Group of 88

The Group of 88 is the term for those professors at Duke University in North Carolina who in April 2006 were signatories to a controversial advertisement in ''The Chronicle'', the university's student newspaper. The advertisement addressed the Duke lacrosse case that had arisen in mid-March, in which an African-American woman claimed to have been raped by three white members of  Duke's lacrosse team at a party where she was hired as a dancer.

The incident was under police investigation when the ad was published, and the signatories were criticized for commenting on the case at that stage. They said they were trying to start a dialog about issues of race and sexual assault at the university. Because of the lack of forensic evidence and other issues, about a year later the North Carolina Attorney General dropped all charges against the players and declared them to be innocent.

Background

Duke lacrosse case

Crystal Mangum, an African-American student at North Carolina Central University who worked part-time as a stripper, was hired to perform at a party held on March 13, 2006 at the house of two of the lacrosse team's captains in Durham, North Carolina. Several hours after the party, after becoming involved in an altercation that required police assistance, Mangum told police that three white Duke University lacrosse team members had raped her. Her allegations were later shown to be false and without basis.

Background of the ''Chronicle'' advertisement

Publicity about the scandal spread quickly. National media highlighted the class and racial differences between Mangum and the players. Many commentators and observers rushed to judgment.

At an African & African-American Studies forum on March 29 at Duke, organizers invited students "to voice their frustration with the current situation and, it became apparent, with the university as a whole".Yaeger, Don, and Mike Pressler. ''It's Not about the Truth: The Untold Story of the Duke Lacrosse Case and the Lives It Shattered''. New York: Threshold Editions, 2007 pp. 119-121, 256. The students' remarks formed the basis for the advertisement.

The ad, entitled "What Does a Social Disaster Sound Like?", included compiled quotes from students at the forum, who were expressing concerns about conditions at Duke. The page cited anonymous student claims of sexism and racial harassment at the Duke campus. Students were encouraged to continue to express their concerns. Some 88 professors signed their names to the open letter; they came from across various departments and sections of the humanities at the university.

Commentary and criticism

National media

John Podhoretz wrote in the ''New York Post'' that: "The school has perhaps 700 professors who teach undergrads. So, at a moment when Duke students were being shadowed by a rape accusation, one-ninth of their professoriate had effectively declared that those students did not deserve the presumption of innocence – primarily because so many of their fellow students were supposedly being victimized by the atmosphere of 'racism and sexism. Podhoretz quoted Stephen Baldwin, a professor of chemistry who said: "There was a collision between political correctness and due process, and political correctness won."

In Howard Wasserman's book ''Institutional Failures'' (2010), he cites a university investigation at the time into the lacrosse players' personal behavior by Duke Law School professor James Earl Coleman. He found that the players charged with alleged rape were "good students who caused no problems in the class, treated Duke staffers with respect...and had no record of sexist, racist, or other forms of anti-social behavior."Wasserman, Howard M. (ed.), ''Institutional Failures: Duke Lacrosse, Universities, the News Media, and the Legal System'', Ashgate Publishing, December 16, 2010.

Duke students and faculty

Kim Curtis, a visiting associate professor in the Political Science department who specializes in political and feminist theory, was among the signers of the April 2006 piece in ''The Chronicle''.

That semester she failed two members of the lacrosse team who were in one of her classes. When one of them appealed the grade, Duke did not act immediately. Eventually the university administration raised his grade from "F" to "D". Kyle Dowd and his parents sued Curtis and the university. Duke later settled, and recorded his grade as "Pass". Johnson, K.C. & Stuart Taylor Jr. (2010-04-01). ''Until Proven Innocent: Political Correctness and the Shameful Injustices of the Duke Lacrosse Rape Case'' (Kindle Location 4568-4578). Macmillan. Kindle Edition.

Michael Gustafson, a Duke engineering professor cited in Johnson and Taylor's 2010 book, expressed concerns that restrictions on stereotyping had not been observed and after the scandal broke, the student athletes were assumed to be guilty. He suggested that the accused lacrosse players had not been evaluated as individuals, but as caricatures, making it easier for commentators to criticize them.Johnson & Taylor. (2010-04-01). ''Until Proven Innocent: Political Correctness and the Shameful Injustices of the Duke Lacrosse Rape Case'' (Kindle Locations 3114-3121). Macmillan. Kindle Edition.

English professor Cathy Davidson was among those who signed the ad. She published an Opinion piece in the ''Raleigh News & Observer'' in January 2007, saying that the ad "expressed the anguish of students who felt demeaned by racist and sexist remarks swirling around in the media and on the campus quad in the aftermath of what happened on March 13 in the lacrosse house."Davidson, Cathy. "In the Aftermath of a Social Disaster", ''Raleigh News & Observer'', January 5, 2007, pg A18; Quoted in the book ''Institutional Failures''.

In 2007, ten months after the April 10 open letter or advertisement in ''The Chronicle'', a group of 17 economics faculty signed an alternative petition, stating "the Group of 88 does not speak for all Duke faculty".

Clarifying letter

Numerous professors who had signed the open letter continued to be concerned as the case was investigated. They established a website entitled Concerned Duke Faculty. On January 16, 2007, "An Open Letter to the Duke Community" was posted at the website. It was signed by 87 faculty members, many of whom had been among the "Group of 88".

They said that the original piece had had been misinterpreted and that they had intended it to address issues of racism and sexism in the community, not to prejudge the Mangum alleged rape case: "We reject all attempts to try the case outside the courts, and stand firmly by the principle of the presumption of innocence." They also refused "to retract the ad or apologize for it." Their January letter said that Duke fosters an "atmosphere that allows sexism, racism, and sexual violence to be so prevalent on campus."Johnson & Taylor. (2010-04-01). ''Until Proven Innocent: Political Correctness and the Shameful Injustices of the Duke Lacrosse Rape Case'' (Kindle Locations 6881-6886). Macmillan. Kindle Edition.

Aftermath

In 2007 the North Carolina Attorney General dropped charges against the lacrosse players and declared them innocent.

A 2007 poll of Duke faculty found that 82 percent of those responding were "troubled by the actions by the Group of 88."

References

External links

{{Duke University

2006 in lacrosse
2006 in North Carolina
2007 in North Carolina
Academic scandals
Duke Blue Devils men's lacrosse
History of Durham, North Carolina
Mass media-related controversies in the United States
Race and law in the United States
Duke University faculty