Gorgan ( fa, گرگان ; also
romanize
Romanization or romanisation, in linguistics, is the conversion of text from a different writing system to the Roman (Latin) script, or a system for doing so. Methods of romanization include transliteration, for representing written text, and ...
d as ''Gorgān'', ''Gurgān'', and ''Gurgan''), formerly Esterabad ( ; also romanized as ''Astarābād'', ''Asterabad'', and ''Esterābād''), is the capital city of
Golestan Province,
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...
. It lies approximately to the north east of
Tehran
Tehran (; fa, تهران ) is the largest city in Tehran Province and the capital of Iran. With a population of around 9 million in the city and around 16 million in the larger metropolitan area of Greater Tehran, Tehran is the most popul ...
, some away from the
Caspian Sea
The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, often described as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea. An endorheic basin, it lies between Europe and Asia; east of the Caucasus, west of the broad steppe of Central Asia ...
. In the 2006 census; its population was 269,226, in 73,702 families.
History
There are several archaeological sites near Gorgan, including
Tureng Tepe and
Shah Tepe, in which there are remains dating from the
Neolithic
The Neolithic period, or New Stone Age, is an Old World archaeological period and the final division of the Stone Age. It saw the Neolithic Revolution, a wide-ranging set of developments that appear to have arisen independently in several parts ...
and Chalcolithic eras. Some other important Neolithic sites in the area are
Yarim Tepe
Yarim Tepe is an archaeological site of an early farming settlement that goes back to about 6000 BC. It is located in the Sinjar valley some 7km southwest from the town of Tal Afar in northern Iraq. The site consists of several hills reflecting th ...
, and
Sange Chaxmaq. Also, the nearby
Shahroud
Shahrood ( fa, شاهرود, also Romanized as Shâhrūd, and Shahroud; also known as Shârūd) is a city and capital of Shahrood County, Semnan Province, Iran.
Situated about an altitude of 1345 m, it is located at latitude 36°25'N, longi ...
Plain has many such sites. The number of confirmed Neolithic sites on the
Gorgan Plain now totals more than fifty.
According to the Greek historian
Arrian
Arrian of Nicomedia (; Greek: ''Arrianos''; la, Lucius Flavius Arrianus; )
was a Greek historian, public servant, military commander and philosopher of the Roman period.
''The Anabasis of Alexander'' by Arrian is considered the best ...
, Zadracarta was the largest city of
Hyrcania and site of the "royal palace". The term means "the yellow city", and it was given to it from the great number of oranges, lemons, and other fruit trees which grew in the outskirts of that city.
Hyrcania became part of the
Achaemenid Empire
The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire (; peo, 𐎧𐏁𐏂, , ), also called the First Persian Empire, was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC. Based in Western Asia, it was contemporarily the largest em ...
during the reign of
Cyrus the Great
Cyrus II of Persia (; peo, 𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁 ), commonly known as Cyrus the Great, was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, the first Persian empire. Schmitt Achaemenid dynasty (i. The clan and dynasty) Under his rule, the empire embraced ...
(559–530 BC), its founder, or his successor
Cambyses (530-522 BC).
The
Great Wall of Gorgan, the second biggest defensive wall in the world, was built in the
Parthian Parthian may be:
Historical
* A demonym "of Parthia", a region of north-eastern of Greater Iran
* Parthian Empire (247 BC – 224 AD)
* Parthian language, a now-extinct Middle Iranian language
* Parthian shot, an archery skill famously employed by ...
and
Sassanian periods.
At the time of the
Sassanids, "Gurgan" appeared as the name of a city, province capital, and province.
[Bivar, A.D.H. "Gorgan" ]Encyclopædia Iranica
''Encyclopædia Iranica'' is a project whose goal is to create a comprehensive and authoritative English language encyclopedia about the history, culture, and civilization of Iranian peoples from prehistory to modern times.
Scope
The ''Encycl ...
br>online
/ref>
Gorgan maintained its independence as a Zoroastrian
Zoroastrianism is an Iranian religion and one of the world's oldest organized faiths, based on the teachings of the Iranian-speaking prophet Zoroaster. It has a dualistic cosmology of good and evil within the framework of a monotheistic on ...
state even after Persia was conquered by the Muslim Arabs in the 8th century.
