The Grenville Province is a tectonically complex region, in Eastern Canada, that contains many different aged accreted terranes from various origins. It exists southeast of the Grenville Front and extends from

Labrador , nickname = "The Big Land" , etymology = , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = Canada , subdivision_type1 = Province , subdivision_name1 ...

southwestern to

Lake Huron Lake Huron ( ) is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. Hydrology, Hydrologically, it comprises the easterly portion of Lake Michigan–Huron, having the same surface elevation as Lake Michigan, to which it is connected by the , Strait ...

. It is bounded by the

St. Lawrence River The St. Lawrence River (french: Fleuve Saint-Laurent, ) is a large river in the middle latitudes of North America. Its headwaters begin flowing from Lake Ontario in a (roughly) northeasterly direction, into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, connecting ...

/ Seaway to the southeast. The Grenville Front separates the Grenville Province from the

Superior Craton The Superior Craton is a stable crustal block covering Quebec, Ontario, and southeast Manitoba in Canada, and northern Minnesota in the United States. It is the biggest craton among those formed during the Archean period. A craton is a large part ...

. Adjacent to the Grenville Front is the Parautochthonous Belt. The Parautochthonous Belt is made of rocks originally derived from the Superior Craton, which have been metamorphosed and reworked since their emplacement. The rocks to the southwest of the Parautochthonous Belt are various accreted terranes that have been thrust upon or emplaced during the various tectonic events that have taken place from 2.0-0.98 billion years ago. The compositions of these terranes are unique and have distinct depleted mantle model ages. During the formation of the Grenville Province, the type of tectonism changed. The earliest stages of formation were dominated by arrested subduction. The type of tectonism then changed to flat slab subduction. In the late stages of formation the tectonism changed to collisional orogenesis. Although there has been many studies done on the Grenville Province, the origins of the various terranes are still not fully understood and may never be fully known.

Subdivisions of the Grenville Province

Central Metasedimentary Belt

The Central Metasedimentary Boundary Thrust Zone makes up the northwestern boundary of the Central Metasedimentary Belt. It was created during the Shawinigan Orogeny (1.19-1.14 Ga). The Central Metasedimentary Belt is bordered to the south by Phanerozoic sedimentary rocks and

Lake Ontario Lake Ontario is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. It is bounded on the north, west, and southwest by the Canadian province of Ontario, and on the south and east by the U.S. state of New York. The Canada–United States border sp ...

. In the northeastern central Metasedimentary Belt, the rocks are composed of Orthogneiss. The region is known as the Bondy and LaCoste domical complexes. In the southwestern Metasedimentary Belt, the rocks are tonalitic to granitic orthogneisses. Nd model ages of the Central Metasedimentary Belt range from 1.55-1.4 Ga. The origin of this area can be attributed to rifting (which made the accommodation for the sediments) and subsequent thrusting from the collision with Amazonia.

Barillia

Barillia is located northeast of Lake Huron. It is bound by the

allochthon upright=1.6, Schematic overview of a thrust system. The hanging wall block is (when it has reasonable proportions) called a nappe. If an erosional hole is created in the nappe that is called a window (geology)">window. A klippe is a solitary out ...

boundary thrust and Algonquia to the south, and Laurentia to the north. It is an accreted arc that was accreted during the

Penokean orogeny The Penokean orogeny was a mountain-building episode that occurred in the early Proterozoic about 1.86 to 1.83 billion years ago, in the area of Lake Superior, North America. The core of this orogeny, the Churchill Craton, is composed of terranes ...

. Barillia's composition is calc-alkaline granitic gneiss. Nd model ages of Barillia are around 1.90 Ga.

Makkovikia

Makkovikia is located in eastern Labrador. It was created during the Makkovik orogeny. An Andean-type arc developed and was accreted onto the preexisting continental rocks. Makkovikia's composition is rather complicated. The Kaipokok domain has both Archean crust and Paleoproterozoic volcanics and sedimentary rocks. Within the Aillik and Cape Harrison domains, there are plutonic rocks. Nd model ages of Makkovikia are around 1.90 Ga.

Labradoria

Labradoria is located in northeastern

Québec Quebec ( ; )According to the Government of Canada, Canadian government, ''Québec'' (with the acute accent) is the official name in Canadian French and ''Quebec'' (without the accent) is the province's official name in Canadian English is ...

