![Guerin, 14th Grand Master, by Laurent Cars c](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Guerin%2C_14th_Grand_Master%2C_by_Laurent_Cars_c._1725.jpg)
Guérin de Montaigu (died 1228), also known as Garin de Montaigu or Pierre Guérin de Montaigu, was a nobleman from
Auvergne
Auvergne (; ; oc, label=Occitan, Auvèrnhe or ) is a former administrative region in central France, comprising the four departments of Allier, Puy-de-Dôme, Cantal and Haute-Loire. Since 1 January 2016, it has been part of the new region Auverg ...
, who became the fourteenth
Grand Master of the
Knights Hospitaller
The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem ( la, Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani), commonly known as the Knights Hospitaller (), was a medieval and early modern Catholic Church, Catholic Military ord ...
, serving from 1207–1228. He succeeded the Grand Master
Geoffroy le Rat after his death in 1206, and was succeeded by
Bertrand de Thessy
Bertrand de Thessy (died 1231 at Acre), also known as Bertrand of Thercy, was the fifteenth Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller, serving between 1228 and 1230 or 1231. He succeeded Guérin de Montaigu upon his death on 1 March 1228. Thessy wa ...
.
Biography
Guérin de Montaigu was elected Grand Master in the summer of 1207, between 22 May and 1 October. He was Marshal of the Order and participated in the
Fifth Crusade
The Fifth Crusade (1217–1221) was a campaign in a series of Crusades by Western Europeans to reacquire Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land by first conquering Egypt, ruled by the powerful Ayyubid sultanate, led by al-Adil, brother of Sala ...
. He died a natural death during the reconstruction of the wall of
Sidon
Sidon ( ; he, צִידוֹן, ''Ṣīḏōn'') known locally as Sayda or Saida ( ar, صيدا ''Ṣaydā''), is the third-largest city in Lebanon. It is located in the South Governorate, of which it is the capital, on the Mediterranean coast. ...
between 11 November 1227 and 1 March 1228. He was described as "the figure of one of the greatest masters of whom the Hospital has reason to be proud ".
Tradition would have it that he was a native of Auvergne and that he was the brother of
Pierre de Montaigu,
Grand Master of the
Knights Templar
, colors = White mantle with a red cross
, colors_label = Attire
, march =
, mascot = Two knights riding a single horse
, equipment ...
from 1219 to 1232. Unfortunately, the nobiliaries of Auvergne do not establish to which of the Montaigu families the Guérin can be linked.
Principality of Antioch
Like his two predecessors, Montaigu found himself involved in the affairs of the
Principality of Antioch
The Principality of Antioch was one of the crusader states created during the First Crusade which included parts of modern-day Turkey and Syria. The principality was much smaller than the County of Edessa or the Kingdom of Jerusalem. It extende ...
through the
War of the Antiochene Succession
The War of the Antiochene Succession, also known as the Antiochene War of Succession, comprised a series of armed conflicts in northern Syria (region), Syria between 1201 and 1219, connected to the disputed succession of Bohemond III of Antioch. ...
created by the opening of the will of
Bohémond III of Antioch. This had indicated as his successor his grandson
Raymond-Roupen
Raymond-Roupen (also Raymond-Rupen and Ruben-Raymond; 1198 – 1219 or 1221/1222) was a member of the House of Poitiers who claimed the thrones of the Principality of Antioch and Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. His succession in Antioch was preven ...
.
Bohémond IV of Antioch, second son of Bohémond III and
Count of Tripoli
The count of Tripoli was the ruler of the County of Tripoli, a crusader state from 1102 through 1289. Of the four major crusader states in the Levant, Tripoli was created last.
The history of the counts of Tripoli began with Raymond IV of Toulou ...
, did not accept this will.
