''Gunilda'' was a steel-hulled Scottish-built
steam yacht
A steam yacht is a class of luxury or commercial yacht with primary or secondary steam propulsion in addition to the sails usually carried by yachts.
Origin of the name
The English steamboat entrepreneur George Dodd (1783–1827) used the term ...
in service between her construction in 1897 and her sinking in
Lake Superior
Lake Superior in central North America is the largest freshwater lake in the world by surface areaThe Caspian Sea is the largest lake, but is saline, not freshwater. and the third-largest by volume, holding 10% of the world's surface fresh wa ...
in 1911. Built in 1897 in
Leith, Scotland
Leith (; gd, Lìte) is a port area in the north of the city of Edinburgh, Scotland, founded at the mouth of the Water of Leith. In 2021, it was ranked by ''Time Out'' as one of the top five neighbourhoods to live in the world.
The earliest ...
by
Ramage & Ferguson
Ramage & Ferguson was a Scottish shipbuilder active from 1877 to 1934, who specialised in luxury steam-yachts usually with steel hulls and timber decks. They also made several notable windjammers including the stunning five-masted Kø ...
for J. M. or A. R. & J. M. Sladen, and became owned by F. W. Sykes in 1898; her first and second owners were all from
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe b ...
. In 1901, ''Gunilda'' was chartered by a member of the
New York Yacht Club
The New York Yacht Club (NYYC) is a private social club and yacht club based in New York City and Newport, Rhode Island. It was founded in 1844 by nine prominent sportsmen. The members have contributed to the sport of yachting and yacht design. ...
, sailing across the
Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans, with an area of about . It covers approximately 20% of Earth's surface and about 29% of its water surface area. It is known to separate the " Old World" of Africa, Europe ...
with a complement of 25 crewmen. In 1903, she was purchased by
oil baron
A business magnate, also known as a tycoon, is a person who has achieved immense wealth through the ownership of multiple lines of enterprise. The term characteristically refers to a powerful entrepreneur or investor who controls, through perso ...
William L. Harkness
William Lamon Harkness (August 8, 1858 – May 10, 1919) was an American businessman and inheritor of a large share of Standard Oil.
Early life
William Lamon Harkness was born in Bellevue, Ohio, the son of Daniel M. Harkness, who was the half-br ...
of
Cleveland, Ohio
Cleveland ( ), officially the City of Cleveland, is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County. Located in the northeastern part of the state, it is situated along the southern shore of Lake Erie, across the U.S. ...
, a member of the New York Yacht Club; she ended up becoming the club's flagship. Under Harkness' ownership, ''Gunilda'' visited many parts of the world, including the
Caribbean
The Caribbean (, ) ( es, El Caribe; french: la Caraïbe; ht, Karayib; nl, De Caraïben) is a region of the Americas that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean Se ...
, and beginning in 1910, the
Great Lakes
The Great Lakes, also called the Great Lakes of North America, are a series of large interconnected freshwater lakes in the mid-east region of North America that connect to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River. There are five lakes ...
.
In the summer of 1911, ''Gunilda'' owner, William L. Harkness, his family and friends were on an extended tour of
northern
Northern may refer to the following:
Geography
* North, a point in direction
* Northern Europe, the northern part or region of Europe
* Northern Highland, a region of Wisconsin, United States
* Northern Province, Sri Lanka
* Northern Range, a ra ...
Lake Superior
Lake Superior in central North America is the largest freshwater lake in the world by surface areaThe Caspian Sea is the largest lake, but is saline, not freshwater. and the third-largest by volume, holding 10% of the world's surface fresh wa ...
. They were headed to
Rossport, Ontario
Rossport is a dispersed rural community and unincorporated place in the Unorganized part of Thunder Bay District in northwestern Ontario, Canada. It is on the north shore of Lake Superior in geographic Lahontan Township, and is on Ontario High ...
and then planned to head into
Lake Nipigon
Lake Nipigon (; french: lac Nipigon; oj, Animbiigoo-zaaga'igan) is part of the Great Lakes drainage basin. It is the largest lake entirely within the boundaries of the Canadian province of Ontario.
