Greek colonization was an organised

colonial expansion Colonial or The Colonial may refer to: * Colonial, of, relating to, or characteristic of a colony or colony (biology) Architecture * American colonial architecture * French Colonial * Spanish Colonial architecture Automobiles * Colonial (1920 au ...

by the Archaic Greeks into the

Mediterranean Sea The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the ea ...

and

Black Sea The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea of the Atlantic Ocean lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bounded by Bulgaria, Georgia, Roma ...

in the period of the 8th–6th centuries BC. This colonization differed from the migrations of the

Greek Dark Ages The term Greek Dark Ages refers to the period of Greek history from the end of the Mycenaean palatial civilization, around 1100 BC, to the beginning of the Archaic age, around 750 BC. Archaeological evidence shows a widespread collaps ...

in that it consisted of organised direction (see

Oikistes The ''oikistes'' ( gr, οἰκιστής), often anglicized as oekist or oecist, was the individual chosen by an ancient Greek polis ''Polis'' (, ; grc-gre, πόλις, ), plural ''poleis'' (, , ), literally means "city" in Greek. In Ancien ...

) by the originating

metropolis A metropolis () is a large city or conurbation which is a significant economic, political, and cultural center for a country or region, and an important hub for regional or international connections, commerce, and communications. A big c ...

instead of the simple movement of tribes which characterized the earlier migrations. Many colonies () that were founded in this period evolved into strong

city-states A city-state is an independent sovereign city which serves as the center of political, economic, and cultural life over its contiguous territory. They have existed in many parts of the world since the dawn of history, including cities such as ...

and became independent of their metropolis.

Reasons for colonization

Reasons for colonization had to do with the demographic explosion of this period, the development of the emporium, the need for a secure supply of raw materials, but also with the emerging politics of the period that drove sections of the population into exile. Population growth created a scarcity of farmland and a restriction of the ability of smallholders to farm it, which was similar in every city-state. In places with surplus population, this led to a demand for additional living space. The location of each colonial establishment was dictated by the supply of unexploited resources that would provide the metropolis, as well as the finished goods it would produce. The development of the emporium was among the more important motivations for the founding of a colony. The colonies created new markets, supplied the metropolis with significant raw materials and constituted important way stations on the long-distance trade journeys of the era. Finally, the troubled political situation in many cities, along with the establishment of

tyrannical A tyrant (), in the modern English usage of the word, is an absolute ruler who is unrestrained by law, or one who has usurped a legitimate ruler's sovereignty. Often portrayed as cruel, tyrants may defend their positions by resorting to rep ...

government, drove the political opposition into exile and into a search for new places of residence.

Characteristics of the colonization

The founding of the colonies was consistently an organised enterprise. The launch was organized by the metropolis, although in many cases they collaborated with other cities. The place to be colonized was selected in advance with the goal of offering business advantages, but also security from raiders. In order to create a feeling of security and confidence in relation to the new colony, the choice of place was decided according to its usefulness. The mission always included a leader nominated by the colonists. In the new cities, the colonists parceled out the land, including farms. The system of governance usually took a form reminiscent of that which prevailed in the metropolis.

Timing

The first founders of colonies were the Euboeans, who founded colonies at the beginning of the 8th century B.C. in Southern Italy and

Chalcidice Chalkidiki (; el, Χαλκιδική , also spelled Halkidiki, is a peninsula and regional unit of Greece, part of the region of Central Macedonia, in the geographic region of Macedonia in Northern Greece. The autonomous Mount Athos region c ...

. The two most powerful states on Euboea,

Chalcis Chalcis ( ; Ancient Greek & Katharevousa: , ) or Chalkida, also spelled Halkida (Modern Greek: , ), is the chief town of the island of Euboea or Evia in Greece, situated on the Euripus Strait at its narrowest point. The name is preserved from ...

and

Eretria Eretria (; el, Ερέτρια, , grc, Ἐρέτρια, , literally 'city of the rowers') is a town in Euboea, Greece, facing the coast of Attica across the narrow South Euboean Gulf. It was an important Greek polis in the 6th and 5th centur ...

founded numerous colonies in Chalcidice, the most important of which was

Olynthus Olynthus ( grc, Ὄλυνθος ''Olynthos'', named for the ὄλυνθος ''olunthos'', "the fruit of the wild fig tree") was an ancient city of Chalcidice Chalkidiki (; el, Χαλκιδική , also spelled Halkidiki, is a peninsula and ...

, and they were the first to found colonies in Southern Italy. The first colony that they founded there was

Pithecusae Ischia ( , , ) is a volcanic island in the Tyrrhenian Sea. It lies at the northern end of the Gulf of Naples, about from Naples. It is the largest of the Phlegrean Islands. Roughly trapezoidal in shape, it measures approximately east to west ...

on the Isle of Ischia. Subsequently, they founded the colonies of

Cumae Cumae ( grc, Κύμη, (Kumē) or or ; it, Cuma) was the first ancient Greek colony on the mainland of Italy, founded by settlers from Euboea in the 8th century BC and soon becoming one of the strongest colonies. It later became a rich Ro ...

Zancle Messina (, also , ) is a harbour city and the capital of the Italian Metropolitan City of Messina. It is the third largest city on the island of Sicily, and the 13th largest city in Italy, with a population of more than 219,000 inhabitants in t ...

Rhegium Reggio di Calabria ( scn, label= Southern Calabrian, Riggiu; el, label=Calabrian Greek, Ρήγι, Rìji), usually referred to as Reggio Calabria, or simply Reggio by its inhabitants, is the largest city in Calabria. It has an estimated popula ...

and

Naxos Naxos (; el, Νάξος, ) is a Greek island and the largest of the Cyclades. It was the centre of archaic Cycladic culture. The island is famous as a source of emery, a rock rich in corundum, which until modern times was one of the best ab ...

. At the end of the 8th century, Euboea fell into decline with the outbreak of the

Lelantine War The Lelantine War was a military conflict between the two ancient Greek city states Chalcis and Eretria in Euboea which took place in the early Archaic period, between c. 710 and 650 BC. The reason for war was, according to tradition, the struggl ...

and the baton of colonial foundation was passed to other Greek cities. In the 7th century, many colonies were founded in

Ionia Ionia () was an ancient region on the western coast of Anatolia, to the south of present-day Izmir. It consisted of the northernmost territories of the Ionian League of Greek settlements. Never a unified state, it was named after the Ionian ...

, Southern Italy,

Thrace Thrace (; el, Θράκη, Thráki; bg, Тракия, Trakiya; tr, Trakya) or Thrake is a geographical and historical region in Southeast Europe, now split among Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey, which is bounded by the Balkan Mountains to t ...

and on the

. Other Greek colonies were founded on the coast of

Gaul Gaul ( la, Gallia) was a region of Western Europe first described by the Romans. It was inhabited by Celtic and Aquitani tribes, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, most of Switzerland, parts of Northern Italy (only during ...

, on the

Cyrenaica Cyrenaica ( ) or Kyrenaika ( ar, برقة, Barqah, grc-koi, Κυρηναϊκή ��παρχίαKurēnaïkḗ parkhíā}, after the city of Cyrene), is the eastern region of Libya. Cyrenaica includes all of the eastern part of Libya between ...

peninsula in Africa and also in Egypt. In this burst of colonial expansion cities such as

Corinth Corinth ( ; el, Κόρινθος, Kórinthos, ) is the successor to an ancient city, and is a former municipality in Corinthia, Peloponnese, which is located in south-central Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform, it has been part o ...

Miletus Miletus (; gr, Μῑ́λητος, Mī́lētos; Hittite transcription ''Millawanda'' or ''Milawata'' (exonyms); la, Mīlētus; tr, Milet) was an ancient Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia, near the mouth of the Maeander River in a ...

Megara Megara (; el, Μέγαρα, ) is a historic town and a municipality in West Attica, Greece. It lies in the northern section of the Isthmus of Corinth opposite the island of Salamis Island, Salamis, which belonged to Megara in archaic times, befo ...

and

Phocaea Phocaea or Phokaia (Ancient Greek: Φώκαια, ''Phókaia''; modern-day Foça in Turkey) was an ancient Ionian Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia. Greek colonists from Phocaea founded the colony of Massalia (modern-day Marseille, in ...

took the lead.

