Gulf of Sidra incident (1989)

On 4 January 1989, two Grumman F-14 Tomcats of the United States Navy shot down two Libyan-operated Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23 Floggers which the American aircrews believed were attempting to engage and attack them, as had happened eight years prior during the 1981 Gulf of Sidra incident. The engagement took place over the Mediterranean Sea, about north of Tobruk, Libya.Stanik 2003, p.229.

Background

In 1973, Libya claimed much of the Gulf of Sidra (south of Latitude 31° 30′) as its territorial waters and subsequently declared a "line of death", the crossing of which would invite a military response. The United States did not recognize Libya's territorial claims and continued to challenge the line, leading to military hostilities in August 1981 and March 1986. A terrorist attack in Germany which killed two American soldiers and one Turkish civilian on 5 April 1986 was linked to Libya and prompted the U.S. to carry out retaliatory air strikes against targets in Libya ten days later."1986 Year in Review: Strike on Qaddafi". UPI. www.upi.com/Archives/Audio/Events-of-1986/Strike-on-Qaddafi-and-Soviet-Espionage. Retrieved January 25, 2021.

Attempts by Libya to obtain weapons of mass destruction were of great concern to U.S. President Ronald Reagan's administration since it viewed Libya as a state sponsor of terrorism.Kaplan, Eben
"How Libya Got Off the List."
''Council on Foreign Relations,'' 16 October 2007. Retrieved: 4 August 2017. Tensions between Libya and the U.S. were running high after the latter accused Libya of building a chemical weapons plant near Rabta in the fall of 1988.Stanik 2003, p.230. During a December 1988 press interview, Reagan indicated the potential for military action to destroy the plant.Pear, Robert
"U.S. Downs 2 Libyan Fighters, Citing Their 'Hostile Intent'; Chemical Plant Link Denied."
''New York Times,'' 5 January 1989. Retrieved: 5 August 2017. The possibility of a U.S. attack caused Libya to increase its air defenses around Rabta and its state of military readiness throughout the country.Trainor, Bernard E

''New York Times,'' 6 January 1989. Retrieved: 8 August 2017.

Engagement

On the morning of 4 January 1989, the aircraft carrier was sailing toward the eastern Mediterranean Sea for a scheduled port visit to Haifa, Israel.Stanik 2003, p.228. The carrier was over north of Libya and had aircraft operating roughly north of the country.Stanik 2003, p.230.Gillcrist 1994, p.154. Aircraft operating from the ''Kennedy'' included several flights of A-6 Intruders on exercises south of Crete, two pairs of F-14 Tomcats from VF-14 and VF-32 conducting combat air patrols, and an E-2 Hawkeye from VAW-126 providing airborne early warning and control.Gillcrist 1994, p.154.

The easternmost combat air patrol station was provided by the two F-14s from VF-32 with aircraft call signs ''Gypsy 207'' (crewed by Commander Joseph Bernard Connelly and Commander Leo F. Enwright in Bureau Number ''159610'') and ''Gypsy 202'' (crewed by Lieutenant Herman C. Cook III and Lieutenant Commander Steven Patrick Collins in Bureau Number ''159437'').Stanik 2003, p.228. Although the ''Kennedy'' battle group was not operating within the contentious Gulf of Sidra and was away from Rabta, the battle group commander believed Libyan concerns over a U.S. attack increased the likelihood of a confrontation.Gillcrist 1994, p.154.Stanik 2003, p.231. He gave the American air crews a special briefing emphasizing their rules of engagement.Gillcrist 1994, p.154.

