![Gymnosporia tenuispina, droë vrugte, Eugene Marais Park](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Gymnosporia_tenuispina%2C_dro%C3%AB_vrugte%2C_Eugene_Marais_Park.jpg)
''Gymnosporia'' is an
Old World
The "Old World" is a term for Afro-Eurasia that originated in Europe , after Europeans became aware of the existence of the Americas. It is used to contrast the continents of Africa, Europe, and Asia, which were previously thought of by the ...
genus of
plant
Plants are predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae. Historically, the plant kingdom encompassed all living things that were not animals, and included algae and fungi; however, all current definitions of Plantae exclud ...
s, that comprise
suffrutices, shrubs and trees.
It was formerly considered congeneric with ''
Maytenus
''Maytenus'' ''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607 is a genus of flowering plants in the family Celastraceae. Members of the genus are distributed throughout Central and South America, Southeast Asia, Micronesia and Australasia, the Indi ...
'', but more recent investigations separated it based on the presence of achyblasts (truncated branchlets) and spines, alternate leaves or fascicles of leaves, an inflorescence that forms a
dichasium, mostly unisexual flowers, and fruit forming a
dehiscent
Dehiscence is the splitting of a mature plant structure along a built-in line of weakness to release its contents. This is common among fruits, anthers and sporangia. Sometimes this involves the complete detachment of a part; structures that op ...
capsule, with an
aril
An aril (pronounced ), also called an arillus, is a specialized outgrowth from a seed that partly or completely covers the seed. An arillode or false aril is sometimes distinguished: whereas an aril grows from the attachment point of the see ...
on the seed.
[ It is ]dioecious
Dioecy (; ; adj. dioecious , ) is a characteristic of a species, meaning that it has distinct individual organisms (unisexual) that produce male or female gametes, either directly (in animals) or indirectly (in seed plants). Dioecious reproductio ...
, with male and female flowers on separate plants.
Range
The genus occurs in all of Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...
, Madagascar
Madagascar (; mg, Madagasikara, ), officially the Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, links=no, ; french: République de Madagascar), is an island country in the Indian Ocean, approximately off the coast of East Africa ...
and adjacent islands, southern Spain
, image_flag = Bandera de España.svg
, image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg
, national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond")
, national_anthem = (English: "Royal March")
, i ...
, the Middle East
The Middle East ( ar, الشرق الأوسط, ISO 233: ) is a geopolitical region commonly encompassing Arabian Peninsula, Arabia (including the Arabian Peninsula and Bahrain), Anatolia, Asia Minor (Asian part of Turkey except Hatay Pro ...
, Afghanistan
Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,; prs, امارت اسلامی افغانستان is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. Referred to as the Heart of Asia, it is bordere ...
, Pakistan
Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 24 ...
, India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
, Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...
, Thailand
Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is bo ...
, Vietnam
Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making i ...
, southern China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
, Taiwan
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the nort ...
, the Ryukyu Islands
The , also known as the or the , are a chain of Japanese islands that stretch southwest from Kyushu to Taiwan: the Ōsumi, Tokara, Amami, Okinawa, and Sakishima Islands (further divided into the Miyako and Yaeyama Islands), with Yonaguni ...
, Malesia
Malesia is a biogeographical region straddling the Equator and the boundaries of the Indomalayan and Australasian realms, and also a phytogeographical floristic region in the Paleotropical Kingdom. It has been given different definitions. The ...
, and in Queensland
)
, nickname = Sunshine State
, image_map = Queensland in Australia.svg
, map_caption = Location of Queensland in Australia
, subdivision_type = Country
, subdivision_name = Australia
, established_title = Before federation
, established_ ...
, Australia.[ In the ]Afrotropical realm
The Afrotropical realm is one of Earth's eight biogeographic realms. It includes Africa south of the Sahara Desert, the majority of the Arabian Peninsula, the island of Madagascar, southern Iran and extreme southwestern Pakistan, and the island ...
the two main centers of diversity are in the south and the northeast.
Species
The genus includes some 114 species:
* ''Gymnosporia acuminata
''Gymnosporia'' is an Old World genus of plants, that comprise suffrutices, shrubs and trees. It was formerly considered congeneric with ''Maytenus'', but more recent investigations separated it based on the presence of achyblasts (truncated bra ...
'' Hook.f. ex M.A.Lawson
* '' Gymnosporia addat'' Loes.
* '' Gymnosporia alaternifolia'' (Tul.) Loes.
* '' Gymnosporia annobonensis'' Loes. & Mildbr.
* '' Gymnosporia arbutifolia'' (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Loes.
