode/2016/0411/Rep.-Katherine-Clark-s-crusade-against-the-Internet-s-tormentors , title=Rep. Katherine Clark's crusade against the Internet's tormentors , first=Joshua , last=Eaton , date=April 11, 2016 , work=The Christian Science Monitor , access-date=April 13, 2016 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412211354/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Passcode/2016/0411/Rep.-Katherine-Clark-s-crusade-against-the-Internet-s-tormentors , archive-date=April 12, 2016 , url-access=limited

{{cite web , url=http://www.inc.com/magazine/201504/david-whitford/gamergate-why-would-anyone-want-to-kill-brianna-wu.html , title=Brianna Wu vs. the Troll Army , work= Inc. , date=April 2015 , access-date=July 17, 2015 , first=David , last=Whitford , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719164035/http://www.inc.com/magazine/201504/david-whitford/gamergate-why-would-anyone-want-to-kill-brianna-wu.html , archive-date=July 19, 2015 , url-status=live

{{cite web , url=http://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/despite-the-threats-and-sexism-felicia-day-believes-in-the-gaming-world/ , title=Despite the threats and sexism, Felicia Day believes in the gaming world , date=August 21, 2015 , work=The Seattle Times , last=Brodeur , first=Nicole , access-date=September 21, 2015 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107190538/http://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/despite-the-threats-and-sexism-felicia-day-believes-in-the-gaming-world/ , archive-date=November 7, 2015

{{cite news , url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/27/business/media/thiel-gawker-fight-raises-concerns-about-press-freedom.html , title=Thiel-Gawker Fight Raises Concerns About Press Freedom , first1=Katie , last1=Rogers , first2=John , last2=Herrman , work=The New York Times , date=May 26, 2016 , access-date=May 31, 2016 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530105343/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/27/business/media/thiel-gawker-fight-raises-concerns-about-press-freedom.html , archive-date=May 30, 2016 , url-access=limited

{{cite web , url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/6/10/8761231/twitter-block-lists-share-import-export-social-media-trolls , title=Twitter is letting you and your friends join hands to block trolls and miscreants , publisher=The Verge , date=June 10, 2015 , access-date=June 25, 2015 , first=Chris , last=Plante , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626123841/http://www.theverge.com/2015/6/10/8761231/twitter-block-lists-share-import-export-social-media-trolls , archive-date=June 26, 2015

{{cite web , url=https://latimes.com/books/jacketcopy/la-et-jc-no-love-for-sad-puppies-hugo-awards-20150824-story.html , title='Sad Puppies' campaign fails to undermine sci-fi diversity at the Hugo Awards , last=Schaub , first=Michael , date=August 24, 2015 , work=Los Angeles Times , access-date=August 24, 2015 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824173721/http://www.latimes.com/books/jacketcopy/la-et-jc-no-love-for-sad-puppies-hugo-awards-20150824-story.html , archive-date=August 24, 2015

{{cite magazine , url=https://www.wired.com/2015/08/won-science-fictions-hugo-awards-matters/ , title=Who Won Science Fiction's Hugo Awards, and Why It Matters , date=August 23, 2015 , access-date=September 3, 2015 , last=Wallace , first=Amy , magazine=Wired , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150902191631/http://www.wired.com/2015/08/won-science-fictions-hugo-awards-matters , archive-date=September 2, 2015

{{cite journal , last1=Burgess , first1=Jean , last2=Matamoros-Fernández , first2=Ariadna , title=Mapping sociocultural controversies across digital media platforms: one week of #gamergate on Twitter, YouTube, and Tumblr , journal=Communication Research and Practice , volume=2 , issue=1 , year=2016 , pages=79–96 , issn=2204-1451 , doi=10.1080/22041451.2016.1155338 , s2cid=148244313 , url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/95337/7/95337.pdf , quote=Our findings show that, even when initially approached from as partial a perspective as the 'gamergate' keyword and hashtag represents, GamerGate's issue publics are absolutely not concerned only or even primarily with 'ethics in games journalism' , access-date=November 11, 2020 , archive-date=November 22, 2020 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122164146/http://eprints.qut.edu.au/95337/7/95337.pdf , url-status=live