In 1210, the city was invaded and sacked by the army of Kingdom of Georgia
The Kingdom of Georgia ( ka, საქართველოს სამეფო, tr), also known as the Georgian Empire, was a medieval Eurasian monarchy that was founded in circa 1008 AD. It reached its Golden Age of political and economic ...
under command of the brothers Mkhargrdzeli.
"Old Gorgan" was destroyed during the Mongol invasion
The Mongol invasions and conquests took place during the 13th and 14th centuries, creating history's largest contiguous empire: the Mongol Empire ( 1206- 1368), which by 1300 covered large parts of Eurasia. Historians regard the Mongol devastati ...
in the 13th century, and the center of the region was moved to what was called "Astarabad", which is currently called "Gorgan".
Gorgan with its surrounding regions was sometimes considered as part of the Tabaristan
Tabaristan or Tabarestan ( fa, طبرستان, Ṭabarestān, or mzn, تبرستون, Tabarestun, ultimately from Middle Persian: , ''Tapur(i)stān''), was the name applied to a mountainous region located on the Caspian coast of northern Iran. ...
region.
Astarabad was an important political and religious city during the Qajar dynasty
The Qajar dynasty (; fa, دودمان قاجار ', az, Qacarlar ) was an IranianAbbas Amanat, ''The Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896'', I. B. Tauris, pp 2–3 royal dynasty of Turkic peoples ...
.
Geography and climate
The wide Dasht-e Gorgan (Plains of Gorgan) are located north of the city and geographically bounded by 37°00' - 37°30' north latitude and 54°00' - 54°30' east longitude, covering an area of about .
Some east of Gorgan is the Golestan National Park, home to a large portion of the fauna of Iran.
Gorgan has a humid subtropical climate
A humid subtropical climate is a zone of climate characterized by hot and humid summers, and cool to mild winters. These climates normally lie on the southeast side of all continents (except Antarctica), generally between latitudes 25° and 40° ...
( Köppen: ''Cfa'', Trewartha
Trewartha and Andrewartha are Cornish family names (and placename, Dexter). There are places called Trewartha in the parishes of Merther, St Agnes, St Neot and Veryan.
According to the ''Handbook of Cornish Names'' by G. Pawley White, "Trew ...
: ''Cf''), with hot, humid summers and cool, wet winters. In general, Golestan has a moderate and humid climate known as "the moderate Caspian climate." The effective factors behind such a climate are: Alborz mountain range, direction of the mountains, height of the area, neighborhood to the sea, vegetation surface, local winds, altitude and weather fronts. As a result of the above factors, three different climates exist in the region: plain moderate, mountainous, and semi-arid. Gorgan valley has a semi-arid climate. The average annual temperature is and the annual rainfall is .
Notable people
Historical figures
* House of Karen, an aristocratic feudal family first attested in the Arsacid era, belonged to the region of Hyrcania.
* Fakhroddin Asaad Gorgani, 11th-century Persian poet and the composer of ''Vis and Ramin
Vis, ViS, VIS, and other capitalizations may refer to:
Places
* Vis (island), a Croatian island in the Adriatic sea
** Vis (town), on the island of Vis
* Vis (river), in south-central France
* Vis, Bulgaria, a village in Haskovo Province
* Vis ...
''.
* Abu Sa'id al-Darir al-Jurjani Abu Sa'id al-Dharir al-Jurjani (), also Gurgani, was a 9th-century Persian mathematician and astronomer from Gurgan (Jurjan), Iran. He wrote a treatise on geometrical problems and another on the drawing of the meridian. George Sarton considers him ...
, 9th century astronomer and mathematician
* Al-Masihi
Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi al-Jurjani ( fa, ابو سهل عيسى بن يحيى مسيحی گرگانی) was a Christian Persian physician,Firoozeh Papan-Matin, ''Beyond death: the mystical teachings of ʻAyn al-Quḍāt al-Hamadhān ...
