Grunters or tigerperches are
ray-finned fish
Actinopterygii (; ), members of which are known as ray-finned fishes, is a class of bony fish. They comprise over 50% of living vertebrate species.
The ray-finned fishes are so called because their fins are webs of skin supported by bony or h ...
es in the
family
Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...
Terapontidae (also spelled Teraponidae, Theraponidae or Therapontidae).
This family is part of the
superfamily Percoidea
Percoidea is a superfamily of fish of the order Perciformes. The superfamily includes about 3,374 species.
Classification
The Percoidesa are classified in the 5th Edition of the ''Fishes of the World'' as follows:
* Percoidea
* ...
of the
order Perciformes
Perciformes (), also called the Percomorpha or Acanthopteri, is an order or superorder of ray-finned fish. If considered a single order, they are the most numerous order of vertebrates, containing about 41% of all bony fish. Perciformes means ...
.
Characteristics
The Terapontidae is a large family of small to medium-sized perciform fishes which occur in marine, brackish and fresh waters in the
Indo-Pacific region. They are characterised by a single long-based dorsal fin which has a notch marking the boundary between the spiny and soft-rayed portions. They have small to moderate-sized scales, a continuous
lateral line reaching the caudal fin, and most species lack teeth on the roof of the mouth.
The marine species are found in inshore sea and brackish waters, some species are able to enter extremely saline and fresh waters. In Australia and
New Guinea
New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; id, Papua, or , historically ) is the world's second-largest island with an area of . Located in Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is separated from Australia by the wide Torr ...
there are a number of species restricted to fresh water.
[
]
Classification
The following genera are classified within the family Terpontidae:[
* '' Amniataba'' Whitley, 1943
* '' Hannia'' ]Vari
Vari ( el, Βάρη) is a southern suburb of Athens and former municipality in East Attica, Greece along the Athens coast. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Vari-Voula-Vouliagmeni, of which it is a municipal u ...
, 1978
* '' Helotes'' Cuvier, 1829
* ''Hephaestus
Hephaestus (; eight spellings; grc-gre, Ἥφαιστος, Hḗphaistos) is the Greek god of blacksmiths, metalworking, carpenters, craftsmen, artisans, sculptors, metallurgy, fire (compare, however, with Hestia), and volcanoes.Walter B ...
'' De Vis
Charles Walter de Vis (Birmingham, England, 9 May 1829 – Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 30 April 1915), , 1884
* ''Lagusia
''Lagusia micracanthus'' is a species of fish from the grunter family, Terapontidae, and the only member of the genus ''Lagusia''. It is endemic to rivers, both large and small, in South Sulawesi
South Sulawesi ( id, Sulawesi Selatan) is a pr ...
'' Vari 1978
* ''Leiopotherapon
''Leiopotherapon'' is a genus of fish in the family Terapontidae, the grunters. Three species are endemic to Australia, while ''L. plumbeus'' is from the Philippines. They are mainly found in fresh water, although ''H. unicolor'' also occurs in d ...
'' Fowler, 1931
* ''Mesopristes
''Mesopristes'' is a genus of fish in the family Terapontidae, the grunters. They are found in fresh, brackish and marine waters near the coast in the Indo-Pacific region.
Species include:Froese, R. and D. Pauly, Eds''Mesopristes''.FishBase. 20 ...
'' Bleeker, 1873
* '' Pelates'' Cuvier, 1829
* '' Pelsartia'' Whitley, 1943
* ''Pingalla
''Pingalla'' is a genus of freshwater fish in the family Terapontidae. These fish are native to northern Australia, but one species is also known from New Guinea.
Species include:
*'' Pingalla gilberti'' (Whitley, 1955) - Gilbert's grunter
*''Pi ...
'' Whitley, 1955
* ''Rhynchopelates
The sharpbeak terapon (''Rhynchopelates oxyrhynchus'') is a species of ray-finned fish, a grunter from the family Terapontidae. It is found in the coastal waters of Asia from southern Japan to the Philippines.
Description
The sharpbeak terapon ...
'' Fowler, 1931
* ''Scortum
''Scortum'' is a genus of Australian fresh and brackish water fishes in the family Terapontidae, the grunters.
Species include:Froese, R. and D. Pauly, Eds''Scortum''.FishBase. 2013.
*''Scortum barcoo'' (McCulloch & Waite, 1917) (Barcoo grunt ...
'' Whitley, 1943
* '' Syncomistes'' Vari, 1978
* '' Terapon'' Cuvier, 1816
* '' Variichthys'' Allen Allen, Allen's or Allens may refer to:
Buildings
* Allen Arena, an indoor arena at Lipscomb University in Nashville, Tennessee
* Allen Center, a skyscraper complex in downtown Houston, Texas
* Allen Fieldhouse, an indoor sports arena on the Unive ...
, 1993
Timeline
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from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:Eocene
The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...
from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text: Oligocene
from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:Miocene
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from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text: Plio.
from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text:Pleist.
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from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:Eocene
The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...
from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text: Oligocene
from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:Miocene
The Miocene ( ) is the first epoch (geology), geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and mea ...
from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text: Plio.
from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text:Pleist.
The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the ''Ice age'') is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed in ...
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References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q1433153
Perciformes families