Etymology
In the Jesuit Relations the lake is ...
to do some fishing for
speckled trout. As she was about away from Rossport, ''Gunilda'' ran hard aground onto McGarvey Shoal on the north side of Copper Island. Most of the passengers were taken to Rossport. Harkness stayed behind to supervise the salvage, hiring the tug ''James Whalen'' and a barge to tow ''Gunilda'' off the shoal. On August 11, 1911, after she was pulled free, she suddenly rolled over to starboard, filled with water, and sank. Harkness and his family were picked up by ''James Whalen''.
Her wreck was rediscovered in 1967 resting in of water, completely intact, with even the
gilding
Gilding is a decorative technique for applying a very thin coating of gold over solid surfaces such as metal (most common), wood, porcelain, or stone. A gilded object is also described as "gilt". Where metal is gilded, the metal below was tradi ...
on the hull surviving. ''Gunilda''s wreck was the subject of multiple failed salvage attempts. In the late 1960s, Ed and Harold Flatt made multiple unsuccessful attempts to salvage her. Throughout the 1970s, Fred Broennle also made several unsuccessful attempts to raise ''Gunilda''. In 1980,
Jacques Cousteau
Jacques-Yves Cousteau, (, also , ; 11 June 191025 June 1997) was a French naval officer, oceanographer, filmmaker and author. He co-invented the first successful Aqua-Lung, open-circuit SCUBA (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus). T ...
and the
Cousteau Society used the research vessel
''Calypso'' and the diving saucer ''
SP-350 Denise
The SP-350 ''Denise'', famous as the "Diving saucer" (''Soucoupe plongeante''), is a small submarine designed to hold two people, and is capable of exploring depths of up to . It was invented by Jacques-Yves Cousteau and engineer Jean Mollard at t ...
'' to dive and film the wreck. The Cousteau Society called ''Gunilda'' the "best-preserved, most prestigious shipwreck in the world" and "the most beautiful shipwreck in the world".
History
Design and construction
![Gunilda blueprints](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Gunilda_blueprints.jpg)
''Gunilda'' (UK
official number
Official numbers are ship identifier numbers assigned to merchant ships by their flag state, country of registration. Each country developed its own official numbering system, some on a national and some on a port-by-port basis, and the formats hav ...
104928) was built in 1897 by
Ramage & Ferguson
Ramage & Ferguson was a Scottish shipbuilder active from 1877 to 1934, who specialised in luxury steam-yachts usually with steel hulls and timber decks. They also made several notable windjammers including the stunning five-masted Kø ...
in
Leith, Scotland
Leith (; gd, Lìte) is a port area in the north of the city of Edinburgh, Scotland, founded at the mouth of the Water of Leith. In 2021, it was ranked by ''Time Out'' as one of the top five neighbourhoods to live in the world.
The earliest ...
. Her hull number was 149. She was designed by Joseph Edwin Wilkins, a
naval architect This is the top category for all articles related to architecture and its practitioners.
{{Commons category, Architecture occupations
Design occupations
Architecture, Occupations ...
who worked for
Cox & King
Cox & King were a British firm based in Pall Mall, London in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They also had offices and later a shipyard in Wivenhoe, Essex. Among their many activities relating to ships such as yacht brokers, auctioneers, a ...
of
Pall Mall, London
Pall Mall is a street in the St James's area of the City of Westminster, Central London. It connects St James's Street to Trafalgar Square and is a section of the regional A4 road. The street's name is derived from pall-mall, a ...
,
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe b ...
. She cost about $200,000 to build. Her name is a variant of
Gunhild Gunhild (with variants Gundhild, Gunhilda, Gunhilde, Gunhjild, Gunilda, Gunnhild, Gunnhildr, Gunnhildur) is a Germanic feminine given name composed of two words meaning "war" (gunn and hild/hildr). It may refer to:
*, allegedly a Danish queen cons ...
, an old
Germanic feminine name meaning "war". She was launched on April 1, 1897.