* '' Gymnosporia arenicola'' Jordaan
* ''Gymnosporia austroyunnanensis
''Gymnosporia'' is an Old World genus of plants, that comprise suffrutices, shrubs and trees. It was formerly considered congeneric with ''Maytenus'', but more recent investigations separated it based on the presence of achyblasts (truncated bra ...
'' (S.J.Pei & Y.H.Li) M.P.Simmons
* ''Gymnosporia bachmannii
''Gymnosporia bachmannii'' is a species of plant in the family Celastraceae. It is endemic to South Africa. It is threatened by habitat loss
Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction) is the process by which a nat ...
'' Loes.
* '' Gymnosporia bailadillana'' V.Naray. & Mooney
* '' Gymnosporia baumii'' Loes.
* '' Gymnosporia benguelensis'' Loes.
* '' Gymnosporia beniensis'' Robyns & Lawalrée
* '' Gymnosporia berberoides'' W.W.Sm.
* '' Gymnosporia bonii'' Pit.
* '' Gymnosporia brevipetala'' Loes.
* '' Gymnosporia buchananii'' Loes.
* '' Gymnosporia buxifolia'' (L.) Szyszyl.
* '' Gymnosporia buxifolioides'' Loes.
* '' Gymnosporia capitata'' (E.Mey. ex Sond.) Loes.
* '' Gymnosporia cassinoides'' (L'Hér.) Masf.
* '' Gymnosporia chevalieri'' Tardieu
* '' Gymnosporia commiphoroides'' H.Perrier
* '' Gymnosporia confertiflora'' (J.Y.Luo & X.X.Chen) M.P.Simmons
* '' Gymnosporia cortii'' Pic.Serm.
* '' Gymnosporia crataegina'' Baker
* '' Gymnosporia crenata'' (G.Forst.) Seem.
* '' Gymnosporia cryptopetala'' Reyes-Bet. & A.Santos
* '' Gymnosporia devenishii'' Jordaan
* '' Gymnosporia dhofarensis'' (Sebsebe) Jordaan
* '' Gymnosporia divaricata'' Baker
* '' Gymnosporia diversifolia'' Maxim.
* '' Gymnosporia dongfangensis'' (F.W.Xing & X.S.Qin) M.P.Simmons
* '' Gymnosporia drummondii'' (N.Robson & Sebsebe) Jordaan
* '' Gymnosporia dryandri'' (Lowe) Masf.
* '' Gymnosporia elliptica'' (Thunb.) Schönland
* '' Gymnosporia emarginata'' (Willd.) Thwaites
* '' Gymnosporia engleriana'' Loes.
* '' Gymnosporia esquirolii'' (H.Lév.) H.Lév.
* '' Gymnosporia falconeri'' M.A.Lawson
* '' Gymnosporia forsskaoliana'' (Sebsebe) Jordaan
* '' Gymnosporia fruticosa'' (Thwaites) Thwaites
* '' Gymnosporia gariepensis'' Jordaan
* '' Gymnosporia glaucophylla'' Jordaan
* '' Gymnosporia gracilipes'' (Welw. ex Oliv.) Loes.
* '' Gymnosporia gracilis'' Loes.
* '' Gymnosporia grandifolia'' (Davison) Jordaan
* '' Gymnosporia grossulariae'' (Tul.) Loes.
* '' Gymnosporia guangxiensis'' (C.Y.Cheng & W.L.Sha) M.P.Simmons
* '' Gymnosporia gurueensis'' (N.Robson) Jordaan
* '' Gymnosporia hainanensis'' Merr. & Chun
* '' Gymnosporia harenensis'' (Sebsebe) Jordaan
* '' Gymnosporia harlandii'' Hance
* '' Gymnosporia harveyana'' Loes.
* '' Gymnosporia hemipterocarpa'' Jordaan
* ''Gymnosporia heterophylla
''Gymnosporia heterophylla'', the common spike-thorn, is a small, hardy, deciduous African tree up to 5m tall, occurring in rocky places with a wide distribution from Ethiopia, the Sudan and the Congo, south to the Cape Province and west to Ango ...
'' (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Loes.
* '' Gymnosporia heyneana'' (Roth) M.A.Lawson
* '' Gymnosporia integrifolia'' (L.f.) Glover
* '' Gymnosporia intermedia'' Chiov.
* '' Gymnosporia jinyangensis'' (C.Y.Chang) Q.R.Liu & Funston
* '' Gymnosporia keniensis'' (Loes.) Jordaan
* '' Gymnosporia leptopus'' (Tul.) Baker
* '' Gymnosporia linearis'' (L.f.) Loes.