, 10th century physician and teacher of Avicenna
Ibn Sina ( fa, ابن سینا; 980 – June 1037 CE), commonly known in the West as Avicenna (), was a Persian polymath who is regarded as one of the most significant physicians, astronomers, philosophers, and writers of the Islamic G ...
* Abd al-Qāhir al-Jurjānī, 11th century grammarian and literary theorist
* Zayn al-Din al-Jurjani
Zayn al-Din Sayyed Isma‘il ibn Husayn Gorgani (c. 1040–1136), also spelled al-Jurjani, was a Persian 12th century royal Islamic physician from Gorgan, Iran. In addition to medical and pharmaceutical sciences, he was also an adept in theologi ...
, 12th century royal physician
* Bahram al-Da'i, 12th-century Nizari Ismaili missionary and military leader in Syria
* Fazlallah Astarabadi (Naimi)
Fażlu l-Lāh Astar-Ābādī ( fa, فضلالله استرآبادی, 1339/40 in Astarābād – 1394 in Nakhchivan), also known as Fażlullāh Tabrīzī AstarābādīIrène Mélikoff. ''Hadji Bektach: un mythe et ses avatars : genèse et évo ...
, 14th century mystic and founder of Hurufism
* Rustam Gorgani Rostam Gorgani was a mid-16th century Persian physician who lived in India.
Rostam Gorgani was the court physician of two of the rulers of the Deccan sultanates, Malik Ahmad Shah I (1490–1510) and Burhan Shah I (1510–1553), in the city of Ah ...
, 16th century physician
* Mir Fendereski
''Mir'' (russian: Мир, ; ) was a space station that operated in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001, operated by the Soviet Union and later by Russia. ''Mir'' was the first modular space station and was assembled in orbit from 1986 to&n ...
, philosopher, poet and mysti
* Mir Damad, 17th century Islamic scholar and Neoplatonic philosopher
* Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi
Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi ( fa, میرزا مهدی خان استرآبادی), also known by his title of Monshi-ol-Mamalek (), was the chief secretary, historian, biographer, advisor, strategist, friend and confidant of King Nader Shah Afshar ...
, 18th century chief minister to Nader Shah
Nader Shah Afshar ( fa, نادر شاه افشار; also known as ''Nader Qoli Beyg'' or ''Tahmāsp Qoli Khan'' ) (August 1688 – 19 June 1747) was the founder of the Afsharid dynasty of Iran and one of the most powerful rulers in Iranian h ...
* Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi
Bibi Khānoom Astarābādi ( fa, بی بی خانم استرآبادی) (1858/9 – 1921) was a notable Iranian writer, satirist, and one of the pioneering figures in the women's movement of Iran.
Biography
Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi was born ...
, a notable writer, satirist, and one of the pioneering figures of the women's movement of Iran
* Firishta
Firishta or Ferešte ( fa, ), full name Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah Astarabadi ( fa, مُحَمَّد قاسِم هِندو شاہ), was a Persian historian, who later settled in India and served the Deccan Sultans as their court historian. He was ...
, historian
* Sardar Rafie Yanehsari
Sardar Rafie Yanehsari (1856-1930) was the Wali (administrative title), Wali of Wilayah, velayat of Gorgan, Astarabad and Governor of Gorgan from the time of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, Naser el-Din Shah to Reza Shah and was a member of Yanehsari Dyn ...
, Governor of Astarabad
* House of Bagheri, a historical house with 7 yards from 18th century that currently has been used as a boutique hotel, Haft Paykar
Contemporary figures
*Iraj Etesam
Iraj Etesam ( fa, ایرج اعتصام; 21 January 1931 – 19 December 2022) was an Iranian contemporary architect, educator, and author. He was the designer and architect of the Mellat Park of Tehran and the Cyrus Park, as well as a professo ...
, Iranian contemporary architect
An architect is a person who plans, designs and oversees the construction of buildings. To practice architecture means to provide services in connection with the design of buildings and the space within the site surrounding the buildings that h ...
, educator, and author; born in Gorgan.