Her steel hull was long; one source states she had a length of , another source states she had an
overall length
The overall length (OAL) of an ammunition cartridge is a measurement from the base of the brass shell casing to the tip of the bullet, seated into the brass casing. Cartridge overall length, or "COL", is important to safe functioning of reloads i ...
of and a
below waterline length of , her beam was (one source states . Several sources state she had a draft of , several other sources state her draft was , and one source states she had a draft of . She had a
gross register tonnage of 385 and a
net register tonnage
Net register tonnage (NRT, nrt, n.r.t.) is a ship's cargo volume capacity expressed in "register tons", one of which equals to a volume of . It is calculated by subtracting non-revenue-earning spaces i.e. spaces not available for carrying cargo, ...
of 158. She had a
Thames Tonnage of 492 or 499 tons.
She was equipped by a
triple expansion steam engine
A compound steam engine unit is a type of steam engine where steam is expanded in two or more stages.
A typical arrangement for a compound engine is that the steam is first expanded in a high-pressure ''(HP)'' cylinder, then having given up he ...
with pistons that had bores of , , and and a stroke of . The engine was powered by steam produced by two 160
psi
Psi, PSI or Ψ may refer to:
Alphabetic letters
* Psi (Greek) (Ψ, ψ), the 23rd letter of the Greek alphabet
* Psi (Cyrillic) (Ѱ, ѱ), letter of the early Cyrillic alphabet, adopted from Greek
Arts and entertainment
* "Psi" as an abbreviatio ...
turbine boilers. ''Gunilda'' was driven by a single propeller and had a top speed of (some sources state ).
Service history
![Gunilda 6](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Gunilda_6.jpg)
Between 1897 and 1898 ''Gunilda'' was owned by either J. M. Sladen or by A. R. and J. M. Sladen; her home port was
Wivenhoe
Wivenhoe ( ) is a town and civil parish in north-eastern Essex, England, approximately south-east of Colchester. Historically Wivenhoe village, on the banks of the River Colne, and Wivenhoe Cross, on the higher ground to the north, were two ...
in
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe b ...
. Her second owner was F. W. Sykes, who owned her between 1898 and 1903, during which time her home port was Leith. Her first and second owners were from England.
In 1901, ''Gunilda'' was chartered by a member of the
New York Yacht Club
The New York Yacht Club (NYYC) is a private social club and yacht club based in New York City and Newport, Rhode Island. It was founded in 1844 by nine prominent sportsmen. The members have contributed to the sport of yachting and yacht design. ...
of
New York City
New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the List of United States cities by population, most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the L ...
, sailing over the
Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans, with an area of about . It covers approximately 20% of Earth's surface and about 29% of its water surface area. It is known to separate the " Old World" of Africa, Europe ...
with 25 crewmen on board. American press reports at the time of her arrival described her as a schooner, rigged with of
canvas
Canvas is an extremely durable plain-woven fabric used for making sails, tents, marquees, backpacks, shelters, as a support for oil painting and for other items for which sturdiness is required, as well as in such fashion objects as handbags ...
.
In 1903, ''Gunilda'' was purchased by
oil baron
A business magnate, also known as a tycoon, is a person who has achieved immense wealth through the ownership of multiple lines of enterprise. The term characteristically refers to a powerful entrepreneur or investor who controls, through perso ...
William L. Harkness
William Lamon Harkness (August 8, 1858 – May 10, 1919) was an American businessman and inheritor of a large share of Standard Oil.
Early life
William Lamon Harkness was born in Bellevue, Ohio, the son of Daniel M. Harkness, who was the half-br ...
of
Cleveland, Ohio
Cleveland ( ), officially the City of Cleveland, is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County. Located in the northeastern part of the state, it is situated along the southern shore of Lake Erie, across the U.S. ...
. Harkness was a member of the New York Yacht Club. When he purchased ''Gunilda'', she was officially registered in New York City and became the new
flagship
A flagship is a vessel used by the commanding officer of a group of naval ships, characteristically a flag officer entitled by custom to fly a distinguishing flag. Used more loosely, it is the lead ship in a fleet of vessels, typically the fi ...
of the New York Yacht Club. In 1903, ''Gunilda''s home port was
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, often called Philly, is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the sixth-largest city in the U.S., the second-largest city in both the Northeast megalopolis and Mid-Atlantic regions after New York City. Sinc ...
, however, in 1904, it became
New York City
New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the List of United States cities by population, most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the L ...