* '' Gymnosporia littoralis'' (Backer) Jordaan
* '' Gymnosporia livingstonei'' Jordaan
* '' Gymnosporia macrocarpa'' Jordaan
* '' Gymnosporia maranguensis'' (Loes.) Loes.
* '' Gymnosporia marcanii'' Craib
* '' Gymnosporia markwardii'' Jordaan
* '' Gymnosporia masindei'' (Gereau) Jordaan
* '' Gymnosporia matoboensis'' Jordaan
* ''Gymnosporia montana
''Gymnosporia'' is an Old World genus of plants, that comprise suffrutices, shrubs and trees. It was formerly considered congeneric with ''Maytenus'', but more recent investigations separated it based on the presence of achyblasts (truncated bra ...
'' (Roth) Benth.
* '' Gymnosporia mossambicensis'' (Klotzsch) Loes.
* ''Gymnosporia neglecta
''Gymnosporia'' is an Old World genus of plants, that comprise suffrutices, shrubs and trees. It was formerly considered congeneric with ''Maytenus'', but more recent investigations separated it based on the presence of achyblasts (truncated bra ...
'' M.A.Lawson
* '' Gymnosporia nemorosa'' (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Szyszyl.
* '' Gymnosporia nguruensis'' (N.Robson & Sebsebe) Jordaan
* '' Gymnosporia nitida'' Merr.
* '' Gymnosporia obbiadensis'' Chiov.
* '' Gymnosporia obscura'' (A.Rich.) Loes.
* '' Gymnosporia orbiculata'' (C.Y.Wu ex S.J.Pei & Y.H.Li) Q.R.Liu &
* '' Gymnosporia ovata'' (Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) M.A.Lawson
* '' Gymnosporia oxycarpa'' (N.Robson) Jordaan
* '' Gymnosporia pallida'' Collett & Hemsl.
* '' Gymnosporia parviflora'' (Vahl) Chiov.
* '' Gymnosporia pertinax'' (N.Hallé & J.Florence) M.P.Simmons
* '' Gymnosporia polyacanthus'' Szyszyl.
* '' Gymnosporia puberula'' M.A.Lawson
* '' Gymnosporia pubescens'' (N.Robson) Jordaan
* '' Gymnosporia punctata'' (Sebsebe) Jordaan
* '' Gymnosporia putterlickioides'' Loes.
* '' Gymnosporia pyria'' (Willemet) Jordaan
* '' Gymnosporia richardsiae'' (N.Robson & Sebsebe) Jordaan
* '' Gymnosporia rothiana'' (Walp.) M.A.Lawson
* '' Gymnosporia royleana'' Wall. ex M.A.Lawson
* '' Gymnosporia rubra'' (Harv.) Loes.
* '' Gymnosporia rufa'' (Wall.) Hook.f.
* '' Gymnosporia salicifolia'' M.A.Lawson
* '' Gymnosporia schliebenii'' Jordaan
* ''Gymnosporia senegalensis
''Gymnosporia'' is an Old World genus of plants, that comprise suffrutices, shrubs and trees. It was formerly considered congeneric with ''Maytenus'', but more recent investigations separated it based on the presence of achyblasts (truncated bra ...
'' (Lam.) Loes.
* '' Gymnosporia serrata'' (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Loes.
* '' Gymnosporia sikkimensis'' Prain
* '' Gymnosporia somalensis'' Loes.
* '' Gymnosporia spinosa'' (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe
* '' Gymnosporia stylosa'' Pierre
* '' Gymnosporia swazica'' Jordaan
* '' Gymnosporia tenuispina'' (Sond.) Szyszyl.
* '' Gymnosporia thompsonii'' Merr.
* '' Gymnosporia thomsonii'' Kurz
* ''Gymnosporia thyrsiflora
''Gymnosporia'' is an Old World genus of plants, that comprise suffrutices, shrubs and trees. It was formerly considered congeneric with ''Maytenus'', but more recent investigations separated it based on the presence of achyblasts (truncated bra ...
'' (S.J.Pei & Y.H.Li) W.B.Yu & D.Z.Li
* '' Gymnosporia tiaoloshanensis'' Chun & F.C.How
* '' Gymnosporia trilocularis'' Hayata
* '' Gymnosporia uniflora'' Davison
* '' Gymnosporia vanwykii'' (R.H.Archer) Jordaan
* '' Gymnosporia variabilis'' (Hemsl.) Loes.
* '' Gymnosporia wallichiana'' (Spreng.) M.A.Lawson
* '' Gymnosporia woodii'' Szyszyl.
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q3643320
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Celastrales genera
Taxa named by Robert Wight
Dioecious plants