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Epsilon is
General Motors The General Motors Company (GM) is an American Multinational corporation, multinational Automotive industry, automotive manufacturing company headquartered in Detroit, Michigan, United States. It is the largest automaker in the United States and ...
'
mid-size Mid-size—also known as intermediate—is a vehicle size class which originated in the United States and is used for cars larger than compact cars and smaller than full-size cars. "Large family car" is a UK term and a part of the D-segment in ...
front-wheel drive Front-wheel drive (FWD) is a form of engine and transmission layout used in motor vehicles, where the engine drives the front wheels only. Most modern front-wheel drive vehicles feature a transverse engine, rather than the conventional longitu ...
automobile platform A car platform is a shared set of common design, engineering, and production efforts, as well as major components, over a number of outwardly distinct models and even types of cars, often from different, but somewhat related, marques. It is pra ...
. The architecture was multi-division project of GM North America, Opel and Saab, and debuted in the 2002
Opel Vectra The Opel Vectra is a mid-size car ( large family car) that was engineered and produced by the German automaker Opel from 1988 until 2010. Available in saloon, hatchback and estate body styles, the Vectra was also sold by the Vauxhall marque ...
and 2003
Saab 9-3 The Saab 9-3 (pronounced ''nine-three'') is a compact executive car initially developed and manufactured by the Swedish automaker Saab. The first generation 9-3 (1998-2003) is based on the GM2900 platform, changing to the GM Epsilon platfor ...
. Since this platform falls squarely in the center of the worldwide automobile market, GM plans to produce a great many Epsilon vehicles with over a dozen variations. , it was GM's highest volume worldwide platform. Even after the dissolution of the GM/
Fiat Fiat Automobiles S.p.A. (, , ; originally FIAT, it, Fabbrica Italiana Automobili di Torino, lit=Italian Automobiles Factory of Turin) is an Italian automobile manufacturer, formerly part of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, and since 2021 a subsidiar ...
partnership, both companies retain the rights to continue developing Epsilon-derived models. A total of 16 different models have made use of the GM Epsilon platform, some of which remain in production 19 years after the platform debuted.


Features

GM's Epsilon platform replaced the N platform in the US, and replaced the
GM2900 platform General Motors introduced the mid-size transverse engine front-wheel drive GM2900 platform in 1988 with the introductions of the Opel Vectra A and the Vauxhall Cavalier Mk.3 for the 1989 model year. The platform was intended to replace both divisio ...
elsewhere. Vehicles of this platform generally carry the symbol "Z" in the fourth digit of their VINs. When the platform debuted, there was talk of an "Epsilon Wide" derivative, which was supposed to have provided the underpinnings for the
Buick LaCrosse The Buick LaCrosse is a mid-size sedan manufactured and marketed by Buick since 2004. The LaCrosse is now in its third generation, slotted above the Buick Regal as the brand's flagship vehicle. The first-generation LaCrosse replaced the Century ...
and
Saab 9-5 The Saab 9-5 is an executive car that was produced by the Swedish automobile maker Saab from 1997 to 2012. The first generation 9-5 was introduced in 1997 for the 1998 model year, as the replacement to the Saab 9000. At the time, the car repr ...
. However, the program was cancelled and the LaCrosse was put on the W platform, and the 9-5 was given a quick refresh for the 2006 model year. The Epsilon platform is a midsize front-driver promising a 200 percent improvement in rigidity, with aluminum suspension components—MacPherson struts in front and a four-link independent arrangement in the rear, and four-wheel disc brakes. Many of the Epsilon vehicles use the
Ecotec Ecotec (capitalized ECOTEC, from 'Emissions Control Optimization TEChnology') is a General Motors (GM) and Opel Automobile GmbH (Opel) trademark that refers to a series of emissions technologies that were implemented throughout a range of GM engine ...
Inline-four engine A straight-four engine (also called an inline-four) is a four-cylinder piston engine where cylinders are arranged in a line along a common crankshaft. The vast majority of automotive four-cylinder engines use a straight-four layout (with the ...
s and both the High Value and High Feature V6 engines. The refreshed 2008 SAAB 9-3 debuted with an advanced version of all-wheel-drive it dubbed XWD, finally giving a definitive answer to rumors about the platform's ability to support AWD, which had been around since the debut of the platform. The
Lambda Lambda (}, ''lám(b)da'') is the 11th letter of the Greek alphabet, representing the voiced alveolar lateral approximant . In the system of Greek numerals, lambda has a value of 30. Lambda is derived from the Phoenician Lamed . Lambda gave ri ...
and Theta Premium
crossover Crossover may refer to: Entertainment Albums and songs * ''Cross Over'' (Dan Peek album) * ''Crossover'' (Dirty Rotten Imbeciles album), 1987 * ''Crossover'' (Intrigue album) * ''Crossover'' (Hitomi Shimatani album) * ''Crossover'' (Yoshino ...
platforms are derived from Epsilon.


