Great European Plain

The European Plain or Great European Plain is a plain in Europe and is a major feature of one of four major topographical units of Europe - the ''Central and Interior Lowlands''.
''Encyclopædia Britannica'' It is the largest mountain-free landform in Europe, although a number of highlands are identified within it.

Location

The North European Plain extends from the southern United Kingdom east to Russia. It includes parts of France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Poland, the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania), and Belarus. Most of the Great European Plain lies below 152 meters (500 feet) in elevation. The plain stretches from the Pyrenees mountains and the French coast of the Bay of Biscay in the west to the Russian Ural Mountains in the east. Its shores are washed to the west and northwest by waters of the Atlantic basin, to the northeast - the Arctic Basin, and to the southeast - the Mediterranean Basin, including the Black Sea. To the south of the Middle European Plain stretch the central uplands and plateaus of Europe elevating to the peaks of the Alps, the Carpathian Mountains and the Balkan Mountains. To the northwest across the English Channel lie the British Isles and their lowlands, while across several straits north of the Jutland Peninsula lies the Central Swedish lowland in the Scandinavian Peninsula, which is part of the Fennoscandia ecoregion.

Most of the plain lies in the temperate broadleaf and mixed forest biome, while its far eastern portion extends into steppe of the ecoregion Eurasian Steppe.

Beside the Great European Plain there are other, smaller European plains such as the Pannonian Basin or Mid-Danube Plain, which lies in Central Europe, Padana Plain which is located in the valley of the Po river, the Thracian Plain with Maritsa.

The Great European Plain is divided into the North European Plain (Central/Middle European Plain) and the East European Plain. The subdivision is a historical one, rather than geomorphological: the Russian portion of the East European Plain is also known as the Russian Plain which covers almost all of European Russia.

In Western Europe, the plain is relatively narrow (mostly within in width) in the northern part of Europe, but it broadens significantly toward its eastern part in Western Russia.

Hydrology

The plains are cut by many important rivers like the Loire, Rhine and Vistula in the west; the Northern Dvina and Daugava flowing northwards in East Europe and Russia and the Volga, the Don and the Dnieper flowing southwards of the European Russia.

List of large bodies of water

* Baltic Sea
* Bay of Biscay
* Black Sea
* Caspian Sea
* English Channel
* Gulf of Bothnia
* North Sea
* Sea of Azov
* White Sea
* Mediterranean Sea

Ecology

The European plain was once largely covered by forest, before human settlement and the resulting deforestation that occurred. One of the last (and largest) remnants of this primeval forest is Białowieża Forest, which straddles the border between Belarus and Poland. Now the European Plain is the most agriculturally productive region of Europe. Ecological regions include:
* Atlantic mixed forests
* Balkan mixed forests
* Baltic mixed forests
* East European forest steppe
* Pontic–Caspian steppe

Geopolitical significance

The large uninterrupted flatland of the European Plain provides very little geographic protection against invasion. This has been a continuing problem for states whose heartlands are on the European Plain, especially Russia and France, the latter of which was invaded through the plain three times since 1870, two of which successfully occupied the country.

See also

* Geography of Europe

References

{{Physical geography topics

Plains of Europe
Physiographic divisions
Geopolitics