Leo I of Armenia, as the maternal great-uncle, took the side of Raymond-Roupen. However, without waiting for the death of his father, Bohémond IV had taken possession of the principality. The
Knights Templar
, colors = White mantle with a red cross
, colors_label = Attire
, march =
, mascot = Two knights riding a single horse
, equipment ...
had aligned themselves with the bourgeoisie of Antioch and the alliance of
az-Zahir Ghazi
Al-Malik az-Zahir Ghiyath ud-din Ghazi ibn Yusuf ibn Ayyub (commonly known as az-Zahir Ghazi; 1172 – 8 October 1216) was the Ayyubid emir of Aleppo between 1186 and 1216. , the Ayyubid
sultan of Aleppo
The rulers of Aleppo ruled as kings, emirs and sultans of the city and its surrounding region since the later half of the 3rd millennium BC, starting with the kings of Armi, followed by the Amorite dynasty of Yamhad. Muslim rule of the city end ...
, while the Hospitallers sided with Raymond-Roupen and the king of Armenia. The conduct of the Count of Tripoli was severely judged by the Pope who sent his legates without any change. On 5 May 1205, the Holy See sent three new arbitrators without any further success.
When Montaigu took over the Hospitallers, nothing had changed. Leo I of Armenia had made himself master of Antioch and had re-established his grand-nephew there. But it was of short duration, and as the Count of Tripoli remained master of the city. Leo I supported his claims by confiscating the Templars' property in
Cilicia
Cilicia (); el, Κιλικία, ''Kilikía''; Middle Persian: ''klkyʾy'' (''Klikiyā''); Parthian: ''kylkyʾ'' (''Kilikiyā''); tr, Kilikya). is a geographical region in southern Anatolia in Turkey, extending inland from the northeastern coa ...
, ruining Antioch's trade by raids, and even risking excommunication in 1210–1213. An agreement was reached between the king and the Templars, and the excommunication was revoked. On 14 February 1216, the treason of the seneschal of Antioch, Acharias, which put Antioch in the hands of Leo I and of his nephew Raymond-Roupen. The guard of the castle of Antioch is entrusted to the commander of
Selefkeh, Feraud de Barras. The leader of the Antiochene nobility William Farabel in 1219, allowed the return of Bohémond IV and the escape of Raymon-Roupen, who later died in 1222.
The Count of Tripoli undertook to take revenge on the Hospitallers: he took back the castle of Antioch from them and their possession of the County of Tripoli was undermined. Pope
Honorius III
Pope Honorius III (c. 1150 – 18 March 1227), born Cencio Savelli, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 18 July 1216 to his death. A canon at the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, he came to hold a number of import ...
interceded in their favor in 1225 and 1226, and his successor
Gregory IX
Pope Gregory IX ( la, Gregorius IX; born Ugolino di Conti; c. 1145 or before 1170 – 22 August 1241) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 March 1227 until his death in 1241. He is known for issuing the '' Decre ...
excommunicated Bohémond IV in 1230. He authorized
Gerald of Lausanne
Gerold of Lausanne (Gerald, Gerard, Giraud; died 1238 or 1239), was abbot of Molesme, abbot of Cluny, bishop of Valence, and Latin patriarch of Jerusalem in the 13th century.
Early life and career
Gerold was said to be from “Losane”, which ...
, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, to lift the ban if Bohémond agreed to make peace with the Hospitallers. With the mediation of Gerald and the
Ibelins, Bohemond and the Hospitallers made a treaty which was signed on 26 October 1231. Bohémond confirmed the Hospitallers' right to hold
Jabala
)
, settlement_type = City
, motto =
, image_skyline = Jableh Collage.jpg
, imagesize = 250px
, image_caption = General view of city and port • Roman Amphitheater• Al ...
and a nearby fortress and granted them money fiefs in both Tripoli and Antioch. The Hospitaller renounced the privileges that Raymond-Roupen had granted to them. Before long, Gerald of Lausanne lifted the excommunication and sent the treaty to Rome to be confirmed by the Holy See.