{{Cite news , url=http://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-the-alt-right-2016-8 , title=A deep look inside the 'alt-right,' the movement Hillary Clinton just excoriated in a major speech , last=Smith , first=Allan , date=August 25, 2016 , work=Business Insider , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829180326/http://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-the-alt-right-2016-8 , archive-date=August 29, 2016

{{Cite news , url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/dec/01/gamergate-alt-right-hate-trump , title=What Gamergate should have taught us about the 'alt-right' The 2014 online hate-storm presaged the tactics of the Trump-loving far right movement. Prominent critics of the president elect should take note , last=Matt , first=Lees , date=December 1, 2016 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225152539/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/dec/01/gamergate-alt-right-hate-trump , archive-date=December 25, 2016 , newspaper=The Guardian

{{Cite news , url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2016/12/14/if-we-took-gamergate-harassment-seriously-pizzagate-might-never-have-happened/ , title=If we took 'Gamergate' harassment seriously, 'Pizzagate' might never have happened: When Internet conspiracy theorists went after women, the tech world mostly ignored it. , last=Jeong , first=Sarah , newspaper=The Washington Post , date=December 14, 2016 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225214027/https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2016/12/14/if-we-took-gamergate-harassment-seriously-pizzagate-might-never-have-happened/ , archive-date=December 25, 2016 , url-access=limited

{{Cite news , url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2016/aug/25/the-alt-right-is-old-racism-for-the-tech-savvy-generation , title=The alt right is old racism for the tech-savvy generation , last=Fraser , first=Giles , date=August 25, 2016 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110093040/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2016/aug/25/the-alt-right-is-old-racism-for-the-tech-savvy-generation , archive-date=January 10, 2017 , newspaper=The Guardian

{{cite news , url=https://latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-hollywood-values-updates-how-will-gamergate-values-play-out-in-1483646871-htmlstory.html , title=Rally white men. Demean women. Mock the impact of misogyny. How will Gamergate values play out in Trump's America? , newspaper=LA Times , date=January 7, 2017 , access-date=January 9, 2017 , last=Martens , first=Todd , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108134346/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-hollywood-values-updates-how-will-gamergate-values-play-out-in-1483646871-htmlstory.html , archive-date=January 8, 2017

{{cite news , last1=Burrows , first1=Leah , title=Women remain outsiders in video game industry , url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2013/01/27/women-remain-outsiders-video-game-industry/275JKqy3rFylT7TxgPmO3K/story.html , website=The Boston Globe , access-date=September 11, 2015 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002182852/http://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2013/01/27/women-remain-outsiders-video-game-industry/275JKqy3rFylT7TxgPmO3K/story.html , archive-date=October 2, 2015 , url-access=subscription

{{cite web , last=Frye , first=Patrick , url=http://www.inquisitr.com/1548436/gamergate-movement-claims-their-female-lgbt-and-non-white-supporters-are-under-attack/ , title=Gamergate Movement Claims Their Female, LGBT, And Non-White Supporters Are Under Attack , work=Inquisitr , date=October 19, 2014 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211923/http://www.inquisitr.com/1548436/gamergate-movement-claims-their-female-lgbt-and-non-white-supporters-are-under-attack/ , archive-date=March 3, 2016

{{cite web , url=https://www.vice.com/read/lets-call-female-online-harassment-what-it-really-is-gender-terrorism-481 , title=Let's Call Female Online Harassment What It Really Is: Terrorism , first=Anne , last=Thériault , date=February 13, 2015 , access-date=July 15, 2015 , work=Vice , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716012409/http://www.vice.com/read/lets-call-female-online-harassment-what-it-really-is-gender-terrorism-481 , archive-date=July 16, 2015

{{cite web , url=http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2017-01-30-fbi-reveals-173-page-gamergate-file , title=FBI reveals 173-page Gamergate file , first=Christopher , last=Dring , date=January 30, 2017 , access-date=January 30, 2017 , work= GamesIndustry.biz , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130105730/http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2017-01-30-fbi-reveals-173-page-gamergate-file , archive-date=January 30, 2017

{{cite web , url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2015/04/28/women-gaming-discuss-role-academics-understanding-gamergate , title=Gaming Beyond Gamergate , date=April 28, 2015 , access-date=August 4, 2015 , first=Carl , last=Straumsheim , publisher=Inside Higher Ed , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721113858/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2015/04/28/women-gaming-discuss-role-academics-understanding-gamergate , archive-date=July 21, 2015