Locations

Colonies in Macedonia and Thrace

Numerous colonies were founded in

Northern Greece Northern Greece ( el, Βόρεια Ελλάδα, Voreia Ellada) is used to refer to the northern parts of Greece, and can have various definitions. Administrative regions of Greece Administrative term The term "Northern Greece" is widely used ...

, chiefly in the region of

but also in the region of

. Chalcidice was settled by Euboeans, chiefly from Chalcis, who lent their name to these colonies. The most important settlements of the Euboeans in Chalcidice were

Olynthos Olynthus ( grc, Ὄλυνθος ''Olynthos'', named for the ὄλυνθος ''olunthos'', "the fruit of the wild fig tree") was an ancient city of Chalcidice, built mostly on two flat-topped hills 30–40m in height, in a fertile plain at the h ...

(which colony was settled in collaboration with the Athenians),

Torone Toroni ( grc, Τορώνη, ''Toróne'', modern pronunciation ''Toróni'') is an ancient Greek city and a former municipality in the southwest edge of Sithonia peninsula in Chalkidiki, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of ...

, Mende,

Sermyle Sermylia ( grc, Σερμυλία), or Sermyle (Σερμύλη), was a town of Chalcidice, between Galepsus and Mecyberna, which gave its name to the Toronaic Gulf, which was also called Sermylicus Sinus (κόλπος Σερμυλικός - ''kol ...

Aphytis Aphytis ( grc, Ἄφυτις), also Aphyte (Ἀφύτη) and Aphytus or Aphytos (Ἄφυτος), was an ancient Greek city in Pallene, the westernmost headland of Chalcidice. Around the middle of the 8th century BC colonists from Euboea arrived. ...

and Cleonae in the peninsula of

Athos Athos may refer to: Fictional or mythical characters * Athos (character), one of the title characters in the novel ''The Three Musketeers'' (1844) by Alexandre Dumas père * Athos (mythology), one of the Gigantes in Greek mythology * Athos Fadiga ...

. Other important colonies in Chalcidice were Acanthus, a colony which was founded by colonists from

Andros Andros ( el, Άνδρος, ) is the northernmost island of the Greek Cyclades archipelago, about southeast of Euboea, and about north of Tinos. It is nearly long, and its greatest breadth is . It is for the most part mountainous, with many ...

and

Potidaea __NOTOC__ Potidaea (; grc, Ποτίδαια, ''Potidaia'', also Ποτείδαια, ''Poteidaia'') was a colony founded by the Corinthians around 600 BC in the narrowest point of the peninsula of Pallene, the westernmost of three peninsulas at ...

, a colony of

. Thasians with the help of the Athenian

Callistratus of Aphidnae Kallistratos of Aphidnae ( grc, Καλλίστρατος, Latinized: Callistratus; bef. 415–aft. 355 BCE) was an Athenian orator and general in the 4th century BCE. Family We know little of his background, though he appears to have been of the ...

founded the city of

Datus ''Datu'' is a title which denotes the rulers (variously described in historical accounts as chiefs, sovereign princes, and monarchs) of numerous indigenous peoples throughout the Philippine archipelago. The title is still used today, especial ...

. During the

Peloponnesian War The Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC) was an ancient Greek war fought between Athens and Sparta and their respective allies for the hegemony of the Greek world. The war remained undecided for a long time until the decisive intervention of th ...

, the Athenians with the

Hagnon, son of Nikias Hagnon, son of Nikias ( grc-gre, ῞Αγνων ὁ Νικίου) was an Athenian general and statesman. In 437/6 BC, he led the settlers who founded the city of Amphipolis in Thrace; in the Peloponnesian War, he served as an Athenian general on se ...

founded the city of Ennea Hodoi (Ἐννέα ὁδοὶ), meaning nine roads, at the place were now is the 'Hill 133' north of

Amphipolis Amphipolis ( ell, Αμφίπολη, translit=Amfipoli; grc, Ἀμφίπολις, translit=Amphipolis) is a municipality in the Serres (regional unit), Serres regional unit, Macedonia (Greece), Macedonia, Greece. The seat of the municipality is ...

Serres Sérres ( el, Σέρρες ) is a city in Macedonia, Greece, capital of the Serres regional unit and second largest city in the region of Central Macedonia, after Thessaloniki. Serres is one of the administrative and economic centers of Northe ...

. Numerous other colonies were founded in the region of Thrace by the Ionians from the coast of

Asia Minor Anatolia, tr, Anadolu Yarımadası), and the Anatolian plateau, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey. The re ...

. Important colonies were

Maroneia Maroneia ( el, Μαρώνεια) is a village and a former municipality in Rhodope regional unit, East Macedonia and Thrace, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Maroneia-Sapes, of which it is a munic ...

, and Abdera. The Milesians also founded Abydos and Cardia on the Hellespont and

Rhaedestus Bisanthe ( grc, Βισάνθη) was a great city in ancient Thrace, on the coast of the Propontis, which had been founded by the Samians. About 400 BCE, Bisanthe belonged to the kingdom of the Thracian prince Seuthes II. At a later period its ...

Propontis The Sea of Marmara,; grc, Προποντίς, Προποντίδα, Propontís, Propontída also known as the Marmara Sea, is an inland sea located entirely within the borders of Turkey. It connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea via the ...

. The

Samians Samos (, also ; el, Σάμος ) is a Greek island in the eastern Aegean Sea, south of Chios, north of Patmos and the Dodecanese, and off the coast of western Turkey, from which it is separated by the -wide Mycale Strait. It is also a separate ...

colonised the island of

Samothrace Samothrace (also known as Samothraki, el, Σαμοθράκη, ) is a Greek island in the northern Aegean Sea. It is a municipality within the Evros regional unit of Thrace. The island is long and is in size and has a population of 2,859 (2011 ...

, becoming the source of its name. Finally, the Parians colonized

Thasos Thasos or Thassos ( el, Θάσος, ''Thásos'') is a Greek island in the North Aegean Sea. It is the northernmost major Greek island, and 12th largest by area. The island has an area of and a population of about 13,000. It forms a separate re ...

under the leadership of the

oecist The ''oikistes'' ( gr, οἰκιστής), often anglicized as oekist or oecist, was the individual chosen by an ancient Greek polis ''Polis'' (, ; grc-gre, πόλις, ), plural ''poleis'' (, , ), literally means "city" in Greek. In Ancien ...

and father of the poet Archilochus, Telesicles. In 340 BCE, while

Alexander the Great Alexander III of Macedon ( grc, wikt:Ἀλέξανδρος, Ἀλέξανδρος, Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the Ancient Greece, ancient Greek kingdom of Maced ...

was regent of Macedon, he founded the city of Alexandropolis Maedica after defeating a local Thracian tribe.

Colonies in the Ionian Sea, Adriatic Sea and Illyria

The region of the

Ionian Sea The Ionian Sea ( el, Ιόνιο Πέλαγος, ''Iónio Pélagos'' ; it, Mar Ionio ; al, Deti Jon ) is an elongated bay of the Mediterranean Sea. It is connected to the Adriatic Sea to the north, and is bounded by Southern Italy, including C ...

and that of

Illyria In classical antiquity, Illyria (; grc, Ἰλλυρία, ''Illyría'' or , ''Illyrís''; la, Illyria, ''Illyricum'') was a region in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula inhabited by numerous tribes of people collectively known as the Illyr ...

were colonized strictly by

. The Corinthians founded important overseas colonies on the sea lanes to Southern Italy and the west which succeeded in making them the foremost emporia of the western side of the Mediterranean. Important colonies of Corinth included

Leucada Lefkada ( el, Λευκάδα, ''Lefkáda'', ), also known as Lefkas or Leukas (Ancient Greek and Katharevousa: Λευκάς, ''Leukás'', modern pronunciation ''Lefkás'') and Leucadia, is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea on the west coast of ...

