Green anarchism (or eco-anarchism"green anarchism (also called eco-anarchism)"

in '' An Anarchist FAQ'' by various authors.) is an anarchist school of thought that puts a particular emphasis on ecology and environmental issues. A green anarchist theory is normally one that extends

anarchism Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is skeptical of all justifications for authority and seeks to abolish the institutions it claims maintain unnecessary coercion and hierarchy, typically including, though not necessa ...

beyond a critique of human interactions and includes a critique of the interactions between humans and non-humans as well. Beyond human liberation, green anarchist praxis can extend to some form of non-human, total liberation and an environmentally sustainable anarchist society. The two main tendencies of green anarchism are anarcho-primitivism, which offers a critique of technology and argues that anarchism is best suited to uncivilised ways of life, and

social ecology Social ecology may refer to: * Social ecology (academic field), the study of relationships between people and their environment, often the interdependence of people, collectives and institutions * Social ecology (Bookchin), a theory about the relat ...

, which argues that the hierarchical domination of nature by human stems from the hierarchical domination of human by human.

Mid-20th century

The English anarchist

Ethel Mannin Ethel Edith Mannin (6 October 1900 – 5 December 1984) was a popular British novelist and travel writer, political activist and socialist. She was born in London. Life and career Mannin's father, Robert Mannin (d. 1948) was a member of the So ...

's 1944 book ''Bread and Roses: A Utopian Survey and Blue-Print'' contained ecological themes. The green anarchist

Murray Bookchin Murray Bookchin (January 14, 1921 – July 30, 2006) was an American social theorist, author, orator, historian, and political philosopher. A pioneer in the environmental movement, Bookchin formulated and developed the theory of social ec ...

directly connected anarchism with ecology in his 1965 essay ''Ecology and Revolutionary Thought'', drawing from the anarcho-communism of

Peter Kropotkin Pyotr Alexeyevich Kropotkin (; russian: link=no, Пётр Алексе́евич Кропо́ткин ; 9 December 1842 – 8 February 1921) was a Russian anarchist, socialist, revolutionary, historian, scientist, philosopher, and activis ...

's ''

Fields, Factories, and Workshops ''Fields, Factories, and Workshops'' is an 1899 book by anarchist Peter Kropotkin that discusses the decentralization of industries, possibilities of agriculture, and uses of small industries. Before this book on economics, Kropotkin had been k ...

'', as well as work by the "proto-green-anarchists"

Herbert Read Sir Herbert Edward Read, (; 4 December 1893 – 12 June 1968) was an English art historian, poet, literary critic and philosopher, best known for numerous books on art, which included influential volumes on the role of art in education. Read ...

and Paul Goodman.

Contemporary developments

Contemporary writers such as

and Alan Carter have claimed anarchism to be the only political ideology capable of addressing climate change.

Direct action

Some green anarchists engage in

direct action Direct action originated as a political activist term for economic and political acts in which the actors use their power (e.g. economic or physical) to directly reach certain goals of interest, in contrast to those actions that appeal to oth ...

(not to be confused with

ecoterrorism Eco-terrorism is an act of violence which is committed in support of environmental causes, against people or property. The United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) defines eco-terrorism as "...the use or threatened use of violence o ...

). Organizing themselves through groups like Earth First!,

Root Force Earth First! is a radical environmental advocacy group that originated in the Southwestern United States. It was founded in 1980 by Dave Foreman, Mike Roselle, Howie Wolke, Bart Koehler, and Ron Kezar. Today there are Earth First! groups around t ...

, or more drastically the Earth Liberation Front ELF,

Earth Liberation Army The Earth Liberation Army (ELA), similar to the Earth Liberation Front (ELF), is the collective name for anonymous and autonomous individuals or groups that use "economic sabotage and guerrilla warfare to stop the exploitation and destruction of th ...

(ELA) and Animal Liberation Front (ALF). They may take direct action against what they see as

systems of oppression A system is a group of interacting or interrelated elements that act according to a set of rules to form a unified whole. A system, surrounded and influenced by its environment, is described by its boundaries, structure and purpose and expresse ...

, such as the logging industry, the

meat Meat is animal flesh that is eaten as food. Humans have hunted, farmed, and scavenged animals for meat since prehistoric times. The establishment of settlements in the Neolithic Revolution allowed the domestication of animals such as chic ...

and dairy industries, animal testing laboratories, genetic engineering facilities and, more rarely, government institutions. Such actions are usually, though not always, non-violent, with groups such as

The Olga Cell ''The'' () is a grammatical Article (grammar), article in English language, English, denoting persons or things already mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite ...

attempting assassinations of nuclear scientists, and other related groups sending letterbombs to nano tech and nuclear tech-related targets.