. Labradoria is part of an Andean style arc that accreted around 1.67-1.66 Ga. It was later intruded by continental arc plutons during Pinwarian orogeny. It is composied of calc-alkaline batholiths. Nd model ages of Labradoria are around 1.70. Ga.

Quebecia

Quebecia is located in central Québec near

Baie-Comeau Baie-Comeau (; 2021 city population 20,687; CA population 26,643) is a city located approximately north-east of Quebec City in the Côte-Nord region of the province of Quebec, Canada. It is located on the shores of the Saint Lawrence River nea ...

and Forestville. It is bordered to the south by the St. Lawrence River. Quebecia is an accreted arc and is calk-alkaline in composition. Nd model ages of Quebecia are around 1.55 Ga.

Mekinac

Mekinac is located northeast of Ottawa, Canada. It was created with Andean-style magmatism. The origin is not fully understood, but is thought to be related to the origin of the Adirondacks. This makes it related to the Shawinigan orogeny. Its composition is tonalitic gneiss. Nd model ages of Mekinac are around 1.4-1.5 Ga.

Morin

Morin is located near Ottawa, Canada. It was a terrane that was thrust up during the Shawinigan orogeny around 1.19-1.16 Ga. Its composition is Anorthosite-mangerite-charnockite-granite. Nd model ages of Morin are around 1.3-1.5 Ga.

Adirondacks

The Adirondacks are located in northeastern New York, United States. The Adirondacks were accreted during the Shawinigan orogeny. This is evidenced by the deformation in the allochtonous monocyclic belt. The Highlands and Lowlands of the Adirondacks were separated before the Shawinigan orogeny. This is evidenced by differing compositions of plutonic rocks. Only the Highlands experienced Ottawan high-temperature metamorphism while the Lowlands displaced along Carthage-Colton shear zone and ended up next to Highlands. The composition of the Southern Adirondacks consists of orthoquartzite. In the Adirondack Lowlands there are ophiolites and calc-alkaline granitoids. In the Adirondack Highlands orthogneisses are present with metapelitic

migmatite Migmatite is a composite rock found in medium and high-grade metamorphic environments, commonly within Precambrian cratonic blocks. It consists of two or more constituents often layered repetitively: one layer is an older metamorphic rock tha ...

s. The Adirondacks as a whole do not contain Archean zircons and therefore rocks are not sourced from Laurentia. It has a Nd model age ranging from 1.3-1.5 Ga.

Algonquia

Algonquia is located east of the

Georgian Bay Georgian Bay (french: Baie Georgienne) is a large bay of Lake Huron, in the Laurentia bioregion. It is located entirely within the borders of Ontario, Canada. The main body of the bay lies east of the Bruce Peninsula and Manitoulin Island. To ...

in Ontario, Canada. It was an allochthon that was thrust up onto existing continental rock. The plutonic ages do not match surrounding rocks, which gives evidence of it being an exotic terrane. Algonquia's composition is orthogneiss, diorite, and quartz-dioritic orthogneiss. Its Nd model age is between 1.6-1.9 Ga.

Parry Sound

Parry Sound is located east of the Georgian Bay in Ontario, Canada. Parry Sound is a

nappe In geology, a nappe or thrust sheet is a large sheetlike body of rock (geology), rock that has been moved more than or above a thrust fault from its original position. Nappes form in compressional tectonic settings like continental collision z ...

that was thrust up on existing continental rock. This is proven by the similarities of the compositions to the Central Metasedimentary Belt and the Adirondack Highlands. The quartzite is evidence that the three terranes were all continuous at one point due to the zircons contained within it matching the Central Metasedimentary Belt and the Adirondack Highlands. Parry Sound is composed of migmatitic quartzite, gneiss, anorthosite, and gabbro. Its Nd model age is around 1.4-1.6 Ga.

Overall tectonic history

The ductile lower crust of the

s allowed for the terranes to be accreted on the continental margin via a lower crustal indenter. Later events such as late-stage thrusting and extension can be attributed to gravitational spreading.