Astacus ''Astacus'' (from the Greek , ', meaning "lobster" or "crayfish") is a genus of crayfish found in Europe and western Asia, comprising three extant (living) species and three extinct fossil species. Due to the crayfish plague, crayfish of thi ...

, Anactoreum,

Actium Actium or Aktion ( grc, Ἄκτιον) was a town on a promontory in ancient Acarnania at the entrance of the Ambraciot Gulf, off which Octavian gained his celebrated victory, the Battle of Actium, over Antony and Cleopatra, on September 2, 31 ...

Ambracia Ambracia (; grc-gre, Ἀμβρακία, occasionally , ''Ampracia'') was a city of ancient Greece on the site of modern Arta. It was captured by the Corinthians in 625 BC and was situated about from the Ambracian Gulf, on a bend of the navigabl ...

, and

Corcyra Corfu (, ) or Kerkyra ( el, Κέρκυρα, Kérkyra, , ; ; la, Corcyra.) is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea, of the Ionian Islands, and, including its small satellite islands, forms the margin of the northwestern frontier of Greece. The isl ...

. The Corinthians also founded important colonies in

, which evolved into important cities, Apollonia and

Epidamnus The ancient Greek city of Epidamnos or Epidamnus ( grc-gre, Ἐπίδαμνος), ( sq, Epidamni) later the Roman Dyrrachium (Δυρράχιον) ( sq, Dyrrahu) (modern Durrës, Albania), was founded in 627 BC in Illyria by a group of colonists ...

. The fact that about the 6th century BC the citizens of Epidamnus constructed a Doric-style treasury at Olympia confirms that the city was among the richest of the Ancient Greek world. An ancient account describes Epidamnos as ‘a great power and very populated’ city. Nymphaeum was another Greek colony in Illyria. The

Abantes The Abantes or Abantians ( el, Ἄβαντες, ''Ábantes'') were an ancient Greek tribe. Their home was Euboea. Origins The Abantes were a Proto-Greek tribe,Chios: a conference at the Homereion in Chios, 1984, page 180 by John Boardman, C. E. V ...

Euboea Evia (, ; el, Εύβοια ; grc, Εὔβοια ) or Euboia (, ) is the second-largest Greek island in area and population, after Crete. It is separated from Boeotia in mainland Greece by the narrow Euripus Strait (only at its narrowest poin ...

founded the city of Thronion at the Illyria. In 1877, archaeologists discovered in

Lumbarda Lumbarda ( it, Lombarda) is a village and a municipality located on the eastern tip of Korčula in Croatia, seven kilometers away from the town of Korčula. A road passing through a picturesque area of pine woods and olive groves connects these t ...

on the island of

Korčula Korčula (, it, Curzola) is a Croatian island in the Adriatic Sea. It has an area of , is long and on average wide, and lies just off the Dalmatian coast. Its 15,522 inhabitants (2011) make it the second most populous Adriatic island after K ...

, in modern-day

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = "Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capit ...

, a Greek inscription which writes about the founding of an

Ancient Greek Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic peri ...

settlement on the island. The artifact is known as

Lumbarda Psephisma Lumbarda Psephisma ''(also referred to as Lumbardian Decree-Psefizam)'' is a stone inscription telling about the founding of an Ancient Greek settlement on the island of Korčula, in modern-day Croatia. The Psephisma is from Lumbarda, a small villa ...

Magna Graecia: colonies in Southern Italy and Sicily

The first to colonize Southern Italy were the Euboeans, who with the move to

(on the isle of

Ischia Ischia ( , , ) is a volcanic island in the Tyrrhenian Sea. It lies at the northern end of the Gulf of Naples, about from Naples. It is the largest of the Phlegrean Islands. Roughly trapezoidal in shape, it measures approximately east to west ...

), founded a series of cities in that region. The second city that they founded was

, nearly opposite Ischia. The colonists from Cumae founded

in on Sicily, and nearby on the opposite coast,

. Further, the Euboeans founded

, which became the base for the founding of the cities of Leontini, Tauromenion and

Catania Catania (, , Sicilian and ) is the second largest municipality in Sicily, after Palermo. Despite its reputation as the second city of the island, Catania is the largest Sicilian conurbation, among the largest in Italy, as evidenced also by ...

. In this effort they were accompanied by small numbers of Dorians and Ionians; the Athenians had notably refused to take part in the colonization. The strongest of the Sicilian colonies was Syracuse, an 8th-century B.C. colony of the Corinthians. Colonists of that same period from Achaea founded the cities of

Sybaris Sybaris ( grc, Σύβαρις; it, Sibari) was an important city of Magna Graecia. It was situated in modern Calabria, in southern Italy, between two rivers, the Crathis (Crati) and the Sybaris (Coscile). The city was founded in 720 BC ...

and Croton in the Gulf of Taranto but also in the Metapontum in the same district. In the same area, refugees from

Sparta Sparta ( Doric Greek: Σπάρτα, ''Spártā''; Attic Greek: Σπάρτη, ''Spártē'') was a prominent city-state in Laconia, in ancient Greece. In antiquity, the city-state was known as Lacedaemon (, ), while the name Sparta referre ...

founded

Taranto Taranto (, also ; ; nap, label= Tarantino, Tarde; Latin: Tarentum; Old Italian: ''Tarento''; Ancient Greek: Τάρᾱς) is a coastal city in Apulia, Southern Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Taranto, serving as an important com ...

which evolved into one of the most powerful cities in the area. Other Greek states that founded cities in Southern Italy were Megara, which founded

Megara Hyblaea Megara Hyblaea ( grc, Μέγαρα Ὑβλαία) – perhaps identical with Hybla Major – is an ancient Greek colony in Sicily, situated near Augusta on the east coast, north-northwest of Syracuse, Italy, on the deep bay formed by the Xip ...

, and Selinous;

, which founded Elea;

Rhodes Rhodes (; el, Ρόδος , translit=Ródos ) is the largest and the historical capital of the Dodecanese islands of Greece. Administratively, the island forms a separate municipality within the Rhodes regional unit, which is part of the So ...

, which founded

Gela Gela (Sicilian and ; grc, Γέλα) is a city and (municipality) in the Autonomous Region of Sicily, Italy; in terms of area and population, it is the largest municipality on the southern coast of Sicily. Gela is part of the Province of Ca ...

together with the Cretans and Lipari together with Cnidus, even as the Locrians founded Epizephyrean Locris. According to legend, Lagaria which was between Thurii and the river Sinni River was founded by Phocians. Many cities in the region became in turn metropolis for new colonies such as the Syracusans, who founded the city of Camarina in the south of Sicily; or the Zancleans, who led the founding of the colony of Himera. Likewise Naxos, which we see taking further part in the founding of many colonies while the city of

founded the colony of Poseidonia to its north. The city of

which was a colony of Rhodes and Crete founded its own colony, Agrigento, Acragas. The areas of settlement in Southern Italy became so thoroughly Hellenization, Hellenised that Roman writers such as Ovid and Polybius referred to the region as ''Magna Graecia'' ("Great Greece"). To this day, some of the Griko people in Southern Italy still speak Griko dialect, Griko and Calabrian Greek, Doric Greek-influenced dialects with a substantial Latin Stratum (linguistics)#Adstratum, adstrate, and worship in the Greek Byzantine Catholic Church instead of the Latin rite more usual among other Italians. In Modern Greek language, Modern Greek, Southern Italy is referred to as ''Kato Italia'' (lit. "Lower Italy") and the relict Greek dialects there as ''Katoitalika''.