Acquisition of territory
In the Holy Land
Throughout this long conflict, the support of the Hospitallers was unwavering and they were rewarded for their loyalty with territorial advantages. Montaigu received from Raymond-Roupen
Gibelacar
Gibelacar, also known by its original Arabic name Hisn Ibn Akkar or its modern Arabic name Qal'at Akkar, is a fortress in the village of Akkar al-Atiqa in the Akkar Governorate in northern Lebanon. The fortress dates back to the Fatimid era in the ...
on 22 May 1207, the castle of Château de la Vieille in September 1210 and an annuity of 200 bezants on the casal of Gédéide in December 1216. In 1210,
Selefkeh,
Chastel Neuf
Hunin ( ar, هونين) was a Palestinian people, Palestinian Arab village in the Galilee Panhandle part of Mandatory Palestine close to the Lebanon, Lebanese border. It was the second largest village in the district of Safed, but was depopulated ...
and
Çamardı
Çamardı is a quiet town and district of Niğde Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey, at the foot of Aladağ in the Taurus Mountains and reached by winding mountain roads. Population is 15,245 of which 3,396 live in the town of ...
were given to the Hospitallers who together with
Karaman
Karaman, historically known as Laranda (Greek: Λάρανδα), is a city in south central Turkey, located in Central Anatolia, north of the Taurus Mountains, about south of Konya. It is the capital district of the Karaman Province. According to ...
, created a region to the north of Cilicia, where the Hospitallers would able to defend against the Seljuk
Sultanate of Rûm
fa, سلجوقیان روم ()
, status =
, government_type = Hereditary monarchy Triarchy (1249–1254)Diarchy (1257–1262)
, year_start = 1077
, year_end = 1308
, p1 = ...
.
Constantine of Baberon Constantine of Baberon (died c. 1263) was a powerful Armenian noble of the Het‛umid family. He was the son of Vassag and the father of King Het‛um I, who ruled the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia from 1226 to 1270. Constantine played a pivotal rol ...
, tutor of
Isabella of Armenia
Isabella ( hy, Զապել; 27 January 1216/ 25 January 1217 – 23 January 1252), also Isabel or Zabel, was queen regnant of Armenian Cilicia from 1219 until her death in 1252.
She was proclaimed queen under the regency of Adam of Baghras. Aft ...
, daughter of Leo I, proposed to buy back the commandery of Selefkeh at a high price in order to force Isabella to marry her to his son
Héthoum I of Armenia. On learning of this, the commander, the squire Bertrand, preferred to abandon the place. But the abandonment of Selefkeh had no consequences for the rest of the possessions of the order in Cilicia.
In the
County of Jaffa
The double County of Jaffa and Ascalon was one of the four major seigneuries comprising the major Crusader state of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, according to 13th-century commentator John of Ibelin.
History
Jaffa was fortified by Godfrey of Bouil ...
, Montaigu received the lands of Geschale and a sum of 100 bezants, in the
County of Edessa
The County of Edessa (Latin: ''Comitatus Edessanus'') was one of the Crusader states in the 12th century. Ferdinandi, Sergio (2017). La Contea Franca di Edessa. Fondazione e Profilo Storico del Primo Principato Crociato nel Levante (1098-115 ...
, half of the
Chastel Rouge
Chastel Rouge, also called Qal’at Yahmur ( ar, قلعة يحمور, Castle of Yahmur) is a small Crusader stronghold in the North West of Syria that belonged to the County of Tripoli. It is also identified as Castrum Rubrum mentioned in Latin te ...
, in the county of Tripoli an annuity of 1,000 bezants and another of 2,000 bezants based on the Place of the Cloths in
Gibelet
Byblos ( ; gr, Βύβλος), also known as Jbeil or Jubayl ( ar, جُبَيْل, Jubayl, locally ; phn, 𐤂𐤁𐤋, , probably ), is a city in the Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate of Lebanon. It is believed to have been first occupied between 880 ...