Collision Zone Changes

In the

Paleoproterozoic The Paleoproterozoic Era (;, also spelled Palaeoproterozoic), spanning the time period from (2.5–1.6 Ga), is the first of the three sub-divisions (eras) of the Proterozoic Eon. The Paleoproterozoic is also the longest era of the Earth's ...

, the Grenville Province was controlled b
arrested subduction
During the beginning stages of the

Mesoproterozoic The Mesoproterozoic Era is a geologic era that occurred from . The Mesoproterozoic was the first era of Earth's history for which a fairly definitive geological record survives. Continents existed during the preceding era (the Paleoproterozoic), ...

(1.60-1.23 Ga) the Grenville Province was controlled by

flat slab subduction Flat slab subduction is characterized by a low subduction angle (<30 degrees to horizontal) beyond the

seismogenic layer

. By the later stages of the Mesoproterozoic (1.23-0.90 Ga), the Grenville Province was controlled by pressure-point orogenesis.

Arrested Subduction

= Makkovikian (1.89-1.80 Ga)

= Penokean (1.86-1.83 Ga)

= The Algonquian terrane was accreted during this orogeny.

= Pre-Labradorian (>1.71 Ga)

= Juvenile crust was developed without interaction of the older crustal material. Terranes accreted during this time are related to the Makkovikian and Penokean orogenies.

= Labradorian (1.71-1.66 Ga)

= A calc-alkaline arc was accreted on preexisting

Laurentia Laurentia or the North American Craton is a large continental craton that forms the ancient geological core of North America. Many times in its past, Laurentia has been a separate continent, as it is now in the form of North America, although ...

= Collisional Orogenesis (~1.66 Ga)

= Metamorphism of the arc and preexisting Laurentia took place creating

mylonite Mylonite is a fine-grained, compact metamorphic rock produced by dynamic recrystallization of the constituent minerals resulting in a reduction of the grain size of the rock. Mylonites can have many different mineralogical compositions; it is a cl ...

zones.

= Trans-Labradorian Magmatism (1.65-1.62 Ga)

= Crustal thickening represented by the accreted arc on preexisting Laurentia caused magmatism.

= Late Labradorian (1.62-1.60 Ga)

= A passive margin that accumulated sediment formed due to lack of tectonic activity.

Flat Slab Subduction

The subduction zone central location changes from south to north during this time.

= Post-Labradorian and pre-Pinwarian (1.60-1.52 Ga)

= There is a continuation of the passive margin during this time.

= Pinwarian (1.52-1.46 Ga)

= Felsic magmatism dominates this time period. The cause of the magmatism is debated between an extensional setting or a continental-margin arc. The name is in relation to the ensuing orogeny and metamorphism.

= Early to mid-Elsonian (1.46-1.29 Ga)

= Pinwarian magmatism has stopped by this time.

Gabbro Gabbro () is a phaneritic (coarse-grained), mafic intrusive igneous rock formed from the slow cooling of magnesium-rich and iron-rich magma into a holocrystalline mass deep beneath the Earth's surface. Slow-cooling, coarse-grained gabbro is che ...

s were formed in the northern Grenville Province around 1.46-1.43 Ga, named the Michael-Shabogamo gabbros. From 1.42 to 1.35 Ga, there is no magmatic activity. After this period and until the end of the mid-Elsonian, the Nain Plutonic Suite is emplaced in Labrador.

= Late Elsonian (1.29-1.23 Ga)

= Felsic magmatism dominates the north and south areas of Labrador while mafic magmatism dominates the central area of Labrador.

Collisional Orogenesis

= Elzevirian Orogenesis (1.23-1.18 Ga)

= Felsic magmatism ceases and accretion of island arcs occurs in the Central Metasedimentary Belt.

= Post-Elzevirian and Pre-Grenvillian (1.18-1.08 Ga)

= Mixed compression and extension caused broad mafic magmatism during this time. This could be related to the Shawinigan orogeny which occurred in the southwestern region of the Grenville Province.

= Grenvillian (1.08-0.98 Ga)

= During this time, deformation and metamorphism was widely spread throughout the entire Grenville Province but the level of intensity varied. The exterior section of the province was subject to more deformation and metamorphism, while the interior was subject to more magmatism. The magmatism was exclusively in preexisting crust.

References

{{reflist Geology of Eastern Canada