References

* Biehl, Janet. ''Finding our Way. Rethinking Ecofeminist Politics'' (1991) . * Biehl, Janet. ''Ecofascism: Lessons from the German Experience'' (1996) . * Biehl, Janet. ''The Politics of Social Ecology: Libertarian Municipalism'' (1997) . * Biehl, Janet. ''The Murray Bookchin Reader'' (1997) . * Biehl, Janet. ''Mumford Gutkind Bookchin: The Emergence of Eco-Decentralism'' (2011) . * Biehl, Janet and Staudenmaier, Peter). ''Ecofascism: Lessons from the German Experience'' (1995). * Bookchin, Murray. ''

Our Synthetic Environment This is a list of works by Murray Bookchin (1921–2006). For a more complete list, please see thBookchin bibliographycompiled by Janet Biehl. Books * ''Our Synthetic Environment'' (1962, as Lewis Herber) * ''Crisis in Our Cities'' (1965, ...

'' (1962) published under the pseudonym of Lewis Herber. * Bookchin, Murray. ''

Post-Scarcity Anarchism ''Post-Scarcity Anarchism'' is a collection of essays by Murray Bookchin, first published in 1971 by Ramparts Press. In it, Bookchin outlines the possible form anarchism might take under conditions of post-scarcity. One of Bookchin's major works ...

'' (1971 and 2004) . * Bookchin, Murray. ''The Limits of the City'' (1973) . * Bookchin, Murray. ''Toward an Ecological Society'' (1980) . * Bookchin, Murray. ''The Rise of Urbanization and the Decline of Citizenship'' (1987 and 1992) . * Bookchin, Murray. ''The Philosophy of Social Ecology: Essays on Dialectical Naturalism'' (1990 and 1996) Montreal: Black Rose Books . * Bookchin, Murray. ''Re-Enchanting Humanity'' (1995) . * Bookchin, Murray. ''Social Ecology and Communalism'', with Eirik Eiglad, AK Press, 2007. * CrimethInc. '' Days of War, Nights of Love'' – Crimethink For Beginners (2001). * CrimethInc. ''

Recipes for Disaster CrimethInc., also known as CWC, which stands for either "CrimethInc. Ex-Workers Collective" or "CrimethInc Ex-Workers Ex-Collective", is a decentralized anarchist collective of autonomous cells. * * * CrimethInc. emerged in the mid-1990s, init ...

'' – An Anarchist Cookbook (2004). * CrimethInc. '' Expect Resistance'' – A crimethink field manual (2007). * CrimethInc. '' Work'' – An economic and ethical analysis of capitalism (2011). * Ellul, Jacques. ''La technique ou l'enjeu du siècle''. Paris: Armand Colin, 1954. Paris: Économica, 1990 and 2008. * Ellul, Jacques. ''The Technological Society''. Trans. John Wilkinson. New York: Knopf, 1964. London: Jonathan Cape, 1965. Rev. ed.: New York: Knopf/Vintage, 1967. with introduction by Robert K. Merton (professor of sociology, Columbia University). * Ellul, Jacques. ''The Technological System''. Trans. Joachim Neugroschel. New York: Continuum, 1980. * Glendinning, Chellis
My Name Is Chellis and I’m in Recovery from Western Civilization
''. Gabriola BC Canada: New Society Publishers/New Catalyst/ Sustainability Classics, 2007; and Boston: Shambhala Publications, 1994. *

Jensen, Derrick Derrick Jensen (born December 19, 1960) is an American ecophilosopher, writer, author, teacher and environmentalist in the anarcho-primitivist tradition, though he rejects the label " anarchist". ''Utne Reader'' named Jensen among "50 Visiona ...

. 1995, ''Listening to the Land: Conversations about Nature, Culture, and Eros'' (with George Draffan and John Osborn),

Sierra Club Books Sierra Club Books was the publishing division, for both adults and children, of the Sierra Club, founded in by then club President David Brower. They were a United States publishing company located in San Francisco, California with a concentrat ...

, Republished 2004 by Chelsea Green Publishing Company, . *

. 1995, ''Railroads and Clearcuts: Legacy of Congress's 1864 Northern Pacific Railroad Land Grant'' (with George Draffan and John Osborn), Keokee Company Publishing, . *

. 2000, ''

A Language Older Than Words Derrick Jensen (born December 19, 1960) is an American ecophilosopher, writer, author, teacher and environmentalist in the anarcho-primitivist tradition, though he rejects the label " anarchist". ''Utne Reader'' named Jensen among "50 Visiona ...

'', Context Books, Republished 2004 by Chelsea Green Publishing Company, . *

. 2002 ''

The Culture of Make Believe Derrick Jensen (born December 19, 1960) is an American ecophilosopher, writer, author, teacher and environmentalist in the anarcho-primitivist tradition, though he rejects the label " anarchist". ''Utne Reader'' named Jensen among "50 Visiona ...