, the house of
Raymond IV of Tripoli in
Laodicea, the castles of Berzaal, of Baqueer, of Quasse, of Bethorafig, of Gabronie and of Maarban. In Cyprus, he obtained from
Hugh I of Cyprus
Hugh I (french: Hugues; gr, Ούγος; 1194/1195 – 10 January 1218) succeeded to the throne of Cyprus on 1 April 1205 underage upon the death of his elderly father Aimery, King of Cyprus and Jerusalem. His mother was Eschiva of Ibelin, heir ...
an important donation of lands and castles with extensive privileges.
In the West
The donations of
Andrew II of Hungary
Andrew II ( hu, II. András, hr, Andrija II., sk, Ondrej II., uk, Андрій II; 117721 September 1235), also known as Andrew of Jerusalem, was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1205 and 1235. He ruled the Principality of Halych from 1188 ...
were driven by the devotion of the Hospitallers. Wichard of Karslberg gave them his land of Engelsdorf in Carinthia in February 1214; Poppo of Wertheim gave Morbach, confirmed in 1218 by his family; they received from Ulrich of Stubenberg on July 18, 1218 the towns of Hatzendorf and Kroisbach in Styria; from Vulvin of Stubenberg, Söchau and Aspach in June 1221; from Count Hugues II of Montfort, the church of Feldkirch, a chapel in the valley of Sainte-Marie and confirmation of goods in Cluse, Brégence and Rinegg in September 1218; from Count Baudouin of Bentheim goods in Esterwege in 1223.
In 1208, the duke of Burgundy Eudes III made a series of donations in memory of his stay in the Holy Land in 1190; Milon de Saint-Florentin gave them land at Villiers-Vineux on June 26, 1220; the count Henri I of Rodez the city of Canet, Frontignan, the Bastide-Pradines, Canabières and Bouloc, on October 18, 1221; the viscount of Béarn Guillaume-Raymond de Moncade the castle of Macied on February 17, 1224; Archambaud IV the house of Buys on June 1225.
The Fifth Crusade
The first wave of troops of the
Fifth Crusade
The Fifth Crusade (1217–1221) was a campaign in a series of Crusades by Western Europeans to reacquire Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land by first conquering Egypt, ruled by the powerful Ayyubid sultanate, led by al-Adil, brother of Sala ...
, due to the efforts of pope
Innocent III
Pope Innocent III ( la, Innocentius III; 1160 or 1161 – 16 July 1216), born Lotario dei Conti di Segni (anglicized as Lothar of Segni), was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 January 1198 to his death in 16 J ...
, arrived at
Acre
The acre is a unit of land area used in the imperial
Imperial is that which relates to an empire, emperor, or imperialism.
Imperial or The Imperial may also refer to:
Places
United States
* Imperial, California
* Imperial, Missouri
* Imp ...
in the late summer of 1217.
Leopold VI of Austria
Leopold VI (15 October 1176 – 28 July 1230), known as Leopold the Glorious, was Duke of Styria from 1194 and Duke of Austria from 1198 to his death in 1230. He was a member of the House of Babenberg.
Biography
Leopold VI was the younger son of ...
,
Hugh I of Cyprus
Hugh I (french: Hugues; gr, Ούγος; 1194/1195 – 10 January 1218) succeeded to the throne of Cyprus on 1 April 1205 underage upon the death of his elderly father Aimery, King of Cyprus and Jerusalem. His mother was Eschiva of Ibelin, heir ...
, and
Andrew II of Hungary
Andrew II ( hu, II. András, hr, Andrija II., sk, Ondrej II., uk, Андрій II; 117721 September 1235), also known as Andrew of Jerusalem, was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1205 and 1235. He ruled the Principality of Halych from 1188 ...
, were brought to Cyprus by Montaigu at the request of the pope. The king of Jerusalem,
John of Brienne
John of Brienne ( 1170 – 19–23 March 1237), also known as John I, was King of Jerusalem from 1210 to 1225 and Latin Emperor of Constantinople from 1229 to 1237. He was the youngest son of Erard II of Brienne, a wealthy nobleman in Champag ...