Vehicles

Vehicles based on the Epsilon I platform: * Regular ** 2002–2009 Opel Vectra C saloon and liftback ** 2002–2009
Vauxhall Vectra The Opel Vectra is a mid-size car (large family car) that was engineered and produced by the German automaker Opel from 1988 until 2010. Available in saloon, hatchback and estate body styles, the Vectra was also sold by the Vauxhall marque i ...
saloon and liftback ** 2002–2009 Holden Vectra ** 2002–2009
Chevrolet Vectra Vectra may refer to the following: * Opel Vectra car (Chevrolet Vectra, Holden Vectra, Vauxhall Vectra) *Opel Vectra GTS V8 DTM car *HP Vectra computer series by Hewlett-Packard *Vectra AI, a private company specializing in artificial intelligence * ...
** 2003–2011
Saab 9-3 The Saab 9-3 (pronounced ''nine-three'') is a compact executive car initially developed and manufactured by the Swedish automaker Saab. The first generation 9-3 (1998-2003) is based on the GM2900 platform, changing to the GM Epsilon platfor ...
** 2010–2012
Saab 9-5 The Saab 9-5 is an executive car that was produced by the Swedish automobile maker Saab from 1997 to 2012. The first generation 9-5 was introduced in 1997 for the 1998 model year, as the replacement to the Saab 9000. At the time, the car repr ...
** 2004–2007
Chevrolet Malibu The Chevrolet Malibu is a mid-size car manufactured and marketed by Chevrolet from 1964 to 1983 and again since 1997. The Malibu began as a trim-level of the Chevrolet Chevelle, becoming its own model line in 1978. Originally a rear-wheel-dr ...
** 2006–2009
Cadillac BLS The Cadillac BLS is a compact executive car that was marketed in Europe by Cadillac, sharing General Motors' Epsilon architecture, as a restyled variant of the Saab 9-3. Development was carried out by Saab and the car was manufactured in Troll ...
File:Opel Vectra C GTS Facelift Starsilber.JPG, Opel Vectra C File:2007 Vauxhall Vectra Exclusiv 1.8 Front.jpg, Vauxhall Vectra File:2003 Holden Vectra (ZC MY03) CD hatchback (2016-01-04) 01.jpg, Holden Vectra File:Chevrolet Vectra 2.2 Elegance 2007 (13929776740).jpg, Chevrolet Vectra File:2009 Saab 9-3 (MY08) Aero 2.8T sedan (2015-07-09) 01.jpg, Saab 9-3 File:Saab 9-3 Aero front 20081126.jpg, Saab 9-3 Convertible File:Saab 9-3 Sport Combi Vector 1.9 TiD.JPG, Saab 9-3 SportCombi File:Saab 9-3X – Frontansicht, 13. März 2011, Wuppertal.jpg, Saab 9-3X File:Cadillac BLS front 20080823.jpg, Cadillac BLS File:Cadillac BLS D Wagon front 20100508.jpg, Cadillac BLS Wagon File:06-07 Chevrolet Malibu.jpg, Chevrolet Malibu File:06-07 Chevrolet Malibu MAXX.jpg, Chevrolet Malibu Maxx * Extended ** 2002–2009 Opel Vectra C
Caravan Caravan or caravans may refer to: Transport and travel *Caravan (travellers), a group of travellers journeying together **Caravanserai, a place where a caravan could stop *Camel train, a convoy using camels as pack animals *Convoy, a group of veh ...