Colonies on the Black Sea and Propontis

The Greeks had at one point called the Black Sea shore "inhospitable". According to ancient sources, they eventually created 70 to 90 colonies. The colonization of the Black Sea was led by the Megarans and some of the Ionian cities such as

and Teos. The majority of colonies in the region of the Black Sea and

were founded in the 7th century B.C. In the area of Propontis, the Megarans founded the cities of Astacus in Bithynia, Chalcedonia and Byzantium in which they occupied a privileged position. Miletus founded Cyzicus and the Phocaeans Lampsacus.* On the western shore of the Black Sea region the Megarans founded the cities of Selymbria and a little later, Nesebar. A little farther north in the region of today's Romania the Milesians founded the cities of Histria (ancient city), Istria and Argamum (castra), Orgame. And Miletus also founded a city on the western shore of the Black Sea, Sozopol, Apollonia. In the south of the Black Sea the most important colony was Sinop, Turkey, Sinope which according to prevailing opinion was founded by Miletus. The precise chronology of its foundation is not known at present but it appears that it was founded some time around the middle of the 7th century B.C. Sinope was founded with a series of other colonies in the Pontic region: Trabzon, Trebizond, Giresun, Cerasus, Cytorus, Ordu, Cotyora, Cromne, Pteria (Cappadocia), Pteria, Tium, et al. The most important colony founded on the southern shore of the Black Sea was likewise a Megaran foundation: Heraclea Pontica, which was founded in the 6th century B.C. On the north shore of the Black Sea Miletus was the first to start. The colonies of Miletus in this region of the Black Sea were Pontic Olbia and Panticapaeum (modern Kerch.) Later in the 6th century B.C. the Milesians founded Odessa in the region of modern Ukraine. Further north from the Danube delta the Greeks colonized an islet, modern Berezan Island, Berezan (probably then a peninsula). That location is found at the confluence of the Southern Bug, Bug estuary (the River Hypanis to the Ancient Greeks) and the Dnieper (the Barysthenes to the Ancient Greeks) The islet or peninsula itself was called by the ancients ''Barythmenis''; across from this, they found the site that would be settled later as Olbia. Next to Olbia was another Greek colony which had Istria as its mother city. On the Crimean peninsula (the Greeks then called it Tauric Chersonese or "Peninsula of the Bulls") they founded likewise the cities of Simferopol, Sympheropolis, and Nymphaion (Crimea), Nymphaeum and Tmutarakan, Hermonassa. On the Sea of Azov (Lake Maiotis to the ancients) they founded Tanais (in Rostov), Tyritace, Myrmeceum, Cecrine and Phanagoria—the last being a colony of the Teos, Teians. In 2018, archaeologists discovered a previously unknown ancient Greek settlement of the 4th century BC, 4th-3rd century BC, 3rd centuries BC near the town of Baherove in Crimea. According to the researchers, the settlement was called Manitra. On the eastern shore, which was known in ancient times as Colchis and in which today for the greater part is in Georgia (country), Georgia and the autonomous region of Abkhazia, the Greeks founded the cities of Phasis and Dioscouris. The latter was called ''Sebastopolis'' by the Roman Empire, Romans and Byzantine Empire, Byzantines and is known today as Sukhumi—the ruins of the ancient and Byzantine foundations are now found principally below the waterline.

Colonies in the rest of the Mediterranean

The Greek colonies expanded as far as the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa. In North Africa, on the peninsula of Kyrenaika, colonists from Thera founded Cyrene, Libya, Kyrene, which evolved into a very powerful city in the region. Other colonies in Kyrenaika later included Barca (ancient city), Barca, History of Benghazi, Euesperides (modern Benghazi), Taucheira, and Apollonia, Cyrenaica, Apollonia. On the north side of the Mediterranean the Phokaians founded Marseille, Massalia on the coast of

. Massalia became the base for a series of further foundations farther away in the region of Spain. Phokaia also founded Aleria, Alalia in Corsica and Olbia in Sardinia. The Phokaians arrived next on the coast of the Iberian peninsula. As related by Herodotos, a local king summoned the Phokaians to found a colony in the region and rendered meaningful aid in the fortification of the city. The Phokaians founded Empuries in this region and later the even more distant Hēmeroskopeion, Hemeroskopeion. By the middle of the 7th century the lone Greek colony in Ancient Egypt, Egypt had been founded, Naukratis. The pharaoh Psamtik I, Psammitecus I gave a trade concession to Milesian merchants for one establishment on the banks of the Nile River, Nile, founding a trading post which evolved into a prosperous city by the time of the Battle of Pelusium (525 BC), Persian expedition to Egypt in 525 B.C. Similar to the emporion established in the Nile Delta it is possible there was a Greek trading colony established by the Euboians along the Syrian coast on the mouth of the Orontes River, Orontes river at the site Al-Mina in the early 8th century BC. The Greek colony of Posideion on the promontory Ras al-Bassit was colonised just to the south of the Orontes estuary later in the 7th century BC.

Maps with some of the ancient Greek colonies before the death of Philip II of Macedon (336 BC)

Modern Egypt E1. Naucratis Modern Libya L1. Barca (ancient city), Barce L2. Cyrene, Libya, Cyrene L3. Bayda, Libya, Balagrae L4. Tocra, Taucheira L5. Ptolemais, Cyrenaica, Ptolemais L6. Benghazi#Ancient Greek colony, Euesperides L7. Tobruk, Antipyrgus L8. Apollonia (Cyrenaica), Apollonia Modern Spain S1. Santa Pola, Portus Illicitanus S2. Akra Leuke S3. Alonis S4. Dénia, Hemeroscopeum S5. Sagunto, Zakynthos S6. Salou, Salauris S7. Roses, Girona, Rhode S8. Empúries, Emporion S9. Aljaraque, Kalathousa S10. Menace (Greek settlement), Mainake S11. El Puerto de Santa María, Menestheus's Limin S12. Sant Martí d'Empúries, Kypsela S13. Elche, Helike Modern France F1. Agde F2. Marseille, Massalia F3. Le Brusc, Tauroention F4. Hyères, Olbia F5. Nice, Nicaea F6. Monaco, Monoikos F7. Antibes, Antipolis F8. Aléria, Alalia F9. Trinquetaille, Rhodanousia F10. Saint-Tropez, Athenopolis Modern Italy * According to ancient writers Scylletium was a Greek colony, but there are no other evidence other than that. I1. Olbia I2. Adria I3. Ancona I4. Castel dell'Ovo, Parthenope I5.

I6. Procida I7. Pozzuoli, Dicaearchia I8. Naples, Neapolis I9. Paestum, Poseidonia I10. Metapontum I11.

I12. Thurii I13. Taranto, Taras I14. Siris (Magna Graecia), Siris I15. Crotone, Crotona I16. Gallipoli, Apulia, Gallipoli I17. Elea I18. Messina I19. Caronia, Kale Akte I21. Syracuse I22. Salina, Sicily, Didyme I23. Basiluzzo, Hycesia I24. Filicudi, Phoenicusa I26. Vulcano, Therassía I27. Lipari, Lipara/Meligounis I28. Locri, Epizepherean Locris I29.

I30. Lentini I31. Selinunte, Selinountas I32.

I33.

I34. Tauromenion I35. Agrigento, Acragas I36. Himera I37.

I38.

I39. Leontini I40. Alicudi, Ereikousa I41. Panarea, Euonymos I42. Kamarina, Sicily, Kamarina I43. Medma I44. Vibo Valentia, Hipponion I45. Heraclea Minoa I46. Caulonia (ancient city), Caulonia I47. Brucoli, Trotilon I48. Policastro Bussentino, Pyxous I49. Milazzo, Mylae I50. Laüs I51. Terina (ancient city), Terina I52. Reggio Calabria, Rhegion I53. Tindari I54. Macalla (ancient city), Macalla I55. Temesa (ancient city), Temesa I56. Gioia Tauro, Metauros I57. Krimisa I58. Casabona, Chone I59. Taras (mythology)#Taranto, Saturo I60. Heraclea Lucania, Siris, Magna Graecia, Siris I61. Scylletium * I62. Agathyrnum I63. Adranon I64. Akrillai I65. Casmenae I66. Akrai I67. Engyon I68. Thapsos I69. Pithekoussai I70. Castelmezzano I71. Licata I72. Avella Modern

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = "Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capit ...

C1. Salona C2. Trogir, Tragyrion C3. Split, Croatia, Aspálathos C4. Stobreč, Epidaurus C5. Vis (island), Issa C6. Hvar, Dimos C7. Stari Grad, Croatia, Pharos C8. Korčula, Kórkyra Mélaina C9. Epidaurum C10. Narona C11.