{{cite web , url=http://www.newsweek.com/ellen-pao-kleiner-perkins-silicon-valley-twitter-facebook-318400 , title=After Pao: How Tech Views Asians and Women , first=Sean , last=Elder , work=Newsweek , date=March 31, 2015 , access-date=August 4, 2015 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925070008/http://www.newsweek.com/ellen-pao-kleiner-perkins-silicon-valley-twitter-facebook-318400 , archive-date=September 25, 2015

{{cite web , url=https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2015/03/jonathan-blow-the-witness , title=In the Wake of Gamergate, Jonathan Blow Is Still Out to Make Video Games Smarter , first=Laura , last=Parker , date=March 2, 2015 , access-date=August 4, 2015 , work=Vanity Fair , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816085724/http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2015/03/jonathan-blow-the-witness , archive-date=August 16, 2015

{{cite web , url=http://www.salon.com/2014/12/23/it%E2%80%99s_more_common_to_see_a_blue_hedgehog_than_a_person_of_color_as_a_protagonist_inside_the_whitewashed_world_of_video_games/ , title="It's more common to see a blue hedgehog than a person of color as a protagonist": Inside the whitewashed world of video games , work=Salon , date=December 23, 2014 , access-date=July 27, 2015 , first=Arthur , last=Cho , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705091856/http://www.salon.com/2014/12/23/it%E2%80%99s_more_common_to_see_a_blue_hedgehog_than_a_person_of_color_as_a_protagonist_inside_the_whitewashed_world_of_video_games/ , archive-date=July 5, 2015

{{cite journal , last1=Evans , first1=Sarah Beth , last2=Janish , first2=Elyse , year=2015 , title=#INeedDiverseGames: How the Queer Backlash to Gamergate Enables Nonbinary Coalition , journal=QED: A Journal in GLBTQ Worldmaking , volume=2 , issue=2 , pages=125–150 , doi=10.14321/qed.2.2.0125 , s2cid=141971312

{{cite journal , url=http://fortune.com/2015/09/04/ea-peter-moore-on-women-in-gaming/ , title=Electronic Arts' biggest games are being helmed by female developers , journal=Fortune , last=Gaudiosi , first=John , date=September 4, 2015 , issn=0015-8259 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220065450/http://fortune.com/2015/09/04/ea-peter-moore-on-women-in-gaming/ , archive-date=February 20, 2016

{{cite web , url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/03/16/technology/syfy-the-internet-ruined-my-life-gamergate-brianna-wu/ , title=One tweet ruined her life , work= CNN , date=March 16, 2016 , access-date=March 17, 2016 , first=Sara Ashley , last=O'Brien , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320015836/https://money.cnn.com/2016/03/16/technology/syfy-the-internet-ruined-my-life-gamergate-brianna-wu/ , archive-date=March 20, 2016

{{cite web , url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-35752657 , title=SXSW 2016: Little impact from isolated online abuse summit , publisher=BBC , date=March 13, 2016 , access-date=March 14, 2016 , last=Lee , first=Dave , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313205234/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-35752657 , archive-date=March 13, 2016

{{cite web , url=https://www.engadget.com/2016/03/12/sxsw-online-harassment-summit/ , title=SXSW's online harassment summit was a peaceful look at an ugly problem , publisher=Endgadget , date=March 13, 2016 , access-date=March 14, 2016 , last=Ingraham , first=Nathan , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313194759/http://www.engadget.com/2016/03/12/sxsw-online-harassment-summit/ , archive-date=March 13, 2016

{{cite web , url=https://recode.net/2016/03/12/sxsw-online-harassment-summit-how-widespread-is-internet-hate-and-what-can-we-do-about-it/ , title=SXSW Online Harassment Summit: How Widespread Is Internet Hate and What Can We Do About It? , publisher=re/code , date=March 12, 2016 , access-date=March 14, 2016 , last=Kulwin , first=Noah , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314122958/http://recode.net/2016/03/12/sxsw-online-harassment-summit-how-widespread-is-internet-hate-and-what-can-we-do-about-it/ , archive-date=March 14, 2016

{{cite speech , first=Barack , last=Obama , author-link=Barack Obama , title=Remarks by the President at Reception in Honor of Women's History Month , url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/03/16/remarks-president-reception-honor-womens-history-month , location=Washington, DC , date=March 16, 2016 , access-date=March 20, 2016 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206150149/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/03/16/remarks-president-reception-honor-womens-history-month , via= National Archives , work= whitehouse.gov , archive-date=February 6, 2017