. Under the ownership of Harkness, ''Gunilda'' visited several parts of the world, making multiple trips around the Atlantic Ocean and the
Caribbean
The Caribbean (, ) ( es, El Caribe; french: la Caraïbe; ht, Karayib; nl, De Caraïben) is a region of the Americas that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean Se ...
. In 1910, Harkness brought ''Gunilda'' to the
Great Lakes
The Great Lakes, also called the Great Lakes of North America, are a series of large interconnected freshwater lakes in the mid-east region of North America that connect to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River. There are five lakes ...
to perform an extended cruise.
Final voyage
In 1911,
William L. Harkness
William Lamon Harkness (August 8, 1858 – May 10, 1919) was an American businessman and inheritor of a large share of Standard Oil.
Early life
William Lamon Harkness was born in Bellevue, Ohio, the son of Daniel M. Harkness, who was the half-br ...
, his family and his friends were on an extended tour of the
north shore of Lake Superior. In August 1911, the people on board had made plans to head into
Lake Nipigon
Lake Nipigon (; french: lac Nipigon; oj, Animbiigoo-zaaga'igan) is part of the Great Lakes drainage basin. It is the largest lake entirely within the boundaries of the Canadian province of Ontario.
Etymology
In the Jesuit Relations the lake is ...
to fish for
speckled trout. To sail into Lake Nipigon, ''Gunilda'' (manned by a crew of 20) needed to travel to
Rossport, Ontario
Rossport is a dispersed rural community and unincorporated place in the Unorganized part of Thunder Bay District in northwestern Ontario, Canada. It is on the north shore of Lake Superior in geographic Lahontan Township, and is on Ontario High ...
, then into Nipigon Bay, and finally through the Schreiber Channel. When ''Gunilda'' docked in Coldwell Harbor,
Ontario
Ontario ( ; ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada.Ontario is located in the geographic eastern half of Canada, but it has historically and politically been considered to be part of Central Canada. Located in Central Ca ...
, Harkness sought a pilot to guide them to Rossport and then into Nipigon Bay. Donald Murray, an experienced local man, offered his services for $15, but Harkness declined, claiming it was too much. The following day, ''Gunilda'' stopped in
Jackfish Bay, Ontario to load coal. Harkness once again inquired about a pilot. Harry Legault offered to pilot ''Gunilda'' to Rossport for $25 plus a train fare back to Jackfish Bay. ''Gunilda'' captain, Alexander Corckum, and his crew thought the offer was reasonable, but Harkness once again declined. As the US charts did not indicate that there were any shoals on their intended course, Harkness decided to proceed without a pilot with accurate knowledge of the region. As she was about off Rossport, ''Gunilda'', travelling at full speed, ran hard aground on McGarvey Shoal (known locally as Old Man's Hump). ''Gunilda'' ran onto the shoal, raising her bow high out of the water.
After the grounding, Harkness and some his family and friends boarded one of ''Gunilda''
motor launch
A Motor Launch (ML) is a small military vessel in Royal Navy service. It was designed for harbour defence and submarine chasing or for armed high-speed air-sea rescue. Some vessels for water police service are also known as motor launches.
...
es and travelled to Rossport, catching a
Canadian Pacific Railway
The Canadian Pacific Railway (french: Chemin de fer Canadien Pacifique) , also known simply as CPR or Canadian Pacific and formerly as CP Rail (1968–1996), is a Canadian Class I railway incorporated in 1881. The railway is owned by Canadi ...
train to
Port Arthur, Ontario
Port Arthur was a city in Northern Ontario, Canada, located on Lake Superior. In January 1970, it amalgamated with Fort William and the townships of Neebing and McIntyre to form the city of Thunder Bay.
Port Arthur had been the district seat of ...