** 2002–2009
Vauxhall Vectra The Opel Vectra is a mid-size car (large family car) that was engineered and produced by the German automaker Opel from 1988 until 2010. Available in saloon, hatchback and estate body styles, the Vectra was also sold by the Vauxhall marque i ...
Caravan Caravan or caravans may refer to: Transport and travel *Caravan (travellers), a group of travellers journeying together **Caravanserai, a place where a caravan could stop *Camel train, a convoy using camels as pack animals *Convoy, a group of veh ...
** 2003–2008
Opel Signum The Opel Signum is a large front-engine, front-wheel drive, five-passenger, five-door hatchback manufactured and marketed by the German car manufacturer Opel from 2003 to 2008, exclusively over a single generation, derived from the Opel Vectra ...
** 2004–2007
Chevrolet Malibu Maxx The Chevrolet Malibu is a mid-size car manufactured and marketed by Chevrolet from 1964 to 1983 and again since 1997. The Malibu began as a trim-level of the Chevrolet Chevelle, becoming its own model line in 1978. Originally a rear-wheel-driv ...
hatchback ** 2008–2012
Chevrolet Malibu The Chevrolet Malibu is a mid-size car manufactured and marketed by Chevrolet from 1964 to 1983 and again since 1997. The Malibu began as a trim-level of the Chevrolet Chevelle, becoming its own model line in 1978. Originally a rear-wheel-dr ...
** 2005–2010 Pontiac G6 ** 2005–2011
Fiat Croma The Fiat Croma name was used for two distinct large family car by Fiat, one a five door liftback manufactured and marketed from 1985 to 1996, and after a nine year hiatus, a crossover station wagon manufactured and marketed from 2005 to 2010. ...
** 2007–2010
Saturn Aura The Saturn Aura is a four-door, five-passenger front engine/front-wheel drive mid-sized sedan manufactured and marketed by GM's Saturn subsidiary over a single generation from 2006–2009. The car launched one year before the seventh generation ...
File:Opel Vectra C Caravan 3.0 V6 CDTI Facelift front TEST.jpg, Opel Vectra C Caravan File:2009 Vauxhall Vectra Estate.jpg, Vauxhall Vectra Estate File:Opel Signum 1.9 CDTI Edition Facelift Starsilber.JPG, Opel Signum File:Vauxhall Signum 2198cc May 2006.jpg, Vauxhall Signum File:2008-Chevrolet-Malibu-LTZ-DC.jpg, Chevrolet Malibu File:Pontiac G6 Sedan.jpg, Pontiac G6 File:Pontiac-G6-coupe.jpg, Pontiac G6 Coupe File:Pontiac G6 Convertible.JPG, Pontiac G6 Convertible File:Saturn Aura XR -- 08-28-2009.jpg, Saturn Aura File:2010 Fiat Croma.JPG, Fiat Croma Cancelled vehicles which would have used this platform: * 2006 midsized
Buick Buick () is a division of the American automobile manufacturer General Motors (GM). Started by automotive pioneer David Dunbar Buick in 1899, it was among the first American marques of automobiles, and was the company that established General ...