'', New York: Context Books, Republished 2004 by Chelsea Green Publishing Company, . *

. 2003, ''Strangely Like War: The Global Assault on Forests'' (with George Draffan), Chelsea Green, . *

. 2004, ''Welcome to the Machine: Science, Surveillance, and the Culture of Control'' (with George Draffan), Chelsea Green Publishing Company, . *

. 2005, ''Walking on Water: Reading, Writing, and Revolution'', Chelsea Green, . *

. 2006, '' Endgame, Volume 1: The Problem of Civilization'', Seven Stories Press, . *

. 2006, ''Endgame, Volume 2: Resistance'', Seven Stories Press, . *

. 2007, ''Thought to Exist in the Wild: Awakening from the Nightmare of Zoos'' (with Karen Tweedy-Holmes), No Voice Unheard, . *

. 2007, ''As the World Burns: 50 Simple Things You Can Do to Stay in Denial'' (with Stephanie McMillan), Seven Stories Press, . *

. 2008, ''How Shall I Live My Life?: On Liberating the Earth from Civilization'', PM Press, . *

. 2010, ''Lives Less Valuable'', PM Press, . *

. 2010, ''Resistance Against Empire'', PM Press, . *

. 2010, ''Mischief in the Forest: A Yarn Yarn'' (with Stephanie McMillan), PM Press, . *

. 2011, ''Deep Green Resistance'' (with

Lierre Keith Lierre Keith (; born 1964) is an American writer, Radical feminism, radical feminist, food activist, and Radical environmentalism, radical environmentalist. Biography Keith attended Brookline High School in Massachusetts. She began her public inv ...

and Aric McBay), Seven Stories Press, . *

. 2011, ''Truths Among Us: Conversations on Building a New Culture'', PM Press, . *

. 2012, ''The Derrick Jensen Reader: Writings on Environmental Revolution'' (edited by

), Seven Stories Press, . *

. 2012, ''Earth at Risk: Building a Resistance Movement to Save the Planet'' (edited by D.J. and

), PM Press, . * Kohr, Leopold. ''The Breakdown of Nations'', Routledge & K. Paul, 1957
1986 Routledge version at books.google.com
; Chelsea Green Publishing Company edition, 2001. * Kohr, Leopold. ''The Overdeveloped Nations: The Diseconomies Of Scale'', Schocken, 1978. * Kohr, Leopold.
"Disunion Now: A Plea for a Society based upon Small Autonomous Units"
originally published in The Commonweal (26 September 1941) under the pseudonym Hans Koh
''Telos''
91 (Spring 1992). New York: Telos Press. 1941. * Mannin, Ethel. ''Small is Beautiful: Selected Writings from the complete works.'' Posthumous collection, Vienna, 1995. * Mannin, Ethel. ''Bread and Roses: A Utopian Survey and Blue-Print''. 1944. * Perlman, Fredy. Against His-Story, Against Leviathanbr>
* Isaac Puente, Puente, Isaac. ''El Comunismo Libertario y otras proclamas insurreccionales y naturistas.'' 1933. * Thoreau, Henry David. ''

Walden; or, Life in the Woods ''Walden'' (; first published in 1854 as ''Walden; or, Life in the Woods'') is a book by American transcendentalist writer Henry David Thoreau. The text is a reflection upon the author's simple living in natural surroundings. The work is part ...

''. 1854. * Zerzan, John. ''Future Primitive Revisited''. Feral House, May 2012. * Zerzan, John. ''Origins of the 1%: The Bronze Age'' pamphlet.

Left Bank Books :''Note: There are independent bookstores named "Left Bank Books" in Belfast, Maine, in St. Louis, and in New York City.'' Left Bank Books Collective is an anarchist bookstore, founded in 1973, in Seattle, Washington. It is located at 92 Pike Stre ...

, 2012. * Zerzan, John. ''Origins: A John Zerzan Reader''. Joint publication of FC Press and Black and Green Press, 2010. * Zerzan, John. ''Twilight of the Machines''. Feral House, 2008. * Zerzan, John. ''Running On Emptiness''. Feral House, 2002. * Zerzan, John. ''Against Civilization'' (editor). Uncivilized Books, 1999; Expanded edition, Feral House, 2005. * Zerzan, John. ''Future Primitive''. Autonomedia, 1994. * Zerzan, John. ''Questioning Technology'' (co-edited with Alice Carnes). Freedom Press, 1988; 2d edition, New Society, 1991, . * Zerzan, John. ''Elements of Refusal''. Left Bank Books, 1988; 2d edition, C.A.L. Press, 1999.

Mid-20th century

Contemporary developments

Direct action

See also

References

Further reading

External links