Greenside Darter

The greenside darter (''Etheostoma blennioides'') is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It inhabits swift riffles in the eastern United States and southern Ontario.

Biology

Greenside darters typically live for three to five years, grow to a maximum of 5.2 inches (132 mm) standard length and sexually mature at one to two years of age. Greenside darters are reproductively active from February to April in the Midwest and Southeastern United States. Spawning occurs over algae- or moss-covered rocks in deep, swift riffles that are guarded by males that vigorously defended against intruders. Females linger in pools below the riffle and move into a male's territory when ready to spawn. Eggs are viscous and stick together in small clumps on green algae (''Cladophora''), moss (''Fontinalis''), and riverweed (Podostemaceae). ''E. blennioides'' is insectivorous, with analyzed gut contents containing Nematocera larvae, more specifically black fly and midge (Chironomidae) larvae. Significant numbers of mayfly (Ephemeroptera) and caddisfly (Trichoptera) nymphs were also found.

Characteristics

The greenside darters have an elongated body with a long and rounded snout. The dorsum is greenish-brown, with six or seven dark quadrate saddles and the sides with five to eight dark green, typically U- or W-shaped blotches. The nape, cheeks, opercle, and belly are completely scaled, with the breast naked. The anal fin has six to 10 rays (usually eight) and 13-16 pectoral fin rays, and both are bright green in breeding males; caudal fins are yellowish to clear; dorsal fin rays number 12-15, with red basal bands; breeding males have intensely bluish-green nasal and oral areas and sometimes black on the head.

Conservation

''E. blennioides'' is currently secure throughout its range, except in Mississippi, where its habitat was altered by the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway.

Distribution

The ''E. blennioides'' subspecies are believed to have diverged in separate drainage systems and glacial refugia during the Pleistocene ice ages, which destroyed older connections and shaped new river systems.
* ''E. b. blennioides'' (northern greenside darter) ranges throughout the Ohio River basin and northeast into the Potomac and upper Genesee Rivers.
* ''E. b. newmanii'' (highlands greenside darter) occurs in the Cumberland and Tennessee River drainages of Alabama, Kentucky, and Tennessee; it also occurs in the Arkansas, Ouachita, St. Francis, and White Rivers of Arkansas and Missouri.
* ''E. b. pholidotum'' (central greenside darter) occurs in north-flowing rivers of the northern Ozarks, the Wabash basin, the Maumee River drainage, and along the shores of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.

Etymology

* ''Etheostoma'': meaning filter or strain and meaning mouth
* ''E. b. blennioides'': referring to its resemblance to the Mediterranean blennies Constantine S. Rafinesque knew in his early years
* ''E. b. newmanii'': patronymic for Francis H. Newman, aquatic biologist, who collected the type specimen
* ''E. b. pholidotum'': meaning scaled, referring to its fully scaled belly.

Habitat

Greenside darters inhabit gravel riffles of large creeks to medium rivers and often are found in swift waters over large boulders and large rubble.

Systematics

The greenside darter was first formally described in 1819 by the French naturalist Constantine Samuel Rafinesque (1783-1840) with the type locality given as the Ohio River. Rafinesque placed the new species in a new genus ''Etheostoma'' and it was subsequently designated as the type species of that genus by Louis Agassiz in 1854. Rafinesque gave the species the specific name ''blennoidies'' because of its resemblance to the blennies.

As previously stated, Miller (1968) concluded the ''E. blennioides'' complex consists of the four subspecies above. Unpublished studies by Richard L. Mayden and colleagues indicate ''E. b. newmanii'' from the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers may be a valid species and distinct from other members of the complex. The former subspecies, ''E. b. gustelli'' has recently been re-elevated to species status, ''Etheostoma gustelli'' (Tuckasegee darter) based on lack of hybridization.

''Etheostoma blennioides'' belongs to the subgenus ''Etheostoma'' that contains these species:
* ''E. blennius'' (blenny darter)
* ''E. gutselli'' (Tuckasegee darter)
* ''E. histrio'' (harlequin darter)
* ''E. inscriptum'' (turquoise darter)
* ''E. lynceum'' (brighteye darter)
* ''E. rupestre'' (rock darter)
* ''E. sellare'' (Maryland darter)
* ''E. swannanoa'' (Swannanoa darter)
* ''E. thalassinum'' (seagreen darter)
* ''E. zonale'' (banded darter)

''Etheostoma blennioides'' is further nested within the greenside darter group that contains ''E. blennius'', ''E. gutselli'', ''E. inscriptum'', ''E. swannanoa'', and ''E. thalassinum''.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q3753866

Etheostoma
Fish described in 1819
Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
Freshwater fish of North America