, gathered them all together in the presence of the three grand masters of the military orders for a council of war and to determine the course of action to be taken. They attacked the fortress of
Mount Tabor
Mount Tabor ( he, הר תבור) (Har Tavor) is located in Lower Galilee, Israel, at the eastern end of the Jezreel Valley, west of the Sea of Galilee.
In the Hebrew Bible (Book of Joshua, Joshua, Book of Judges, Judges), Mount Tabor is the sit ...
, which had to be abandoned, and laid siege to
Sidon
Sidon ( ; he, צִידוֹן, ''Ṣīḏōn'') known locally as Sayda or Saida ( ar, صيدا ''Ṣaydā''), is the third-largest city in Lebanon. It is located in the South Governorate, of which it is the capital, on the Mediterranean coast. ...
, which they half-finished. These were the only two actions taken from November to December 1217. The Crusaders returned to Acre and the king of Hungary, giving in to discouragement, returned to Hungary in January 1218.
The arrival of new pilgrims from
Friesland
Friesland (, ; official fry, Fryslân ), historically and traditionally known as Frisia, is a province of the Netherlands located in the country's northern part. It is situated west of Groningen, northwest of Drenthe and Overijssel, north of ...
and the north of Germany revived the Crusade. Before the winter of 1218, with the help of the Hospitallers, they re-established the fortifications of Caesarea and, with the Templars, the
Château Pèlerin. But this was not enough to keep everyone busy, and an expedition to Egypt was decided. The Crusaders, the Latin patriarch of Jerusalem, the prelates of the Holy Land, and the grand masters, were all under the orders of the king of Jerusalem. They embarked at Acre in May to present themselves before
Damietta
Damietta ( arz, دمياط ' ; cop, ⲧⲁⲙⲓⲁϯ, Tamiati) is a port city and the capital of the Damietta Governorate in Egypt, a former bishopric and present multiple Catholic titular see. It is located at the Damietta branch, an easter ...
, which they invested in June 1218. During a skirmish against the sultan's camp at
Fariskur on 22 August 1219, the Marshal of the Hospitaller,
Aymar de Lairon Aymar de Lairon (died 1219), also Adeymar, Adémar or Aimerich, was the lord of Caesarea in jure uxoris, right of his wife from at least 1193 until her death between 1213 and 1216. During this period he was a prominent figure in the Kingdom of Jerus ...
, fell with thirty two of his companions. The city of Damietta was taken in November 1219 and finally the castle of Damietta in January 1220. Placed in a critical position, they negotiated with the Muslims on 30 August 1221 the evacuation of Damietta and the return to Acre. Thus the Fifth Crusade ended in failure.
[Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1977). "The Fifth Crusade". In Setton, K., ''A History of the Crusades: Volume II''. pp. 343-376.]
It is important to note the generosity that Andrew II of Hungary showed to the Hospitallers. He gave the revenues of the tollgate of Bobeth in Sopron, a piece of land between Drave and Csurgó, an annual rent of 500 silver marcs on the saltworks of Szalacs plus another 100 marcs of rent for the Krak des Chevaliers and another 100 marcs for Margat.
Journeys to the West
Emperor
Frederick II sent four ships to Acre for John of Brienne,
Raoul of Merencourt __NOTOC__
Raoul is a French variant of the male given name Ralph or Rudolph, and a cognate of Raul.
Raoul may also refer to:
Given name
* Raoul Berger, American legal scholar
* Raoul Bova, Italian actor
* Radulphus Brito (Raoul le Breton, died ...
, the Latin patriarch of Jerusalem, the legate
Pelagius Galvano and the grand masters of the military orders to confer with him on his promise to go on Crusade. (The Templars were represented by the Grand Preceptor Guillaume Cadel.) They embarked for
Brindisi
Brindisi ( , ) ; la, Brundisium; grc, Βρεντέσιον, translit=Brentésion; cms, Brunda), group=pron is a city in the region of Apulia in southern Italy, the capital of the province of Brindisi, on the coast of the Adriatic Sea.