Epsilon II

A new version of the Epsilon, dubbed Epsilon II, debuted in 2008. It is adaptable for front and
all-wheel drive An all-wheel drive vehicle (AWD vehicle) is one with a powertrain capable of providing power to all its wheels, whether full-time or on-demand. The most common forms of all-wheel drive are: ;1x1 : All unicycles Reflecting one axle with one ...
applications. In long wheelbase format, Epsilon II supports US EPA Large Cars, allowing GM to replace the G and W platforms. The architecture was developed by
Opel Opel Automobile GmbH (), usually shortened to Opel, is a German automobile manufacturer which has been a subsidiary of Stellantis since 16 January 2021. It was owned by the American automaker General Motors from 1929 until 2017 and the PSA Grou ...
in Rüsselsheim, Germany. Many safety features and AWD fitment modifications were done by Saab. Current and announced vehicles built on Epsilon II: * SWB ** 2008–2017
Opel Insignia The Opel Insignia is a large family car (D-segment in Europe) developed and produced by the German car manufacturer Opel since 2008. Taking its name from a 2003 concept car, the model line serves as the flagship Opel car line, slotted above the ...
,
Vauxhall Insignia An insignia () is a sign or mark distinguishing a group, grade, rank, or function. It can be a symbol of personal power or that of an official group or governing body. On its own, an insignia is a sign of a specific or general authority and is ...
, Holden Insignia VXR,
Buick Regal The Buick Regal is a line of mid-size cars marketed by Buick since 1973. For nearly its entire production, the Regal has served as the premium mid-size/intermediate offering of the Buick product range. Introduced as a submodel of the Buick Centu ...
,
Chevrolet Vectra Vectra may refer to the following: * Opel Vectra car (Chevrolet Vectra, Holden Vectra, Vauxhall Vectra) *Opel Vectra GTS V8 DTM car *HP Vectra computer series by Hewlett-Packard *Vectra AI, a private company specializing in artificial intelligence * ...
(saloon, hatchback, estate) ( SWB) ** 2012–2016
Chevrolet Malibu The Chevrolet Malibu is a mid-size car manufactured and marketed by Chevrolet from 1964 to 1983 and again since 1997. The Malibu began as a trim-level of the Chevrolet Chevelle, becoming its own model line in 1978. Originally a rear-wheel-dr ...
, Holden Malibu ( SWB) * SL LWB ** 2010–2016
Buick LaCrosse The Buick LaCrosse is a mid-size sedan manufactured and marketed by Buick since 2004. The LaCrosse is now in its third generation, slotted above the Buick Regal as the brand's flagship vehicle. The first-generation LaCrosse replaced the Century ...
/Alpheon ( SL LWB) ** 2010–2012
Saab 9-5 The Saab 9-5 is an executive car that was produced by the Swedish automobile maker Saab from 1997 to 2012. The first generation 9-5 was introduced in 1997 for the 1998 model year, as the replacement to the Saab 9000. At the time, the car repr ...
( SL LWB) ** 2012–present
Roewe 950 The Roewe 950 is a large four door saloon that is produced by Roewe in China, and is based on the 2010 Buick LaCrosse. It was first shown to the public at the 2012 Beijing International Motor Show, and commenced production in April 2012. Overvie ...
( SL LWB) * EL LWB ** 2012–2019
Cadillac XTS The Cadillac XTS (short for ''X-Series Touring Sedan'') is a full-size, four-door, five-passenger, front-wheel drive or all-wheel drive luxury sedan from Cadillac based on an enlarged version of the Epsilon II platform shared with the Buick Lacros ...
( EL LWB) ** 2014–2019
Chevrolet Impala The Chevrolet Impala () is a full-size car built by Chevrolet for model years 1958 to 1985, 1994 to 1996, and 2000 to 2020. The Impala was Chevrolet's popular flagship passenger car and was among the better-selling American-made automobiles ...
( EL LWB) File:Opel Insignia 2.0 Turbo Cosmo 4x4 2016.jpg, Opel Insignia File:Opel insignia 4T opc.jpg, Opel Insignia OPC File:Opel Insignia Sports Tourer OPC – Frontansicht, 13. März 2011, Wuppertal.jpg, Opel Insignia Sports Tourer File:2016 Vauxhall Insignia Design 1.4.jpg, Vauxhall Insignia File:Vauxhall Insignia Break.jpg, Vauxhall Insignia Estate File:2011 Buick Regal CXL 1 -- 07-03-2010.jpg, Buick Regal File:2011 Buick Regal GS 2 -- 2010 DC.jpg, Buick Regal GS File:2015 Holden Insignia (GA MY15.5) VXR sedan (20104110092).jpg, Holden Insignia VXR File:Chevrolet Vectra 2.0 Turbo.jpg, Chevrolet Vectra File:14 Buick LaCrosse (14344035480).jpg, Buick LaCrosse File:ALPHEON Ext.jpg, Alpheon EL300 File:Roewe e950 front.jpg, Roewe 950 File:2013 Chevrolet Malibu Eco -- 2012 DC 1.JPG, Chevrolet Malibu File:14 Chevrolet Impala LT (14344066639).jpg, Chevrolet Impala File:Cadillac XTS facelift 01 China 2018-03-28.jpg, Cadillac XTS File:2012 Saab 9-5 Aero Turbo4 Automatic 2.0 Front.jpg, Saab 9-5 Concept vehicles built on Epsilon II: * 2007
Buick Riviera The Buick Riviera is a personal luxury car that was marketed by Buick from 1963 to 1999, with the exception of the 1994 model year. As General Motors' first entry into the personal luxury car market segment, the Riviera was highly praised by au ...
* 2007
Opel GTC Concept The Opel Gran Turismo Coupé Concept, abbreviated as Opel GTC Concept, was a concept car that was manufactured by Opel and designed to be a coupé version of the Opel Vectra C . The GTC premiered at the 77th Geneva Motor Show in 2007. The Opel GTC ...
File:NAIAS 304.JPG, Buick Riviera Concept (2007) File:Opel GTC Concept (retouched).jpg, Opel GTC Concept


