![Gray tree frog in arboreal forest habitat, MA](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Gray_tree_frog_in_arboreal_forest_habitat%2C_MA.jpg)
The gray treefrog (''Dryophytes versicolor'') is a
species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...
of small
arboreal
Arboreal locomotion is the locomotion of animals in trees. In habitats in which trees are present, animals have evolved to move in them. Some animals may scale trees only occasionally, but others are exclusively arboreal. The habitats pose nu ...
holarctic tree frog native to much of the eastern United States and southeastern Canada.
It is sometimes referred to as the eastern gray treefrog, northern gray treefrog, common gray treefrog, or tetraploid gray treefrog to distinguish it from its more southern, genetically disparate relative,
Cope's gray treefrog
Cope's gray treefrog (''Dryophytes chrysoscelis'') is a species of treefrog found in the United States. It is almost indistinguishable from the gray treefrog ('' Dryophytes versicolor''), and shares much of its geographic range. Both species ar ...
.
Description
As the scientific name implies, gray treefrogs are variable in color. This ability to vary their color provides them with the ability to
camouflage
Camouflage is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see, or by disguising them as something else. Examples include the leopard's spotted coat, the b ...
themselves from gray to green or brown, depending on the environment around them. ''H. versicolor'' can change from nearly black to nearly white. They change color at a slower rate than a
chameleon. A unique aspect of the appearance of gray treefrogs is that its legs feature a dark band-like pattern which then contrast sharply with the black-marked bright yellow or orange under the sides of its legs and arms. Dead gray treefrogs and ones in unnatural surroundings are predominantly
gray
Grey (more common in British English) or gray (more common in American English) is an intermediate color between black and white. It is a neutral or achromatic color, meaning literally that it is "without color", because it can be composed o ...
. The female does not call however, the male does call. Female gray treefrogs are usually larger than their male counterparts. They are relatively small compared to other North American frog species, typically attaining no more than in length. Their skin has a lumpy texture to it, giving them a warty appearance.
This species is virtually indistinguishable from Cope's gray treefrog, the only readily noticeable difference being that Cope's Gray treefrog has a shorter, faster call. This varies depending on the temperature, however, as the call rates of both gray treefrogs are temperature dependent. At lower temperatures, Cope's gray treefrog can have a call rate approximating that of the gray treefrog. This difference in calling can be heard, but it is best quantified by counting the number of pulses per second in their whistled trills. At usual temperatures, the gray treefrog has a pulse rate of 16 to 34 pulses per second, while Cope's gray treefrog has a pulse rate of 34 to 60 pulses per second. Even though there is potential for overlap, because of the temperature dependence of the pulse frequency the two species are easily distinguished where they occur together. At a given temperature, the pulse frequency for the gray treefrog is approximately 1/2 that of Cope's gray treefrog.
The gray treefrog also has 48 chromosomes (4n), and is sometimes referred to as the tetraploid gray treefrog in scientific literature. Cope's gray treefrog, or diploid gray treefrog, retained its 2n (24) original chromosome count. Hybridization between these species results in early mortality of many larvae, but some individuals survive to adulthood, but these individuals suffer from reduced fertility.
Both of these similar species have bright-yellow patches on their hind legs, which distinguishes them from other treefrogs, such as the
bird-voiced tree frog. The bright patches are normally only visible while the frog is jumping. Both species of gray treefrogs are slightly
sexually dimorphic
Sexual dimorphism is the condition where the sexes of the same animal and/or plant species exhibit different morphological characteristics, particularly characteristics not directly involved in reproduction. The condition occurs in most ani ...
. Males have black or gray throats, while the throats of the females are lighter.
![Yellow hind legs of a gray tree frog](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Yellow_hind_legs_of_a_gray_tree_frog.jpg)
Tadpoles have rounded bodies (as opposed to the more elongated bodies of stream species) with high, wide tails that can be colored red if predators are in the system. Metamorphosis can occur as quickly as two months with optimal conditions. During metamorphosis, the new froglets will almost always turn green for a day or two before changing to the more common gray. Young frogs will also sometimes maintain a light green color, only turning gray or darker green once adulthood is reached.
Distribution and habitat
![Gray tree frog](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Gray_tree_frog.jpg)
Gray treefrogs inhabit a wide geographic range, and can be found in most of the eastern half of the United States and as far west as central
Texas
Texas (, ; Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2020, it is the second-largest U.S. state by ...
and
Oklahoma. They also range into Canada in the provinces of
Quebec
Quebec ( ; )According to the Canadian government, ''Québec'' (with the acute accent) is the official name in Canadian French and ''Quebec'' (without the accent) is the province's official name in Canadian English is one of the thirtee ...
,
Ontario
Ontario ( ; ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada.Ontario is located in the geographic eastern half of Canada, but it has historically and politically been considered to be part of Central Canada. Located in Central C ...
, and
Manitoba
, image_map = Manitoba in Canada 2.svg
, map_alt = Map showing Manitoba's location in the centre of Southern Canada
, Label_map = yes
, coordinates =
, capital = Winn ...