{{cite web , url=http://www.dailydot.com/lifestyle/troll-busters-online-harassment/ , title=Troll Busters helps protect women writers from online bullies , work=The Daily Dot , first=Marisa , last=Kabas , date=March 18, 2016 , access-date=March 20, 2016 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319233235/http://www.dailydot.com/lifestyle/troll-busters-online-harassment/ , archive-date=March 19, 2016

{{cite magazine , url=https://www.wired.com/2015/05/wam-twitter-harassment/ , title=It'S Too Easy for Trolls to Game Twitter's Anti-Abuse Tools , magazine=Wired , first=Issie , last=Lapowsky , date=May 13, 2015 , access-date=June 19, 2017 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622005142/https://www.wired.com/2015/05/wam-twitter-harassment/ , archive-date=June 22, 2017

{{cite web , url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/2/4/7982099/twitter-ceo-sent-memo-taking-personal-responsibility-for-the , title=Twitter CEO: 'We suck at dealing with abuse' , work=The Verge , first=Nitasha , last=Tiku , date=May 13, 2015 , access-date=June 19, 2017 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601110350/https://www.theverge.com/2015/2/4/7982099/twitter-ceo-sent-memo-taking-personal-responsibility-for-the , archive-date=June 1, 2017

{{Cite web , url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/29/15888764/katherine-clark-online-safety-modernization-act-bill-announced , title=A new internet safety bill would ban swatting, doxxing, and sextortion all at once , first=Adi , last=Robertson , date=June 29, 2017 , access-date=June 29, 2017 , work=The Verge , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629160109/https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/29/15888764/katherine-clark-online-safety-modernization-act-bill-announced , archive-date=June 29, 2017

{{cite web , url=http://katherineclark.house.gov/_cache/files/b1841244-4daa-49ce-bb95-2cdcf16bc5b2/online-safety-modernization-act.pdf , title=Online Safety Modernization Act of 2017 , date=June 27, 2017 , access-date=June 29, 2017 , publisher=United States House of Representatives , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831215300/http://katherineclark.house.gov/_cache/files/b1841244-4daa-49ce-bb95-2cdcf16bc5b2/online-safety-modernization-act.pdf , archive-date=August 31, 2017

{{cite web , url=https://nymag.com/selectall/2017/07/zoe-quinn-surviving-gamergate.html , title=Zoë and the Trolls , last=Malone , first=Noreen , date=July 26, 2017 , work=New York , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919213249/http://nymag.com/selectall/2017/07/zoe-quinn-surviving-gamergate.html , archive-date=September 19, 2017 , url-access=limited

{{cite book , last1=Murray , first1=Soraya , title=On Video Games: The Visual Politics of Race, Gender and Space , date=2018 , publisher=I.B.Tauris , location=London, UK , isbn=978-1-78-453741-8 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDw7DwAAQBAJ&q=gamergate , pages=35–36 , access-date=August 30, 2020 , archive-date=November 28, 2020 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128050619/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDw7DwAAQBAJ&q=gamergate , url-status=live

{{cite book , last1=Nieborg , first1=David , last2=Foxman , first2=Maxwell , editor1=Vickery, J.R. , editor2=Everbach, T. , title=Mediating Misogyny: Gender, Technology, and Harassment , date=2018 , publisher=Palgrave Macmillan , location=London, UK , isbn=978-3-31-972916-9 , chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRBMDwAAQBAJ&q=gamergate , chapter=Mainstreaming Misogyny: The Beginning of the End and the End of the Beginning in Gamergate Coverage , page=116 , access-date=August 30, 2020 , archive-date=November 28, 2020 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128050619/https://books.google.com/books?id=rRBMDwAAQBAJ&q=gamergate , url-status=live

{{cite book , last1=Salter , first1=Michael , title=Crime, Justice and Social Media , date=2017 , publisher=Routledge , location=New York , isbn=978-1-13-891966-2 , chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jDolDwAAQBAJ&q=gamergate , page=43 , chapter=Gamergate and the subpolitics of abuse in online publics , access-date=August 30, 2020 , archive-date=November 28, 2020 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128050628/https://books.google.com/books?id=jDolDwAAQBAJ&q=gamergate , url-status=live