, where Harkness made arrangements for the Canadian Towing & Wrecking Company's tug ''James Whalen'' to be dispatched to free ''Gunilda''. The next day, on August 11 (some sources state August 29, one source states August 31), ''James Whalen'' arrived with a barge in tow. The captain of ''James Whalen'' advised Harkness to hire a second tug and barge to properly stabilize ''Gunilda''. Harkness once again refused. As ''Gunilda'' didn't have any
towing bitts, a sling was slung around her and attached to ''James Whalen'', and she pulled ''Gunilda'' directly astern. ''Gunilda'' engines were reversed, but she remained on the shoal. They then tried to swing the stern back and forth, but this also failed. Wrecking master J. Wolvin of ''James Whalen'' decided to pull solely to starboard, as it was impossible to maneuver her stern to the port. ''Gunilda'' slid off the shoal, but as she slid into the water, she suddenly keeled over, and her masts hit the water. Water poured in through the portholes, doors, companionways, hatches, and skylights. ''Gunilda'' sank in a couple of minutes. As she sank, the crew of ''James Whalen'' cut the towline, fearing that ''Gunilda'' would pull her down as well. After ''Gunilda'' sank, the people who remained on her were picked up by ''James Whalen''.
Lloyd's of London
Lloyd's of London, generally known simply as Lloyd's, is an insurance and reinsurance market located in London, England. Unlike most of its competitors in the industry, it is not an insurance company; rather, Lloyd's is a corporate body gov ...
paid out a $100,000 insurance policy.
''Gunilda'' wreck
This ship is very well-preserved, as can be seen from photographs taken by a dive team in 2022.
“Century old sunken ship preserved in perfect condition beneath Lake Superior”
Caters News Agency (2022).
''Gunilda'' today
The wreck of ''Gunilda'' was discovered in 1967 by Chuck Zender, who also made the first-ever dive to her. Her wreck rests on an even keel in of water to the lake bottom, and to her deck at the base of McGarvey Shoal. Her wreck is very intact, with everything that was on her when she sank still in place, including her entire superstructure
A superstructure is an upward extension of an existing structure above a baseline. This term is applied to various kinds of physical structures such as buildings, bridges, or ships.
Aboard ships and large boats
On water craft, the superstruct ...
, compass binnacle, and both of her masts. Numerous artefacts including a piano, several lanterns, and various pieces of furniture remain on board. Most of the paint on her hull survives, including the gilding
Gilding is a decorative technique for applying a very thin coating of gold over solid surfaces such as metal (most common), wood, porcelain, or stone. A gilded object is also described as "gilt". Where metal is gilded, the metal below was tradi ...
. In 1980, Jacques Cousteau
Jacques-Yves Cousteau, (, also , ; 11 June 191025 June 1997) was a French naval officer, oceanographer, filmmaker and author. He co-invented the first successful Aqua-Lung, open-circuit SCUBA (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus). T ...
and the Cousteau Society used the research vessel ''Calypso'' and the diving saucer ''SP-350 Denise
The SP-350 ''Denise'', famous as the "Diving saucer" (''Soucoupe plongeante''), is a small submarine designed to hold two people, and is capable of exploring depths of up to . It was invented by Jacques-Yves Cousteau and engineer Jean Mollard at t ...
'' to dive and film the wreck. The Cousteau Society called ''Gunilda'' "the best-preserved, most prestigious shipwreck in the world" and "the most beautiful shipwreck in the world".
Two divers have died on the wreck of ''Gunilda''. Charles "King" Hague died in 1970; his body was recovered in 1976. Reg Barrett from Burlington, Ontario
Burlington is a city in the Regional Municipality of Halton at the northwestern end of Lake Ontario in Ontario, Canada. Along with Milton to the north, it forms the western end of the Greater Toronto Area and is also part of the Hamilton met ...
died in 1989.
In 2019 a blogger on the Professional Association of Diving Instructors
The Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) is a recreational diving membership and diver training organization founded in 1966 by John Cronin and Ralph Erickson. Cronin was originally a NAUI instructor who decided to form his ...
Tecrec blogsite named ''Gunilda'' the second-best technical diving
Technical diving (also referred to as tec diving or tech diving) is scuba diving that exceeds the agency-specified limits of recreational diving
Recreational diving or sport diving is diving for the purpose of leisure and enjoyment, usually ...
site in the world, after the German battleship SMS ''Markgraf'' in Scapa Flow
Scapa Flow viewed from its eastern end in June 2009
Scapa Flow (; ) is a body of water in the Orkney Islands, Scotland, sheltered by the islands of Mainland, Graemsay, Burray,S. C. George, ''Jutland to Junkyard'', 1973. South Ronaldsay and ...