, with an isolated population in
New Brunswick
New Brunswick (french: Nouveau-Brunswick, , locally ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces. It is the only province with both English and ...
.
The gray treefrog is capable of surviving freezing of its internal body fluids to temperatures as low as .
The gray treefrog is most common in forested areas, as it is highly arboreal. Its calls are often heard in rural residential areas of the East Coast and the Midwest. It prefers to breed in semipermanent woodland ponds without fish, but it also lays eggs in swamps, vernal pools, man-made fountains and water gardens, and even in rainwater-filled swimming pool covers.
Behavior
Male gray treefrogs rarely have large choruses, as they are mostly solitary animals, but might vocalize competitively at the height of breeding periods. Gray treefrogs have been observed to congregate around windows and porch lights to eat insects that are attracted to the light. Insect larvae, mites, spiders, plant lice, harvestmen and snails also contribute towards the diet of the gray treefrog.
However, like most frogs, ''D. versicolor'' is opportunitistic and may also eat smaller frogs, including other treefrogs.
During the day they often rest on horizontal tree branches or leaves out in the open. Gray treefrogs have also been observed to lay out in the direct sun. Gray tree frogs are less prone to overheating and desiccation than other amphibians and rely on their superb camouflage to hide them from predators.
Mating
Mate searching behavior
Research on anuran communication reveals that groups of male frog chorus attract female frogs to mate. The relative success of these male frogs, including ''H. versicolor'' males, at attracting females depends on how their advertisement
call
Call or Calls may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media Games
* Call, a type of betting in poker
* Call, in the game of contract bridge, a bid, pass, double, or redouble in the bidding stage
Music and dance
* Call (band), from Lahore, Paki ...
is able to lead females to their calling space. As male density increases, a male’s advertisement call is confused with the other calls. This confusion leads to the inability of females to accurately locate the origin of the call. The lowest
intensity of a neighbor's call that a male frog is tolerant of is known as the aggressive threshold. When this threshold is reached, a male frog will use a different call known as an aggressive call to initiate male-male conflict or intolerance.
Aggressive calls are usually much shorter in length and have lower frequencies than advertisement calls. Aggressive calls specifically in ''H. versicolor'' males also do not show much variation in amplitude throughout the call, unlike advertisement calls which contain many pulses. This is very unique to the ''H. versicolor'' species since most species with graded aggressive calls have advertisement and aggressive calls with very similar structures. They are similar in that they both have two peak frequencies, but the aggressive call peak
frequencies are usually lower.
Male/male interactions
Since females do not prefer call overlap between males in a close range of each other, this can cause a change in call-timing as well as a change in the characteristics of the calls these males produce.
When there are other male frogs calling, ''H. versicolor'' males will adjust the timing of their calls; however, this is done in a much less strict fashion than most frog species. Compared to other species, ''H. versicolor'' does not exhibit selective attention. Selective attention is the phenomenon observed in many chorusing male frog species to change the timing of their calls to reduce overlap based on their loudest one or two neighboring male competitors, while ignoring the timing of other calls farther away.
Instead, ''H. versicolor'' males will avoid call overlap when paired with only one other male, but will not actively avoid overlap with adjacent frogs in a group nearly as much as other frog species do.
In response to increased competition, males can change the timing of their calls, but also change the characteristics of their calls. As surrounding competition increases, males will increase the length of their advertisement calls, but produce those calls less often since each call requires more energy to produce. But call
amplitude
The amplitude of a periodic variable is a measure of its change in a single period (such as time or spatial period). The amplitude of a non-periodic signal is its magnitude compared with a reference value. There are various definitions of am ...
and call frequency do not change as the amount of surrounding competition changes.
When males get closer and there is infiltration of each others territories, there are increased chances of aggressive encounters. This results in males engaging in conflict with one another through aggressive calls. The timing of these aggressive calls changes as distance from the intended recipient varies.
Conflict between two ''H. versicolor'' males will begin with trading advertisement calls between each other. Even though advertisement calls are primarily used to attract females, they still play a role in male-male interactions. Rarely the conflict escalates from this point and transitions into the exchange of aggressive calls and only in few cases will conflict result in physical contact.
Female/male interactions
Mate choice
Unlike most species, ''H. versicolor'' females do not prefer leading calls, but do prefer leading pulses if there is call overlap between male calls. Overall, females prefer the lack of call overlap. However, increasing the distance between males producing overlapping calls may reduce the cost that usually causes females to not choose those potential mates. The distance between the males allows the female to distinguish calls opposed to overlapping calls produced from very close points that make two individual males harder to distinguish by sound. This means that ''H. versicolor'' males are not as forced to make specific timed-call responses and initiations to increase mate attractiveness compared to other chorus anurans and insects. Instead, ''H. versicolor'' males can allow call-timing to be more dependent on other things, like the social environment and male competition.