Modern Montenegro M1. Budva, Bouthoe Modern Albania AL1. Nymphaeum AL2. Epidamnos AL3. Apollonia AL4. Vlorë, Aulon AL5. Chimara AL6. Buthrotum, Bouthroton AL7. Oricum AL8. Thronion (Illyria), Thronion Modern Serbia * Some historians believe that it was near the modern Resen, North Macedonia, Resen (North Macedonia) while others believe that it was near the modern Vranje (Serbia). SE1. Damastion * Modern North Macedonia * Some historians believe that it was near the modern Resen, North Macedonia, Resen (North Macedonia) while others believe that it was near the modern Vranje (Serbia). MA1. Damastion * MA2. Heraclea Lyncestis Modern Greece GR1.

GR2. Stagira (ancient city), Stageira GR3. Acanthus GR4. Mende GR5.

GR6. Corfu, Corcyra GR7.

GR8. Krinides GR9.

GR10. Abdera GR11. Therma GR12. Arethusa (Mygdonia), Arethusa GR13. Lefkada, Leucas GR14. Eion GR15. Sane (Acte), Sane GR16.

GR17. Argilus GR18. Sane (Acte), Sane GR19. Akanthos (Greece), Akanthos GR20. Astacus (Acarnania), Astacus GR21. Galepsus (Thrace), Galepsus GR22. Oesyme GR23. Phagres GR24.

GR25. Stryme GR26. Pistyrus GR27. Rhaecelus GR28. Dicaea (Macedonia), Dicaea GR29. Methoni, Pieria, Methoni GR30. Heraclea in Trachis GR31. Heraclea (Acarnania), Heraclea in Acarnania GR32. Anactorium GR33. Sale (Thrace), Sale GR34. Drys (Thrace), Drys GR35. Toroni GR36. Amorgos GR37.

GR38. Scabala GR39. Philippi Modern Bulgaria * Pseudo-Scymnus writes that some say that the city of Bizone belongs to the barbarians, while others to be a Greek colony of Mesembria. BUL1. Nesebar, Mesembria BUL2. Varna, Bulgaria, Odessos BUL3. Sozopol, Apollonia / Antheia (Thrace), Antheia BUL4. Callatis BUL5. Ahtopol, Agathopolis BUL6. Kavarna BUL7. Pomorie BUL8. Obzor, Naulochos BUL9. Balchik, Krounoi BUL10. Pistiros BUL11. Pomorie, Anchialos BUL12. Kavarna, Bizone * BUL13. Develtos BUL14. Heraclea Sintica BUL15. Stara Zagora, Beroe Modern Romania RO1. Constanța, Tomis RO2. Histria (ancient city), Histria/Istros RO3. Tulcea, Aegyssus RO4. Tuzla, Constanța, Stratonis RO5. Cernavodă, Axiopolis RO6. Mangalia, Kallatis Modern Cyprus CY1. Chytri CY2. Kyrenia Modern Ukraine U1. Berezan Island, Borysthenes U2. Tyras U3. Pontic Olbia (archaeological site), Olbia U4. Nikonion U5. Odessa Modern Crimea * Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, Russia annexed Crimea in 2014 and unofficially it is no longer part of Ukraine. CR1. Panticapaeum CR2. Nymphaion (Crimea), Nymphaion CR3. Tyritake CR4. Feodosia, Theodosia CR5. Chersonesus CR6. Charax, Crimea, Charax CR7. Myrmekion CR8. Yevpatoria, Kerkinitis CR9. Kimmerikon CR10. Chornomorske, Kalos Limen CR11. Yalta, Yalita CR12. Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus), Akra Modern Russia RU1. Tanais RU2. Kepoi RU3. Phanagoria RU4. Novorossiysk, Bata RU5. Anapa, Gorgippia RU6. Tmutarakan, Hermonassa RU7. Korokondame RU8. Taganrog RU9. Tyramba RU10. Patraeus RU11. Toricos Modern Georgia (country), Georgia/ Abkhazia * Abkhazia is recognised only by Russia and a International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, small number of other countries. G1. Batumi, Bathys G2. Gagra, Triglite G3. Pitsunda, Pityus G4. Sukhumi, Dioscurias G5. Phasis (town), Phasis G6. Ochamchire, Gyenos Modern Turkey TR1. Silivri, Selymbria TR2. Heraclea Pontica TR3. Cius TR4. Ephesus TR5. Birgi, Dios Hieron TR6. Iasos TR7. Myndus TR8. Selge, Pisidia, Selge TR9. Priene TR10. Halicarnassus TR11.

TR12. Aydın, Tralles TR13. Phaselis TR14. Aspendos TR15. Side, Turkey, Side TR16. Sillyon TR17. Mersin, Zephyrion TR18. Kelenderis TR19. Mallus (city), Mallus TR20. Amos (ancient city), Amos TR21. Byzantium TR22. Amasya, Amaseia TR23. Amasra, Amastris TR24. Enez, Ainos TR25. Berge (Bisaltia), Berge TR26. Marmara Ereğlisi, Perinthos TR27. Cardia TR28. Chalcedon TR29. Nicomedia TR30. Abydos TR31. Sestos TR32. Lampsacus TR33. Bandırma, Panormos TR34. Cyzicus TR35. Troy, Ilion TR36. Troy, Sigeion TR37. Sinop, Turkey, Sinope TR38. Tirebolu TR39. Samsun, Amisos TR40. Tripolis (Pontus), Tripolis TR41. Ordu, Cotyora TR42. Fatsa, Polemonion TR43. Akçaabat, Pharnakia TR44. Giresun, Kerasous TR45. Trabzon, Trapezous TR46. Themiscyra (Pontus), Themiscyra TR47. Astacus in Bithynia TR48. Assos TR49. Pitane (Aeolis), Pitane TR50.