At 11:55 local time, the airborne E-2 detected two Libyan MiG-23 Floggers taking off from Bomba (Al Bumbah) airfield near Tobruk, and observed them heading north toward the battle group. The two F-14s from VF-32 were directed to intercept the MiG-23s, while the F-14s from VF-14 covered the A-6s as they departed to the north.Gillcrist 1994, p.155. Using their onboard radars, the intercepting F-14s began tracking the MiG-23s when the Libyan aircraft were away, at an altitude of and traveling at . Unlike some previous aerial encounters in which Libyan pilots were instructed to turn back after detecting an F-14's radar signal sweep their aircraft, the MiG-23s continued to close on the American fighters with a head-on approach.Wilson, George C
"Secretly Acquired MiGs Aided Navy Pilots In Libya Combat."
''Washington Post,'' 13 January 1989. Retrieved: 8 August 2017.

As both pairs of aircraft converged, the E-2 and other U.S. eavesdropping assets in the area monitored radio communications between the Libyan aircraft and their ground controllers. The Americans listened to the MiG-23s receiving guidance to intercept the F-14s from ground controllers at a radar station in Bomba. This radar station was one of several activated along the Libyan coast to support the MiG-23s.

At 11:58, the F-14s made a left turn, away from the MiG-23s, to initiate a standard intercept.Halloran, Richard

''The New York Times,'' 6 January 1989. Retrieved: 8 August 2017.Stanik 2003, p.229.Rosenthal, Andrew

''The New York Times,''11 January 1989. Retrieved: 8 August 2017. Seven seconds later, the MiG-23s turned back into the American fighters for another head-on approach and were descending in altitude. At this point, the F-14 aircrews began employing tactics to reduce the effectiveness of the MiG-23s' radars and the 12-mile-range () AA-7 Apex missiles they were potentially carrying. The American aircraft started descending from to fly lower than the Libyan fighters. The drop in altitude was meant to prevent the MiG-23s from detecting the F-14s by using ocean clutter to confuse their onboard radars. The American pilots executed another left turn away from the Libyan aircraft during the descent. Moments after the F-14s created a 30-degree offset, the MiG-23s turned to place themselves back into a collision course and accelerated to .

The air warfare commander on the ''Kennedy'' gave the American aircrews the authority to fire if they believed the MiG-23s were hostile.Gillcrist 1994, p.154. The F-14s turned away from the approaching MiG-23s two more times, and each time, the American aircrews saw the Libyan aircraft turn back toward them for a head-on approach. At 12:00:53, the Radar Intercept Officer (RIO) in the lead F-14, Commander Leo Enwright in ''Gypsy 207'', ordered the arming of the AIM-7 Sparrow and AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles on the American fighters, after what he determined was the fifth time the Libyan aircraft turned back toward them.

The American aircrews armed their weapons when the opposing aircraft were less than away, the two groups closing in on each other at a rate of . At a distance of about , the lead F-14 pilot, Commander Joseph Connelly, made a radio call to the carrier group's air warfare commander to see if there was any additional information in regard to the MiG-23s. There was no response to his call. At 12:01:20 and at a range of , Enwright fired an AIM-7, surprising Connelly, who did not expect to see a missile accelerate away from their aircraft. The missile failed to track toward its target. At a distance of about , Enwright launched a second AIM-7, but it also failed to hit its target.

The MiG-23s continued to fly directly toward the American fighters at . The F-14s executed a defensive split, where both aircraft made turns in opposite directions. Both Libyan fighters turned left to pursue the second F-14, ''Gypsy 202''. Connelly prepared ''Gypsy 207'' for a right turn to get behind the MiG-23s as they went after the other American fighter. With the MiG-23s pointed directly at them, the crew of ''Gypsy 202'' fired a third AIM-7 from roughly away and downed one of the Libyan aircraft.

After executing a sharp right turn, ''Gypsy 207'' gained a position in the rear quadrant of the remaining MiG-23. As the Libyan fighter was turning left and from a distance of , Connelly fired an AIM-9 missile, which downed its target. The second MiG-23 was hit by the AIM-9 at 12:02:36. The F-14s descended to an altitude of several hundred feet and returned at high speed to the carrier group. The Libyan pilots were both seen to successfully eject and parachute into the sea, but it is not known whether the Libyan Air Force was able to successfully recover them.American Fighter Aces Association F-14 Tomcat Panel Discussion."
Youtube, uploaded by The Museum of Flight, 23 June 2018

Aftermath

The following day, Libya accused the U.S. of attacking two unarmed reconnaissance planes which were on a routine mission over international waters. Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi called for a United Nations emergency session to take up the incident.Stanik 2003, p.230. The U.S. claimed the American aircrews acted in self-defense due to demonstrations of hostile intent by the Libyan aircraft.