{{cite news , last=Bray , first=Hiawatha , title=Brianna Wu makes stand at PAX East , url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2015/03/08/brianna-appears-pax-east-videogame-convention/hEzlyb5ggIf03vKycUa2aL/story.html , work=The Boston Globe , date=March 8, 2015 , access-date=May 19, 2018 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905214903/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2015/03/08/brianna-appears-pax-east-videogame-convention/hEzlyb5ggIf03vKycUa2aL/story.html , archive-date=September 5, 2018 , url-status=live , url-access=subscription

{{cite book , last=Nakamura , first=Lisa , editor1=Malkowski, J. , editor2=Russworm, T.M. , title=Gaming Representation: Race, Gender, and Sexuality in Video Games , date=2017 , publisher=Indiana University Press , isbn=978-0-25-302573-9 , page=248 , chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6hcxDwAAQBAJ&q=gamergate+misogyny&pg=PA248 , chapter=Racism, Sexism, and Gaming's Cruel Optimism , access-date=November 11, 2020 , archive-date=November 28, 2020 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128050620/https://books.google.com/books?id=6hcxDwAAQBAJ&q=gamergate+misogyny&pg=PA248 , url-status=live

{{cite news , last=Merlan , first=Anna , title=Rep. Katherine Clark: The FBI Needs to Make Gamergate 'A Priority' , url=http://jezebel.com/rep-katherine-clark-the-fbi-needs-to-make-gamergate-a-1690599361 , work=Jezebel , date=March 10, 2015 , access-date=May 22, 2018 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505141921/https://jezebel.com/rep-katherine-clark-the-fbi-needs-to-make-gamergate-a-1690599361 , archive-date=May 5, 2018 , url-status=live

{{cite book , last=Barnes , first=Renee , title=Uncovering Online Commenting Culture: Trolls, Fanboys and Lurkers , date=2018 , publisher=Palgrave Macmillan , location=London, UK , isbn=978-3-31-970234-6 , chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LYtHDwAAQBAJ&q=gamergate , chapter=Lessons from ''#Gamergate'' , page=100 , access-date=August 30, 2020 , archive-date=November 28, 2020 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128050613/https://books.google.com/books?id=LYtHDwAAQBAJ&q=gamergate , url-status=live

{{cite book , last=Jane , first=Emma A. , title=Misogyny Online: A Short (and Brutish) History , date=2017 , publisher=SAGE Publications , location=London, UK; Thousand Oaks, Calif. , isbn=978-1-47-391600-5 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PxwZDQAAQBAJ&q=gamergaters , page=30 , access-date=August 30, 2020 , archive-date=November 28, 2020 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128050623/https://books.google.com/books?id=PxwZDQAAQBAJ&q=gamergaters , url-status=live

{{cite book , last=Mantilla , first=Karla , title=Gendertrolling: How Misogyny Went Viral , date=2015 , publisher=Praeger , location=Santa Barbara, Calif. , isbn=978-1-44-083317-5 , page=83 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kKNZCgAAQBAJ&q=gamergate , access-date=August 30, 2020 , archive-date=November 28, 2020 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128050622/https://books.google.com/books?id=kKNZCgAAQBAJ&q=gamergate , url-status=live

{{cite book , last=Massanari , first=Adrienne L. , editor=Lind, R.A. , title=Race and Gender in Electronic Media: Content, Context, Culture , date=2017 , publisher=Routledge , location=New York , isbn=978-1-13-864010-8 , chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ptpRDQAAQBAJ&q=gamergate+ethical , chapter='Damseling For Dollars': Toxic Technocultures and Geek Masculinity , pages=316–7 , access-date=August 30, 2020 , archive-date=November 28, 2020 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128050626/https://books.google.com/books?id=ptpRDQAAQBAJ&q=gamergate+ethical , url-status=live

{{cite web , last=Hathaway , first=Jay , title=What Is Gamergate, and Why? An Explainer for Non-Geeks , url=http://gawker.com/what-is-gamergate-and-why-an-explainer-for-non-geeks-1642909080 , website=Gawker , date=October 10, 2014 , access-date=June 28, 2018 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628145601/http://gawker.com/what-is-gamergate-and-why-an-explainer-for-non-geeks-1642909080 , archive-date=June 28, 2018 , url-status=live