E2XX

E2XX is a moderately updated version of Epsilon 2 platform, consistent with other platform revamps, such as the D2XX based on Delta II. The E2XX platform targets weight reductions and longer wheelbases.


Vehicles

Vehicle built on E2XX: * 2016–present
Chevrolet Malibu The Chevrolet Malibu is a mid-size car manufactured and marketed by Chevrolet from 1964 to 1983 and again since 1997. The Malibu began as a trim-level of the Chevrolet Chevelle, becoming its own model line in 1978. Originally a rear-wheel-dr ...
* 2017–2022 Opel/Vauxhall Insignia,
Buick Regal The Buick Regal is a line of mid-size cars marketed by Buick since 1973. For nearly its entire production, the Regal has served as the premium mid-size/intermediate offering of the Buick product range. Introduced as a submodel of the Buick Centu ...
2018–present (since 2020 China only),
Holden Commodore (ZB) The Opel Insignia is a large family car (D-segment in Europe) developed and produced by the German car manufacturer Opel since 2008. Taking its name from a 2003 concept car, the model line serves as the flagship Opel car line, slotted above the ...
2018–2020 * 2019–present
Cadillac XT4 The Cadillac XT4 is a subcompact luxury crossover SUV manufactured by General Motors since 2018 under the luxury Cadillac marque. Overview The XT4 (short for "Crossover Touring 4") is Cadillac's second crossover SUV, slotting below the mid-size ...
* 2021–present
Buick Envision The Buick Envision is a compact crossover SUV manufactured by General Motors. It is exclusively manufactured in China by the SAIC-GM joint venture, supplying the domestic market and the North American market. __TOC__ Concept The Buick Envision ...
* File:Chevrolet Malibu 2020.jpg, Chevrolet Malibu File:Opel Insignia B (20170625 191333).jpg, Opel Insignia Grand Sport File:Opel Insignia Sports Tourer 1.5 DIT Innovation (B) – Frontansicht, 12. Mai 2017, Düsseldorf.jpg, Opel Insignia Sports Tourer File:Opel Insignia, IAA 2017, Frankfurt (1Y7A3364).jpg, Opel Insignia Country Tourer File:Opel Insignia GSi IMG 0917.jpg, Opel Insignia GSi File:2018 Vauxhall Insignia SRi NAV Turbo 1.5 Front.jpg, Vauxhall Insignia Grand Sport File:Vauxhall Insignia Sports Tourer diesel 1956cc registered September 2017.jpg, Vauxhall Insignia Sports Tourer File:2018 Buick Regal Sportback Preferred II FWD, Ebony Twilight Metallic, front right.jpg, Buick Regal Sportback File:Buick Regal II GS 001.jpg, Buick Regal GS File:2018 Buick Regal TourX Preferred AWD, front right.jpg, Buick Regal TourX File:2018 Holden Commodore (ZB MY18) LT sedan (2018-08-06) 01a.jpg, Holden Commodore (ZB) File:2018 Holden Calais (ZB MY18) V6 AWD Tourer (2018-11-29) 01.jpg, Holden Commodore (ZB) Tourer File:Cadillac XT4 0001 China 2019-03-13.jpg, Cadillac XT4 File:Buick Envision S 005.jpg, Buick Envision