Two days after the engagement, the Pentagon released photographs taken from the videotapes on the F-14s which, according to U.S. naval intelligence analysts, showed the lead MiG-23 armed with two AA-7 Apex missiles and two AA-8 Aphid missiles.Stanik 2003, p.230. The AA-7 can be either a semi-active radar-homing missile or an infrared-homing (heat-seeking) missile, and it can be fired at another aircraft from head-on. The imagery was used to prove the Libyan fighters were armed and helped support the U.S. position that the MiG-23s were hostile.

The intent for the Libyan aircraft on 4 January is not known for certain.Stanik 2003, p.231. Gaddafi could have believed the U.S. was preparing an attack on the chemical facility in Rabta and ordered his military to see if the aircraft offshore were bombers bound for targets in Libya. The possible reasons for the MiG-23s' flight profile range from a deliberate attack against the battle group to a radio breakdown with ground controllers leading to the Libyan fighters merging with the F-14s.

Details released three months after the incident revealed that the MiG-23s never turned on their fire control radars, needed to guide their AA-7 missiles at maximum range. The turns by the Libyan pilots prior to the first missile launch by the F-14s were considered too slight to be hostile, according to U.S. House Armed Services Committee chairman Les Aspin.Wilson, George C
Despite New Details, Libyan MiG Incident Is Still Puzzling."
''The Washington Post,''26 March 1989. Retrieved: 13 August 2017. Despite these findings, Aspin said the self-defense claim by the U.S. was still justified due to the continued acceleration of the MiG-23s as they closed the distance with the F-14s and Libya's history of firing first.

Legacy

F-14 Tomcat Bureau Numbers ''159437'', ''159610''

At the request of the National Air and Space Museum, the U.S. Navy provided Bureau Number (BuNo) ''159610'' to its Udvar-Hazy location near Dulles International Airport. Although Tomcat BuNo ''159610'' downed the Libyan MiG-23 as a VF-32 F-14A model Tomcat, it returned from that deployment and was entered into the F-14D re-manufacture program, later serving in a precision strike role as a VF-31 F-14D(R).

, BuNo ''159437'' was still stored at the Aircraft Maintenance and Restoration Group (AMARG) facility at Davis-Monthan AFB. One of eight F-14s remaining in the AMARG complex, it has not been scrapped due to impending museum placement.

In popular culture

Parts of the audio of the engagement were used in the 1992 movie '' Under Siege'' and the soundtrack to MicroProse's 1998 video game, Falcon 4.0.

See also

* Hainan Island incident – an incident involving aircraft between the U.S. and China
* Operation Odyssey Dawn
* Pan Am Flight 103
* Ouadi Doum air raid

References

Citations

Bibliography

*
* Gillcrest, Paul T. ''Tomcat!: The Grumman F-14 Story''. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. 1994.
* Stanik, Joseph T. ''El Dorado Canyon: Reagan’s Undeclared War with Qaddafi''. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2003.

External links

Brief description of the incident
story, with details of the radio broadcasts and times.
Libyan Wars, 1980–89, Part 6
– Chemical Reaction, Tom Cooper.
video footage of the incident

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Conflicts in 1989
Gulf of Sidra
Cold War military history of the United States
1989 in the United States
1989 in Libya
Air-to-air combat operations and battles
20th-century aircraft shootdown incidents
Military history of Libya
Libya–United States military relations
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1989
Aviation accidents and incidents in the Mediterranean Sea
January 1989 events in Africa