.
Salvage attempts
Ed and Harold Flatt of Thunder Bay, Ontario
Thunder Bay is a city in and the seat of Thunder Bay District, Ontario, Canada. It is the most populous municipality in Northwestern Ontario and the second most populous (after Greater Sudbury) municipality in Northern Ontario; its population ...
launched the first salvage attempt on ''Gunilda''. They used cranes and a barge to hook onto ''Gunilda'' hull, managing to haul a piece of her mast up to the surface. They made another failed attempt in 1968, but a storm wrecked their barge and washed away most of their equipment.
In the 1970s, Fred Broennle made several attempts to raise ''Gunilda''. In August 1970 Broennle and his dive partner, 23-year old Charles "King" Hague, dove ''Gunilda'' wreck. On August 8, 1970 Broennle and Hague anchored over the wreck, but there were complications during the dive; Hague dove first, dying in the process. Broennle tried to rescue him but got decompression sickness
Decompression sickness (abbreviated DCS; also called divers' disease, the bends, aerobullosis, and caisson disease) is a medical condition caused by dissolved gases emerging from solution as bubbles inside the body tissues during decompressio ...
.
In about 1973 or 1974 Broennle set up Deep Diving Systems to raise ''Gunilda'' wreck, building several diving bell
A diving bell is a rigid chamber used to transport divers from the surface to depth and back in open water, usually for the purpose of performing underwater work. The most common types are the open-bottomed wet bell and the closed bell, which c ...
s and purchasing several barges, cranes, and a Biomarine CCR 1000 rebreather
A rebreather is a breathing apparatus that absorbs the carbon dioxide of a user's breathing, exhaled breath to permit the rebreathing (recycling) of the substantially unused oxygen content, and unused inert content when present, of each breath. ...
. Several of his earlier dives were unsuccessful.
During the salvage efforts, Broennle recovered a brass
Brass is an alloy of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), in proportions which can be varied to achieve different mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties. It is a substitutional alloy: atoms of the two constituents may replace each other with ...
grate from one of the skylight
A skylight (sometimes called a rooflight) is a light-permitting structure or window, usually made of transparent or translucent glass, that forms all or part of the roof space of a building for daylighting and ventilation purposes.
History
Open ...
s.
In April 1976 Broennle bought the wreck of ''Gunilda'' from Lloyd's of London
Lloyd's of London, generally known simply as Lloyd's, is an insurance and reinsurance market located in London, England. Unlike most of its competitors in the industry, it is not an insurance company; rather, Lloyd's is a corporate body gov ...
on the condition that he could raise her. On July 13, 1976 while exploring the wreck with underwater camera
Underwater photography is the process of taking photographs while under water. It is usually done while scuba diving, but can be done while diving on surface supply, snorkeling
Snorkeling ( British and Commonwealth English spelling: snor ...
s, Broennle located Hague's remains close to the wreck, near the port side of the stern, and recovered them sometime later. In September 1976 Broennle planned to dive ''Gunilda'' with his submersible ''Constructor'', which cost Deep Diving Systems $1.5 million to design and build. ''Constructor'' bankrupted Broennle and Deep Diving Systems, ending their salvage efforts.
In 1998, the story of Broennle's salvage efforts were made into a film, ''Drowning in Dreams
''Drowning in Dreams'' is a Canadian documentary film, directed by Tim Southam and released in 1997. The film centres on Fred Broennle, a German-Canadian businessman from Thunder Bay, Ontario, who engaged in a multi-year effort to raise the ship ...
''.
References
Sources
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External links
Gunilda 2001, by Terry Irvine via YouTube
Gunilda 2011 - 100 Years, by Terry Irvine via YouTube
Gunilda 2016, by Richard Kurzel via YouTube
Yacht Gunilda, by Liquid Productions
Gunilda - Great Lakes Shipwreck Photos, by Shipwreck Explorers
{{Recreational dive sites, wresit
1897 ships
Maritime incidents in 1911
Ships built in Scotland
Shipwrecks of Canada
Shipwrecks of Lake Superior
Steam yachts
Yachts of New York Yacht Club members
Ships sunk with no fatalities
Shipwrecks of the Ontario coast
Wreck diving sites