{{cite book , last1=Kidd , first1=Dustin , last2=Turner , first2=Amanda J. , editor1=Novak, Alison , editor2=El-Burki, Imaani J. , title=Defining Identity and the Changing Scope of Culture in the Digital Age , date=2016 , publisher=IGI Global , location=Hershey, Penn. , isbn=978-1-52-250212-8 , page=122 , chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L9k6DAAAQBAJ&q=gamergate&pg=PA122 , chapter=The #GamerGate Files: Misogyny in the Media , access-date=November 11, 2020 , archive-date=November 28, 2020 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128050626/https://books.google.com/books?id=L9k6DAAAQBAJ&q=gamergate&pg=PA122 , url-status=live

{{cite book , last=Musgrave , first=Megan L. , title=Digital Citizenship in Twenty-First-Century Young Adult Literature: Imaginary Activism , date=2016 , publisher=Palgrave Macmillan , location=New York, N.Y. , isbn=978-1-13-760272-5 , page=130 , chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MIY-DQAAQBAJ&q=gamergate&pg=PA129 , chapter=Gamer Girls: Going Online in the Age of Misogynist Terrorism , access-date=November 11, 2020 , archive-date=November 28, 2020 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128050620/https://books.google.com/books?id=MIY-DQAAQBAJ&q=gamergate&pg=PA129 , url-status=live

{{cite book , last=Hanson , first=Ralph E. , title=Mass Communication: Living in a Media World , date=2017 , edition=6th , publisher=SAGE Publications , isbn=978-1-50-634446-1 , page=375 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZX5ZDwAAQBAJ&q=gamergate , access-date=August 30, 2020 , archive-date=November 28, 2020 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128050627/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZX5ZDwAAQBAJ&q=gamergate , url-status=live

{{cite news , last=Dewey , first=Caitlin , title=The only guide to Gamergate you will ever need to read , url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2014/10/14/the-only-guide-to-gamergate-you-will-ever-need-to-read/ , newspaper=The Washington Post , date=October 14, 2014 , access-date=July 23, 2018 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611104007/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2014/10/14/the-only-guide-to-gamergate-you-will-ever-need-to-read/ , archive-date=June 11, 2017 , url-status=live , url-access=limited

{{cite book , last1=Shaw , first1=Adrienne , last2=Chess , first2=Shira , editor1=Willson, Michele , editor2=Leaver, Tama , title=Social, Casual and Mobile Games: The Changing Gaming Landscape , date=2016 , publisher=Bloomsbury Academic , location=New York, N.Y. , isbn=978-1-50-131060-7 , page=279 , chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=525yCwAAQBAJ&q=gamergate , chapter=Reflections on the casual games market in a post-GamerGate world , access-date=August 30, 2020 , archive-date=November 28, 2020 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128050617/https://books.google.com/books?id=525yCwAAQBAJ&q=gamergate , url-status=live

{{cite book , last1=Aghazadeh , first1=S.A. , display-authors=etal , editor=Golbeck, Jennifer , title=Online Harassment , date=2018 , publisher=Springer , isbn=978-3-31-978582-0 , chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6-1lDwAAQBAJ&q=gamergate , page=183 , chapter=GamerGate: A Case Study in Online Harassment , access-date=August 30, 2020 , archive-date=November 28, 2020 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128050627/https://books.google.com/books?id=6-1lDwAAQBAJ&q=gamergate , url-status=live

{{Cite web , url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/josephbernstein/lane-davis-ralph-retort-seattle4truth-alt-right , title=Alt-Right Troll To Father Killer: The Unraveling Of Lane Davis , last=Bernstein , first=Joseph , date=July 18, 2018 , website=Buzzfeed News , access-date=August 1, 2018 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802041054/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/josephbernstein/lane-davis-ralph-retort-seattle4truth-alt-right , archive-date=August 2, 2018 , url-status=live

{{cite journal , last=Braithwaite , first=Andrea , title=It's About Ethics in Games Journalism? Gamergaters and Geek Masculinity , journal=Social Media + Society , date=October 7, 2016 , volume=2 , issue=4 , pages=205630511667248 , doi=10.1177/2056305116672484 , quote=#Gamergate is also a site for articulating 'Gamergater' as a form of geek masculinity. , doi-access=free

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