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Gustavus John Orr (August 9, 1819 – December 11, 1887) was an early proponent of the public education system of
Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States Georgia may also refer to: Places Historical states and entities * Related to the ...
. His work promoting a state system of education eventually became the framework for the Georgia School Law of 1870. This led to his being appointed Georgia's second State Commissioner of
Education Education is a purposeful activity directed at achieving certain aims, such as transmitting knowledge or fostering skills and character traits. These aims may include the development of understanding, rationality, kindness, and honesty. Va ...
in 1872, a position he held until he died in 1887. In this position he helped the public school system work out of a $300,000 debt incurred by his predecessor, encouraged Georgia school enrollment to grow from 49,000 in 1871 to more than 340,000 in 1887, developed a licensure system for Georgia's teachers, and founded of three
Normal School A normal school or normal college is an institution created to Teacher education, train teachers by educating them in the norms of pedagogy and curriculum. In the 19th century in the United States, instruction in normal schools was at the high s ...
s for the development of teachers.


Early life

Born in Orrville, near
South Carolina )''Animis opibusque parati'' ( for, , Latin, Prepared in mind and resources, links=no) , anthem = " Carolina";" South Carolina On My Mind" , Former = Province of South Carolina , seat = Columbia , LargestCity = Charleston , LargestMetro = ...
in August 1819, Gustavus Orr moved with his family to a pent house when he was three years old. Educated at Maryville Seminary, The
University of Georgia , mottoeng = "To teach, to serve, and to inquire into the nature of things.""To serve" was later added to the motto without changing the seal; the Latin motto directly translates as "To teach and to inquire into the nature of things." , establ ...
, and Emory College, Orr first became affiliated with schools as the 1847 Principal of Jefferson Academy in
Jackson County, Georgia Jackson County is a county located in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 60,485. The county seat is Jefferson. Jackson County comprises the Jefferson, GA Micropolitan Statistical Are ...
. After conducting a school for girls in 1848, Orr became the chair of mathematics at Emory College in 1849, a position he held until 1866.


Land Survey of Georgia/Florida Border

While in the position of chair of mathematics, Governor Brown of Georgia appointed Orr to work with Col. B.F. Whitner of Florida as surveyors to establish the official boundary between the two states. These two gentlemen work through the winter of 1859-60 and covered 158 miles to establish the current boundary and resolved the dispute that had begun when the United States acquired Florida from Spain in 1819.


Georgia Educational Policy

An inaugural member/vice-president of the Georgia Teachers Association founded August 1869, Orr was directed to draft an education plan promoting a free public education for all Georgia children. This plan was eventually published on March 2, 1870 as the "Report on A system of Public Schools for the State of Georgia." This document would eventually be drafted as a bill and passed as the School Law of 1970. "The law provided for state and county boards of education, a state school commissioner, county commissioners, subdistricts in counties with school trustees, and boards of examiners empowered to license persons applying for the privilege of teaching. It met the difficulty of sparseness of population by providing for migratory schools; it established separate schools for white and colored children; and derived the general school fund from the same sources of revenue as those recommended in the report. From a comparison of the two, it was evident that the educational association had exerted real influence in the formation of the first school law."Orr, 1950, p. 196 While Orr was highly influential in the drafting and adoption of the school law,
John Randolph Lewis Brigadier-General John Randolph Lewis (September 22, 1834February 8, 1900)Freedmen's Bureau The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, usually referred to as simply the Freedmen's Bureau, was an agency of early Reconstruction, assisting freedmen in the South. It was established on March 3, 1865, and operated briefly as a ...
, he "had no preparation for the technical work of administering the schools. Although honest in his work, he was far from helpful to the state, and when he was forced out of office in 1872, he left the school system with a debt of $300,000.Joiner, 1979, p. 84


Georgia School Commissioner

When Governor
Rufus Bullock Rufus Brown Bullock (March 28, 1834 – April 27, 1907) was a Republican Party politician and businessman in Georgia. During the Reconstruction Era he served as the state's governor and called for equal economic opportunity and political rights f ...
was removed from office and replaced by James M. Smith in January 1872, Orr was appointed Georgia's second State School Commissioner within the month. Orr's first responsibility was to alleviate the debt accrued by his predecessor. In his first year, 1872, rather than promoting the development the a new public school system, he argued counties and board of educations should work to conscript private schools. Along with this, Orr sought and received funding for the Georgia school fund through taxes paid on the state-owned Western and Atlantic Railroad, and liquor tax revenues added in 1878. Orr was a major proponent of establishing a local property tax of 10 mils to fund schools, and he proposed this in 1871, 1872, and 1874, yet it was never passed in his lifetime. Orr was a proponent of educating all Georgia children, black and white, and while he did promote segregated schools, he advocated using white teachers with black students believing that the black population would be better served by the more qualified white teacher. Orr established a licensure system for teachers establishing qualifications for first (highest), second, and third grade teaching licenses. Orr decried the fact that while 50% of all white students were served by teachers with a first grade license, 70% of black teachers held only a third grade license, and 21% held no license at all. Under Orr's administration, the state saw significant gains in school enrollment. In 1871, the year prior to Orr's appointment, 49,578 students were enrolled in Georgia's public schools. 42,914 of these students were white while only 6,664 were black. By 1887, Orr's last year in office, Georgia's public schools served 342,294 students. Of these, 208,805 were white, and 133,429 were black. Orr was also a major proponent of teacher education. He constantly fought a losing battle with the state legislature seeking funding for the establishment of regional
Normal School A normal school or normal college is an institution created to Teacher education, train teachers by educating them in the norms of pedagogy and curriculum. In the 19th century in the United States, instruction in normal schools was at the high s ...
s. While the state consistently refused to fund these programs, in 1880 he applied and received a $2,000 grant from the
Peabody Fund The Peabody Education Fund was established by George Peabody in 1867, after the American Civil War, for the purpose of promoting "intellectual, moral, and industrial education in the most destitute portion of the Southern States" except schools fo ...
to create three schools. In 1882 teachers colleges were founded in Milledgeville,
Toccoa Toccoa is a city in far Northeast Georgia near the border with South Carolina. It is the county seat of Stephens County, Georgia, United States, located about from Athens and about northeast of Atlanta. The population was 9,133 as of the 2020 ...
, and
Americus, Georgia Americus is the county seat of Sumter County, Georgia, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 16,230. It is the principal city of the Americus Micropolitan Statistical Area, a micropolitan area that covers Schley an ...
.Joiner, 1979, p. 91


Death

Orr died in December 1887. "Commissioner Orr, who died in office, literally was worked to death. His last report to the legislators included a plea for additional office help, stating that he was compelled to devote time largely to routine clerical duties which confined him to a desk from seven to nine hours each day. Members of his family performed many days of free labor in his office. Records show he carried on an extensive correspondence, including letters to school officials in 137 counties, to numerous teachers and to school authorities in other states and foreign countries."


Notes


References


External links


Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library
Emory University
Orr family papers, 1825-1970
{{DEFAULTSORT:Orr, Gustavus American educational theorists Public education in Georgia (U.S. state) 1887 deaths 1819 births