Histo ...
in September 1222 and met with the pope in Rome in January 1223. They had an interview with Frederick II in
Ferentino
Ferentino is a town and ''comune'' in Italy, in the province of Frosinone, Lazio, southeast of Rome.
It is situated on a hill above sea level, in the Monti Ernici area.
History
''Ferentinum'' was a town of the Hernici; it was captured from them ...
from 17 February to 26 March 1223, where Frederick committed to leave for the Holy Land in 1225. John of Brienne and Montaigu continued their journey to France and England to ask for their help, unfortunately without any effect. Then the two separated, Montaigu went to Bordeaux on April 15, 1224, to Paris in June, to Orange probably on August 10, to Palermo on December 25 and probably returned to the headquarters of the Order via Armenia since he was in Tarsus in June 1225.
[Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1977).]
Chapter XI. The Crusade of Frederick II
. In Wolff, Robert L. and Hazard, H. W. (eds.). ''A History of the Crusades: Volume II, The Later Crusades 1187-1311''. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 377-448.
Later years
Montaigu intervened in
Armenia
Armenia (), , group=pron officially the Republic of Armenia,, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of Western Asia.The UNbr>classification of world regions places Armenia in Western Asia; the CIA World Factbook , , and ''Ox ...
to help the Christian population against
Suleiman of Iconium. He helped raise the siege of Acre by the
Sultan of Damascus. He distinguished himself at the capture of Damietta during the Fifth Crusade, and subsequently toured European countries seeking support. On his return to Palestine, he found turmoil; he tried vainly to reconcile the Hospitallers with the Templars. In 1228, he persuaded pope
Gregory IX
Pope Gregory IX ( la, Gregorius IX; born Ugolino di Conti; c. 1145 or before 1170 – 22 August 1241) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 March 1227 until his death in 1241. He is known for issuing the '' Decre ...
to break the truce holding between Christian and Muslim powers, but refused to serve in the army commanded by Frederick II, who was excommunicated. Guérin de Montaigu died in Palestine in 1228 and was succeeded by
Bertrand de Thessy
Bertrand de Thessy (died 1231 at Acre), also known as Bertrand of Thercy, was the fifteenth Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller, serving between 1228 and 1230 or 1231. He succeeded Guérin de Montaigu upon his death on 1 March 1228. Thessy wa ...
.
See also
* ''
Cartulaire général de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers''
*
List of Knights Hospitaller sites
The Knights Hospitaller operated a wide network of properties in the Middle Ages from their successive seats in Jerusalem, Acre, Cyprus, Rhodes and eventually Malta. In the early 14th century, they received many properties and assets previously ...
*
Langue (Knights Hospitaller)
A langue or tongue ( it, lingua) was an administrative division of the Knights Hospitaller (also known as the Order of St. John of Jerusalem) between 1319 and 1798. The term referred to a rough ethno-linguistic division of the geographical dis ...
*
Flags of the Knights Hospitaller
References
Bibliography
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
External links
*
Garin de Montaigu. French Wikipedia.
*
Liste des grands maîtres de l'ordre de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem. French Wikipedia.
*Eugène Harot
Essai d’armorial des Grands-Maîtres de l’Ordre de Saint Jean de JérusalemSeals of the Grand Masters Museum of the Order of St John.
*Charles Moeller,
Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem
The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem ( la, Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani), commonly known as the Knights Hospitaller (), was a medieval and early modern Catholic military order. It was headqu ...
. ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' (1910) 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
*
Knights of the Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem, ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. 20. (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 12–19.
Coat of armsWith picture of his seal
{{s-end
1228 deaths
Christians of the Fifth Crusade
Knights Hospitaller
Grand Masters of the Knights Hospitaller
Year of birth unknown
13th-century French people