P2XX

P2XX is the longer variant of the E2XX platform. Vehicle built on P2XX: *
Buick LaCrosse The Buick LaCrosse is a mid-size sedan manufactured and marketed by Buick since 2004. The LaCrosse is now in its third generation, slotted above the Buick Regal as the brand's flagship vehicle. The first-generation LaCrosse replaced the Century ...
File:Buick LaCrosse III facelift 01 China 2019-04-04.jpg, Buick LaCrosse


C1XX

C1XX is the crossover variant of the E2XX platform, replacing the Theta Premium and
Lambda Lambda (}, ''lám(b)da'') is the 11th letter of the Greek alphabet, representing the voiced alveolar lateral approximant . In the system of Greek numerals, lambda has a value of 30. Lambda is derived from the Phoenician Lamed . Lambda gave ri ...
platforms. Vehicles built on C1XX: Two-row mid-size: * 2017–present
Cadillac XT5 The Cadillac XT5 (short for Crossover Touring 5) is a compact luxury / D-segment crossover SUV manufactured by General Motors. It was introduced at both the Dubai Motor Show and LA Auto Show in November 2015. The XT5 replaced the Cadillac SR ...
* 2019–present
Chevrolet Blazer The Chevrolet Blazer is an automobile nameplate used by General Motors for its Chevrolet brand since 1969 for several SUV models: * Full-size Chevrolet K5 Blazer, based on the C/K pickup chassis and built from 1969 to 1995 (renamed Blazer in 1992 ...
File:2019 Cadillac XT5 Luxury 3.6L front 3.24.19.jpg, Cadillac XT5 File:2019 Chevrolet Blazer au SIAM 2019.jpg, Chevrolet Blazer Three-row mid-size: * 2017–present GMC Acadia * 2018-2020 Holden Acadia * 2020–present
Buick Enclave The Buick Enclave is a three-row luxury crossover SUV produced by General Motors since 2007. It was previewed at the 2006 North American International Auto Show, officially as a concept car, making it the first Lambda vehicle to be displayed. ...
(China) * 2020–present
Chevrolet Blazer The Chevrolet Blazer is an automobile nameplate used by General Motors for its Chevrolet brand since 1969 for several SUV models: * Full-size Chevrolet K5 Blazer, based on the C/K pickup chassis and built from 1969 to 1995 (renamed Blazer in 1992 ...
(China) * 2020–present Cadillac XT6 File:2020 GMC Acadia AT4 front NYIAS 2019.jpg, GMC Acadia File:Holden Acadia Launch, 29 August 2018 (43429186695).jpg, Holden Acadia File:Buick Enlave Chinese version 001.jpg, Buick Enclave File:Chevrolet Blazer 003.jpg, Chevrolet Blazer File:2020 Cadillac XT6 AWD front NYIAS 2019.jpg, Cadillac XT6 Full-size: * 2018–present
Buick Enclave The Buick Enclave is a three-row luxury crossover SUV produced by General Motors since 2007. It was previewed at the 2006 North American International Auto Show, officially as a concept car, making it the first Lambda vehicle to be displayed. ...
* 2018–present
Chevrolet Traverse The Chevrolet Traverse is a full-size crossover SUV with three-row seating built by General Motors. It is built on the same platform as the GMC Acadia and Buick Enclave, known as the Lambda platform for first generation, and the C1XX for se ...
File:2019 Buick Enclave 3.6L, front 8.25.19.jpg, Buick Enclave File:Chevrolet Traverse 3.6 Premier AWD 2018.jpg, Chevrolet Traverse


Footnotes


References

* * {{DEFAULTSORT:Gm Epsilon Platform
Epsilon Epsilon (, ; uppercase , lowercase or lunate ; el, έψιλον) is the fifth letter of the Greek alphabet, corresponding phonetically to a mid front unrounded vowel or . In the system of Greek numerals it also has the value five. It was d ...