*Nader Ebrahimi
Nader Ebrahimi ( fa, نادر ابراهیمی; April 3, 1936 – June 5, 2008) was an Iranian writer, screenwriter, photographer, director, actor, songwriter, and an outstanding contemporary novelist.
Son to Ata-ol-molk Ebrahimi, who was a des ...
, author, poet, director, and researcher
*Hossein Khanzadi
Hossein Khanzadi ( fa, حسین خانزادی) is an Iranian hovercraft pilot in the regular military (''Artesh'') who served as the Commander of the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy from November 2017 to August 2021. On 17 August 2021, Rear Admir ...
, admiral in the Iranian Navy
*Mohammad Reza Lotfi
Mohammad-Reza Lotfi ( fa, محمدرضا لطفی; 1 January 1947 – 2 May 2014) was an Iranian classical musician renowned for his mastery of the tar and setar. He collaborated with singers such as Mohammad-Rezā Shajarian, Hengameh Akhavan, ...
, Traditional Persian musician
* Maryam Zandi, photographer
Education
*Golestan University
History
Separated in 2008 from the Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, founded in 1957, The Golestan University is a major institute of higher education located in Gorgan, a large city bordering the Caspian Sea, i ...
*Golestan University of Medical Sciences
Golestan University of Medical Sciences ( fa, دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات بهداشتی درمانی گلستان) is a public university in Gorgan, Iran. The University has six faculties including medicine, dentistry, health ...
* Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources
*Islamic Azad University of Gorgan
The Islamic Azad University, Gorgan Branch (also known as Azad University of Gorgan) is a campus of Islamic Azad University system in Iran.
History
The university came of age under the direction of Abdol Ghayoom Ebrahimi, who was the first univer ...
Sports
Shahrdari Gorgan
Shahrdari Gorgan Basketball Club is an Iranian professional basketball club based in Gorgan, Iran. They compete in the Iranian Basketball Super League.
Established in 1969, the team plays its home games in the Gorgan Eagles Castle. Shahrdari has ...
competes in the Iranian Basketball Super League
The Iranian Basketball Super League (IBSL) is a professional men's basketball league in Iran. It was founded in 1998. The current champions is Shahrdari Gorgan. The league follows the promotion and relegation system in which the worst two teams ...
.
Currently the main football team of Gorgan is Etka Gorgan F.C.
Etka Gorgan ( fa, اتكا گرگان ) was an Iranian football club based in Gorgan, Iran.
History
Etka Gorgan was founded in 2008 and was placed in the Azadegan League. Etka had several mid table finishes until the 2012-2013 season, where the ...
, which competes in the Azadegan League
The Azadegan League ( fa, ليگ آزادگان, ''Lig-e Âzâdegân''), also known as League 1 ( fa, لیگ یک, ''Lig-e Yek''), is the second highest division of professional football in Iran. It was the top-level football league in Iran from ...
.
Sister cities
* Aktau, Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country located mainly in Central Asia and partly in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbeki ...
KZ-Today
September 11, 2006
*
Samsun,
Turkey
Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a list of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolia, Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with ...
(2006)
See also
*
Gorgan International Airport
Gorgan Airport ( fa, فرودگاه گرگان) is an international airport located in the city of Gorgan, Iran.
The airport is located 2 km west of the Gorgan-Aq Qala Highway and 6 km north of Gorgan, the capital of Golestan province ...
*
al-Jurjani Al-Jurjani or simply Jurjani may refer to any of several historical Persian scholars:
* Abu Sa'id al-Darir al-Jurjani (died 845), mathematician and astronomer
* Al-Masihi, Abu Sahl al-Masihi al-Jurjani (960–1000), physician and teacher of Avicenn ...
*
Gorgan-rud River
*
Gurganj
Konye-Urgench ( tk, Köneürgenç / Көнеүргенч; fa, کهنه گرگانج, ''Kuhna Gurgānj'', literally "Old Gurgānj"), also known as Old Urgench or Urganj, is a city of about 30,000 inhabitants in north Turkmenistan, just south fro ...
References
External links
{{Authority control
Cities in Golestan Province
Hyrcania
Iranian provincial capitals