TR51. Smyrna TR52. Pergamon TR53. Teos TR55. Colophon (city), Colophon TR56. Patara, Lycia, Patara TR57. Canae TR58. Bargylia TR59. Madytus TR60. Elaeus TR61. Tieion TR62. Apamea Myrlea TR63. Klazomenai TR64. Notion (ancient city), Notion TR65. Parium, Parion TR66. Heraion (Thrace), Heraion Teichos TR67. Bisanthe TR68. Erythrae TR69. Karabiga, Priapus TR70. Alopeconnesus TR71. Limnae (Bithynia), Limnae TR73. Crithote (Thrace), Crithote TR74. Pactya TR75. Perinthus TR76. Tium TR77. Teichiussa TR78. Triopium TR79. Placia TR80. Scylace TR81. Arisba TR82. Apollonia (Mysia), Apollonia TR83. Apollonia ad Rhyndacum TR84. Myrina (Aeolis), Myrina TR85. Pythopolis (Mysia), Pythopolis TR86. Cytorus TR87. Armene TR88. Kolonai TR89. Paesus TR90. Scepsis TR91. Myus TR92. Mallus (Cilicia), Mallus TR93. Mopsuestia, Mopsus TR94. Caryanda TR95. Athenae (Pontus), Athenae TR96. Syrna (Caria), Syrna TR97. Cyme (Aeolis), Cyme TR98. Marathesium TR99. Üsküdar, Chrysopolis TR100. Neonteikhos TR101. Artace (Mysia), Artace TR102. Semystra TR103. Cobrys TR104. Cypasis TR105. Ayvalık, Kydonies TR106. Coryphas TR107. Heraclea (Aeolis) TR108. Gargara TR109. Lamponeia TR110. Elaea (Aeolis), Elaea TR111. Zonguldak, Mariandyn TR112. Claros TR113. Knidos TR114. Prusias ad Hypium TR115. Dardanus (city), Dardanus TR116. Pygela TR117. Temnos TR118. Gryneium TR119. Aigai (Aeolis), Aigai {{Location map+ , Mediterranean , width=800 , alt=Some of the Greek colonies map , float=center , relief=yes , places= {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=30.54 , lon_deg=30.35 , label=Naucratis, E1, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=31.89 , lon_deg=22.37 , label=Barca (ancient city), L1, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=32.49 , lon_deg=21.51 , label=Cyrene, Libya, L2, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=32.45 , lon_deg=21.44 , label=Bayda, Libya, L3, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=32.31 , lon_deg=20.34 , label=Tocra, L4, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=32.42 , lon_deg=20.57 , label=Ptolemais, Cyrenaica, L5, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=31.39 , lon_deg=21.46 , label=Benghazi#Ancient Greek colony, L6, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=32.04 , lon_deg=23.57 , label=Tobruk, L7, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=32.54 , lon_deg=21.58 , label=Apollonia (Cyrenaica), L8, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.11 , lon_deg=0.33 , label=Santa Pola, S1, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.20 , lon_deg=0.28 , label=Akra Leuke, S2, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.30 , lon_deg=0.13 , label=Alonis, S3, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.50 , lon_deg=0.20 , label=Dénia, S4, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.40 , lon_deg=0.00 , label=Sagunto, S5, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.077 , lon_deg=1.144 , label=Salou, S6, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.15 , lon_deg=3.10 , label=Roses, Girona, S7, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42 , lon_deg=3.07 , label=Empúries, S8, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.16 , lon_deg=-7.01 , label=Aljaraque, S9, position=outside=1 {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.47 , lon_deg=-4.6 , label=Menace (Greek settlement), S10, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.36 , lon_deg=-6.13 , label=El Puerto de Santa María, S11, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.08 , lon_deg=3.07 , label=Sant Martí d'Empúries, S12, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.16 , lon_deg=-0.41 , label=Elche, S13, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.18 , lon_deg=3.28 , label=Agde, F1, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.17 , lon_deg=5.22 , label=Marseille, F2, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.04 , lon_deg=5.48 , label=Le Brusc, F3, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.07 , lon_deg=6.07 , label=Hyères, F4, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.42 , lon_deg=7.16 , label=Nice, F5, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.44 , lon_deg=7.25 , label=Monaco, F6, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.44 , lon_deg=7.07 , label=Antibes, F7, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.06 , lon_deg=9.30 , label=Aléria, F8, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.40 , lon_deg=4.37 , label=Trinquetaille, F9, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.16 , lon_deg=6.38 , label=Saint-Tropez, F10, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.55 , lon_deg=9.30 , label=Olbia, I1, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.03 , lon_deg=12.03 , label=Adria, I2, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.37 , lon_deg=13.31 , label=Ancona, I3, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.82 , lon_deg=14.24 , label=Castel dell'Ovo, I4, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.50 , lon_deg=14.3 , label=Cumae, I5, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.45 , lon_deg=14.01 , label=Procida, I6, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.50 , lon_deg=14.05 , label=Pozzuoli, I7, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.50 , lon_deg=14.15 , label=Naples, I8, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.25 , lon_deg=15.0 , label=Paestum, I9, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.23 , lon_deg=16.49 , label=Metapontum, I10, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.43 , lon_deg=16.29 , label=Sybaris, I11, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.43 , lon_deg=16.29 , label=Thurii, I12, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.28 , lon_deg=17.14 , label=Taranto, I13, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.15 , lon_deg=16.69 , label=Siris (Magna Graecia), I14, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.05 , lon_deg=17.07 , label=Crotone, I15, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.03 , lon_deg=17.59 , label=Gallipoli, Apulia, I16, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.09 , lon_deg=15.09 , label=Velia, I17, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.11 , lon_deg=15.33 , label=Messina, I18, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.01 , lon_deg=14.26 , label=Caronia, I19, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.05 , lon_deg=15.17 , label=Syracuse, Sicily, I21, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.33 , lon_deg=14.50 , label=Salina, Sicily, I22, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.39 , lon_deg=15.06 , label=Basiluzzo, I23, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.34 , lon_deg=14.34 , label=Filicudi, I24, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.24 , lon_deg=14.57 , label=Vulcano, I26, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.28 , lon_deg=14.57 , label=Lipari, I27, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.14 , lon_deg=16.16 , label=Locri, I28, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.06 , lon_deg=15.39 , label=Reggio Calabria, I29, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.17 , lon_deg=15.0 , label=Lentini, I30, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.39 , lon_deg=12.49 , label=Selinunte, I31, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.12 , lon_deg=15.10 , label=Megara Hyblaea, I32, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.49 , lon_deg=15.16 , label=Naxos (Sicily), I33, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.51 , lon_deg=15.17 , label=Taormina, I34, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.13 , lon_deg=13.35 , label=Agrigento, I35, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.58 , lon_deg=13.49 , label= Himera, I36, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.04 , lon_deg=14.15 , label=Gela, I37, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.30 , lon_deg=15.05 , label=Catania, I38, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.17 , lon_deg=15.0 , label=Leontini, I39, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.32 , lon_deg=14.21 , label=Alicudi, I40, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.38 , lon_deg=15.04 , label=Panarea, I41, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.52 , lon_deg=14.26 , label=Kamarina, Sicily, I42, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.29 , lon_deg=15.59 , label=Medma, I43, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.40 , lon_deg=16.05 , label=Hipponion, I44, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.23 , lon_deg=13.16 , label=Heraclea Minoa, I45, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.26 , lon_deg=16.34 , label=Caulonia (ancient city), I46, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.17 , lon_deg=15.11 , label=Brucoli, I47, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.04 , lon_deg=15.31 , label=Policastro Bussentino, I48, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.13 , lon_deg=15.14 , label=Milazzo, I49, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.46 , lon_deg=15.49 , label=Laüs, I50, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.56 , lon_deg=16.14 , label=Terina (ancient city), I51, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.06 , lon_deg=15.39 , label=Reggio Calabria, I52, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.08 , lon_deg=15.02 , label=Tindari, I53, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.26 , lon_deg=15.54 , label=Gioia Tauro, I56, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.39 , lon_deg=17.14 , label=Krimisa, I57, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.15 , lon_deg=16.57 , label=Casabona, I58, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.22 , lon_deg=17.18 , label=Taras (mythology)#Taranto, I59, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.13 , lon_deg=16.40 , label=Heraclea Lucania, I60, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.48 , lon_deg=16.35 , label=Scylletium, I61, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.09 , lon_deg=14.44 , label=Agathyrnum, I62, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.40 , lon_deg=14.50 , label=Adranon, I63, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.02 , lon_deg=14.41 , label=Akrillai, I64, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.04 , lon_deg=14.49 , label=Casmenae, I65, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.03 , lon_deg=14.53 , label=Akrai, I66, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.47 , lon_deg=14.36 , label=Engyon, I67, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.09 , lon_deg=15.13 , label=Thapsos, I68, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.43 , lon_deg=13.53 , label=Pithekoussai, I69, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.31 , lon_deg=16.20 , label=Castelmezzano, I70, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.06 , lon_deg=13.56 , label=Licata, I71, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.57 , lon_deg=14.36 , label=Avella, I72, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.53 , lon_deg=16.47 , label=Salona, C1, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.31 , lon_deg=16.15 , label=Trogir, C2, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.30 , lon_deg=16.27 , label=Split, Croatia, C3, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.29 , lon_deg=16.31 , label=Stobreč, C4, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.02 , lon_deg=16.09 , label=Vis (island), C5, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.11 , lon_deg=16.35 , label=Hvar, C6, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.11 , lon_deg=16.35 , label=Stari Grad, Croatia, C7, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.57 , lon_deg=17.07 , label=Korčula, C8, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.34 , lon_deg=18.13 , label=Epidaurum, C9, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.02 , lon_deg=17.35 , label=Narona, C10, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.92 , lon_deg=17.17 , label=Lumbarda, C11, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.17 , lon_deg=18.50 , label=Budva, M1, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.48 , lon_deg=19.35 , label=Nymphaeum (Illyria), AL1, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.31 , lon_deg=19.45 , label=Epidamnos, AL2, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.43 , lon_deg=19.28 , label=Apollonia (Illyria), AL3, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.27 , lon_deg=19.29 , label=Vlorë, AL4, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.7 , lon_deg=19.44 , label=Chimara, AL5, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.44 , lon_deg=20.01 , label=Buthrotum, AL6, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.27 , lon_deg=19.29 , label=Oricum, AL7, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.34 , lon_deg=19.34 , label=Thronion (Illyria), AL8, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.33 , lon_deg=21.54 , label=Damastion, SE1, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.26 , lon_deg=21.51 , label=Damastion, MA1, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.00 , lon_deg=21.20 , label=Heraclea Lyncestis, MA2, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.19 , lon_deg=23.33 , label=Potidaea, GR1, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.35 , lon_deg=23.47 , label=Stagira (ancient city), GR2, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.23 , lon_deg=23.52 , label=Akanthos (Greece), GR3, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.96 , lon_deg=23.42 , label=Mende (Chalcidice), GR4, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.90 , lon_deg=20.59 , label=Ambracia, GR5, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.35 , lon_deg=19.52 , label=Corfu, GR6, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.54 , lon_deg=23.31 , label=Maroneia, GR7, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.1 , lon_deg=24.18 , label=Krinides, GR8, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.29 , lon_deg=23.35 , label=Olynthus, GR9, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.56 , lon_deg=24.58 , label=Abdera, Thrace, GR10, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.34 , lon_deg=22.56 , label=Therma, GR11, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.39 , lon_deg=23.37 , label=Arethusa (Mygdonia), GR12, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.43 , lon_deg=20.39 , label=Lefkada, GR13, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.47 , lon_deg=23.53 , label=Eion, GR14, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.21 , lon_deg=23.56 , label=Sane (Acte), GR15, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.49 , lon_deg=23.50 , label=Amphipolis, GR16, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.46 , lon_deg=23.48 , label=Argilus, GR17, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.21 , lon_deg=23.56 , label=Sane (Acte), GR18, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.23 , lon_deg=23.53 , label=Akanthos (Greece), GR19, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.33 , lon_deg=21.05 , label=Astacus (Acarnania), GR20, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.45 , lon_deg=23.59 , label=Galepsus (Thrace), GR21, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.49 , lon_deg=24.19 , label=Oesyme, GR22, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.46 , lon_deg=23.57 , label=Phagres, GR23, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.49 , lon_deg=24.10 , label=Datus (Greece), GR24, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.56 , lon_deg=25.16 , label=Stryme, GR25, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.58 , lon_deg=24.35 , label=Pistyrus, GR26, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.28 , lon_deg=22.51 , label=Rhaecelus, GR27, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.27 , lon_deg=22.56 , label=Dicaea (Macedonia), GR28, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.26 , lon_deg=22.35 , label=Methoni, Pieria, GR29, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.47 , lon_deg=22.26 , label=Heraclea in Trachis, GR30, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.54 , lon_deg=20.56 , label=Heraclea (Acarnania), GR31, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.55 , lon_deg=20.50 , label=Anactorium, GR32, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.50 , lon_deg=25.52 , label=Sale (Thrace), GR33, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.51 , lon_deg=25.40 , label=Drys (Thrace), GR34, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.59 , lon_deg=23.54 , label=Toroni, GR35, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.50 , lon_deg=25.54 , label=Amorgos, GR36, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.95 , lon_deg=20.76 , label=Actium, GR37, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.19 , lon_deg=23.35 , label=Scabala, GR38, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.00 , lon_deg=24.17 , label=Philippi, GR39, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.10 , lon_deg=28.38 , label=Constanța, RO1, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.32 , lon_deg=28.46 , label=Histria (ancient city), RO2, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.11 , lon_deg=28.48 , label=Tulcea, RO3, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.00 , lon_deg=28.38 , label=Tuzla, Constanța, RO4, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.20 , lon_deg=28.02 , label=Cernavodă, RO5, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.49 , lon_deg=28.34 , label=Mangalia, RO6, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=35.25 , lon_deg=33.49 , label=Chytri, CY1, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=35.20 , lon_deg=33.19 , label=Kyrenia, CY2, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.39 , lon_deg=27.44 , label=Nesebar, BUL1, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.13 , lon_deg=27.55 , label=Varna, Bulgaria, BUL2, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.25 , lon_deg=27.42 , label=Sozopol, BUL3, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.49 , lon_deg=28.34 , label=Callatis, BUL4, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.60 , lon_deg=27.57 , label=Ahtopol, BUL5, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.26 , lon_deg=28.20 , label=Kavarna, BUL6, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.34 , lon_deg=27.37 , label=Pomorie, BUL7, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.49 , lon_deg=27.53 , label=Obzor, BUL8, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.25 , lon_deg=28.10 , label=Balchik, BUL9, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.28 , lon_deg=24.04 , label=Pistiros, BUL10, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.34 , lon_deg=27.37 , label=Pomorie, BUL11, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.26 , lon_deg=28.20 , label=Kavarna, BUL12, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.23 , lon_deg=27.17 , label=Develtos, BUL13, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.23 , lon_deg=27.17 , label=Heraclea Sintica, BUL14, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.26 , lon_deg=25.39 , label=Stara Zagora, BUL15, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=46.36 , lon_deg=31.24 , label=Berezan Island, U1, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=46.12 , lon_deg=30.21 , label=Tyras, U2, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=46.41 , lon_deg=31.54 , label=Pontic Olbia (archaeological site), U3, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=46.11 , lon_deg=30.26 , label=Nikonion, U4, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=46.29 , lon_deg=30.44 , label=Odessa, U5, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.21 , lon_deg=36.28 , label=Panticapaeum, CR1, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.14 , lon_deg=36.25 , label=Nymphaion (Crimea), CR2, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.16 , lon_deg=36.24 , label=Tyritake, CR3, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.20 , lon_deg=35.22 , label=Feodosia, CR4, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.36 , lon_deg=33.29 , label=Chersonesus, CR5, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.42 , lon_deg=34.12 , label=Charax, Crimea, CR6, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.21 , lon_deg=36.28 , label=Myrmekion, CR7, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.11 , lon_deg=33.22 , label=Yevpatoria, CR8, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.04 , lon_deg=36.23 , label=Kimmerikon, CR9, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.30 , lon_deg=32.42 , label=Chornomorske, CR10, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.29 , lon_deg=34.10 , label=Yalta, CR11, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.13 , lon_deg=36.41 , label= Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus), CR12, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=47.16 , lon_deg=39.20 , label=Tanais, RU1, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.22 , lon_deg=39.26 , label=Kepoi, RU2, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.16 , lon_deg=36.57 , label=Phanagoria, RU3, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.43 , lon_deg=37.45 , label=Novorossiysk, RU4, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.52 , lon_deg=37.22 , label=Anapa, RU5, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.13 , lon_deg=36.42 , label=Tmutarakan, RU6, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.20 , lon_deg=36.61 , label= Korokondame, RU7, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=47.13 , lon_deg=38.55 , label= Taganrog, RU8, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.16 , lon_deg=37.22 , label= Tyramba, RU9, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.31 , lon_deg=36.84 , label= RU10, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.57 , lon_deg=37.99 , label= Toricos, RU11, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.38 , lon_deg=41.38 , label=Batumi, G1, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.20 , lon_deg=40.13 , label=Gagra, G2, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.10 , lon_deg=40.20 , label=Pitsunda, G3, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.00 , lon_deg=41.01 , label=Sukhumi, G4, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.09 , lon_deg=41.40 , label=Phasis (town), G5, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.42 , lon_deg=41.27 , label=Ochamchire, G6, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.05 , lon_deg=28.15 , label=Silivri, TR1, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.17 , lon_deg=31.24 , label=Heraclea Pontica, TR2, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.91 , lon_deg=31.11 , label=Cius, TR3, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.56 , lon_deg=27.20 , label=Ephesus, TR4, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.25 , lon_deg=28.05 , label=Birgi, TR5, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.16 , lon_deg=27.35 , label=Iasos, TR6, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.03 , lon_deg=27.14 , label=Myndus, TR7, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.13 , lon_deg=31.07 , label=Selge, Pisidia, TR8, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.39 , lon_deg=27.17 , label=Priene, TR9, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.02 , lon_deg=27.25 , label=Halicarnassus, TR10, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.31 , lon_deg=27.16 , label=Miletus, TR11, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.50 , lon_deg=27.50 , label=Aydın, TR12, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.31 , lon_deg=30.33 , label=Phaselis, TR13, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.56 , lon_deg=31.10 , label=Aspendos, TR14, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.46 , lon_deg=31.23 , label=Side, Turkey, TR15, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.59 , lon_deg=30.59 , label=Sillyon, TR16, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.48 , lon_deg=34.38 , label=Mersin, TR17, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.08 , lon_deg=33.19 , label=Kelenderis, TR18, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.75 , lon_deg=35.48 , label=Mallus (city), TR19, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.45 , lon_deg=28.16 , label=Amos (ancient city), TR20, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.00 , lon_deg=28.57 , label=Byzantium, TR21, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.39 , lon_deg=35.49 , label=Amasya, TR22, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.45 , lon_deg=32.33 , label=Amasra, TR23, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.44 , lon_deg=26.04 , label=Enez, TR24, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.57 , lon_deg=23.23 , label=Berge (Bisaltia), TR25, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.58 , lon_deg=26.57 , label=Marmara Ereğlisi, TR26, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.32 , lon_deg=26.44 , label=Cardia (Thrace), TR27, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.98 , lon_deg=29.03 , label=Chalcedon, TR28, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.46 , lon_deg=29.56 , label=Nicomedia, TR29, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.11 , lon_deg=26.24 , label=Abydos (Hellespont), TR30, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.13 , lon_deg=26.23 , label=Sestos, TR31, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.20 , lon_deg=26.41 , label=Lampsacus, TR32, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.21 , lon_deg=27.58 , label=Bandırma, TR33, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.38 , lon_deg=27.89 , label=Cyzicus, TR34, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.57 , lon_deg=26.14 , label=Troy, TR35, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.58 , lon_deg=26.10 , label=Troy, TR36, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.02 , lon_deg=35.09 , label=Sinop, Turkey, TR37, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.0 , lon_deg=38.49 , label=Tirebolu, TR38, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.17 , lon_deg=35.19 , label=Samsun, TR39, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.00 , lon_deg=38.49 , label=Tripolis (Pontus), TR40, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.59 , lon_deg=37.53 , label=Ordu, TR41, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.02 , lon_deg=37.30 , label=Fatsa, TR42, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.01 , lon_deg=39.33 , label=Akçaabat, TR43, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.54 , lon_deg=38.23 , label=Giresun, TR44, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.00 , lon_deg=39.44 , label=Trabzon, TR45, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.12 , lon_deg=36.43 , label=Themiscyra (Pontus), TR46, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.92 , lon_deg=29.99 , label=Astacus in Bithynia, TR 47, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.29 , lon_deg=26.20 , label=Assos, TR48, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.55 , lon_deg=26.56 , label=Pitane (Aeolis), TR49, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.40 , lon_deg=26.45 , label=Phocaea, TR50, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.25 , lon_deg=27.08 , label=Smyrna, TR51, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.07 , lon_deg=27.11 , label=Pergamon, TR52, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.10 , lon_deg=26.47 , label=Teos, TR53, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.06 , lon_deg=27.08 , label=Colophon (city), TR55, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.15 , lon_deg=29.19 , label=Patara, Lycia, TR56, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.20 , lon_deg=26.48 , label=Canae, TR57, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.20 , lon_deg=27.57 , label=Bargylia, TR58, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.18 , lon_deg=26.35 , label=Madytus, TR59, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.03 , lon_deg=26.13 , label=Elaeus, TR60, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.25 , lon_deg=32.04 , label=Tieion, TR61, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.22 , lon_deg=28.53 , label=Apamea Myrlea, TR62, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.21 , lon_deg=26.46 , label=Klazomenai, TR63, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.59 , lon_deg=27.11 , label=Notion (ancient city), TR64, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.41 , lon_deg=27.07 , label=Parium, TR65, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.02 , lon_deg=27.74 , label=Heraion (Thrace), TR66, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.58 , lon_deg=27.30 , label=Bisanthe, TR67, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.22 , lon_deg=26.28 , label=Erythrae, TR68, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.24 , lon_deg=27.18 , label=Karabiga, TR69, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.18 , lon_deg=26.14 , label=Alopeconnesus, TR70, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.43 , lon_deg=29.30 , label=Limnae (Bithynia), TR71, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.24 , lon_deg=26.39 , label=Crithote (Thrace), TR73, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.29 , lon_deg=26.46 , label=Pactya, TR74, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.58 , lon_deg=27.57 , label=Perinthus, TR75, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.33 , lon_deg=32.01 , label=Tium, TR76, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.21 , lon_deg=27.27 , label=Teichiussa, TR77, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.41 , lon_deg=27.29 , label=Triopium, TR78, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.23 , lon_deg=28.16 , label=Placia, TR79, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.23 , lon_deg=28.23 , label=Scylace, TR80, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.11 , lon_deg=26.32 , label=Arisba, TR81, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.12 , lon_deg=27.29 , label=Apollonia (Mysia), TR82, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.10 , lon_deg=28.36 , label=Apollonia ad Rhyndacum, TR83, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.50 , lon_deg=26.59 , label=Myrina (Aeolis), TR84, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.23 , lon_deg=29.24 , label=Pythopolis (Mysia), TR85, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.51 , lon_deg=32.51 , label=Cytorus, TR86, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.02 , lon_deg=32.02 , label=Armene, TR87, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.41 , lon_deg=26.09 , label=Kolonai, TR88, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.24 , lon_deg=26.47 , label=Paesus, TR89, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.48 , lon_deg=26.42 , label=Scepsis, TR90, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.35 , lon_deg=27.25 , label=Myus, TR91, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.75 , lon_deg=35.48 , label=Mallus (Cilicia), TR92, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.57 , lon_deg=35.37 , label=Mopsuestia, TR93, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.07 , lon_deg=27.22 , label=Caryanda, TR94, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.10 , lon_deg=40.53 , label=Athenae (Pontus), TR95, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.43 , lon_deg=28.11 , label=Syrna (Caria), TR96, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.86 , lon_deg=27.05 , label=Cyme (Aeolis), TR97, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.49 , lon_deg=27.15 , label=Marathesium, TR98, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.01 , lon_deg=29.02 , label=Üsküdar, TR99, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.39 , lon_deg=27.01 , label=Neonteikhos, TR100, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.24 , lon_deg=27.47 , label=Artace (Mysia), TR101, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.03 , lon_deg=28.56 , label=Semystra, TR102, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.35 , lon_deg=26.50 , label=Cobrys, TR103, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.37 , lon_deg=26.50 , label=Cypasis, TR104, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.19 , lon_deg=26.41 , label=Ayvalık, TR105, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.21 , lon_deg=26.46 , label=Coryphas, TR106, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.18 , lon_deg=26.41 , label=Heraclea (Aeolis), TR107, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.35 , lon_deg=26.32 , label=Gargara, TR108, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.32 , lon_deg=26.24 , label=Lamponeia, TR109, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.57 , lon_deg=27.02 , label=Elaea (Aeolis), TR110, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.27 , lon_deg=31.47 , label=Zonguldak, TR111, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.00 , lon_deg=27.11 , label=Claros, TR112, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.41 , lon_deg=27.22 , label=Knidos, TR113, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.54 , lon_deg=31.08 , label=Prusias ad Hypium, TR114, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.08 , lon_deg=26.36 , label=Dardanus (city), TR115, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.51 , lon_deg=27.15 , label=Pygela, TR116, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.40 , lon_deg=27.11 , label=Temnos, TR117, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.49 , lon_deg=27.11 , label=Gryneium, TR118, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.49 , lon_deg=27.11 , label=Aigai (Aeolis), TR119, position=bottom , caption=Some of the Greek colonies Griechischen und phönizischen Kolonien

Notes

{{reflist, group=quotes

References

{{reflist, 30em

External links

Greek colonies to 500 BCE

* [https://topostext.org/the-places TOPOSTEXT: EDUCATION / REFERENCE TOOL FOR GREEK CIVILIZATION] {{Ancient Greece topics {{Hellenistic colonies Greek colonies Archaic Greece