''H. versicolor'' females are not usually attracted to aggressive calls no matter the range of aggressive frequency it is produced in, but may occasionally still be attracted to aggressive calls. Females also exhibit no preference within the range of advertisement call frequencies, they generally prefer advertisement calls over aggressive ones. There is a range in the advertisement and aggressive call frequencies because ''H. versicolor'' males are capable of producing certain frequencies based on their size and properties of their vocal structures.
Females are more attracted to longer male calls, which is also supported by their preference for advertisement calls over any aggressive call.
Aggressive calls from nearby males don’t reduce the attractiveness of advertisement calls from a given other male.
Courting
Male frogs will change their vocalizations when female frogs move closer to them. They do this in order to increase the likelihood that their advertisement call is received by a female over the other noise and vocalizations that could obscure it. ''H. versicolor'' males specifically do this by increasing the length of their calls to several lengths of a normal advertisement call.
Males will also lengthen the duration of their calls when they see a female or sense them through touch. Females will initiate the mating position by touching the male frog resulting in the male frog vocalizing one or two especially long calls, known as courting calls.
Social behavior
Adult sociality
''H. versicolor'' males are known to follow a similar pattern that is seen in other species termed graded aggressive calling. Compared to aggressive calls, ''H. versicolor'' male aggressive calls are a lower frequency than advertisement calls. However, they decrease the frequency of their aggressive calls as the aggressiveness with another male rises. This gradient in frequencies allows their calls to efficiently balance energy costs of calling and when intense calling is necessary during male-male conflict. The energetic cost of producing vocalizations increases if there is any shift from a male’s individual natural frequency. That being said, there is more of an energetic cost for low frequency and frequency decreasing calls than higher frequency ones, so this could be an explanation for why these types of calls are usually reserved for the most intense conflict.
Graded aggressive calling and a lower need to avoid call overlap allows ''H. versicolor'' males to have more freedom in the types of calls they produce. More freedom in call-timing also allows ''H. versicolor'' males to use advertisement call-overlap to signal the beginning of rising levels of aggressiveness between two males. Increasing overlapping calls can also be a response to an increase in the level of male competition or might simply be because call overlap increases as males communicate with each other for a longer period of time. For the same reason why males respond with call overlap in areas with the most acoustic competition, males in high density call choruses also produce the highest levels of overlapping calls with male frogs closest to them.
Group living
Male aggressive calling not only is affected by mating and their need to defend their calling space but is also affected by social communication with other aggressive males.
The social environment can change as male callers move around and as females arrive to assess their potential mates producing different levels of perceived male competition heard by ''H. versicolor'' males.
In particular, the social environment surrounding a male responding to an intruder will affect the intensity of the responding aggressive calls produced. This idea of a social environment affecting aggressive call output arose in this frog species from research that examined the relationship between aggressive call intensity in environments with an intruder versus and environment with other surrounding male competitors. With that being said, the effect of the social environment is more complex and requires further research.
There are effects of other male competition on a male’s advertisement call timing in the gray tree frog. As males get closer to another males calling space, they become more aggravated by another male infiltrating their calling space. This results in males engaging in conflict with one another through aggressive calls and the timing of these calls changes when the intended recipient is within close range.
Inter-species interactions
''Dryophytes versicolor'' is known to be largely
intersterile with ''
D. chrysoscelis'' but there may be a limited amount of
interfertility
In biology, a hybrid is the offspring resulting from combining the qualities of two organisms of different breeds, varieties, species or genera through sexual reproduction. Hybrids are not always intermediates between their parents (such as in ...
in
sympatry. When ''D. versicolor'' is sympatric with ''D. chrysoscelis'', females more strongly weight a species-specific cue (call rate) than a more general cue (call duration) when choosing mates. This appears to be an example of reproductive character displacement to keep the species separate. In addition, to enforce speciation there may be unknown mechanisms of
reinforcement
In behavioral psychology, reinforcement is a consequence applied that will strengthen an organism's future behavior whenever that behavior is preceded by a specific antecedent stimulus. This strengthening effect may be measured as a higher fr ...
deployed between these species and further research may be fruitful.
''Dryophytes versicolor'' and ''Dryophytes chrysoscelis'' call next to each other ponds resulting in interference of their vocalizations because their calls are so similar acoustically. In response to male advertisement calls, ''D.'' ''versicolor'' male answers with the same level of aggressiveness to males of the same species and to ''D. chrysoscelis'' males producing the initial call. ''D. versicolor'' male interactions with ''D. chrysoscelis'' males increase in aggressive intensity more quickly than with male interactions with their own species. Once the aggression levels intensified between these species, the weaker frog was more likely to retreat from the winner. In general, ''D. versicolor'' males initiate physical attacks during intense vocal conflict between the two species more often than ''D. chrysoscelis''.
In previous studies, ''D.'' ''versicolor'' mate attractiveness decreases when there is call overlap with ''D. chrysoscelis''. The H. versicolor mate attractiveness decreases even more so than ''D. chrysoscelis'' when there is call overlap, which can explain why the ''D.'' ''versicolor'' male tends to initiate aggressive physical contact more often: the ''D.'' ''versicolor'' has more to lose from the call overlap continuing to take place. While the advertisement calls of ''D.'' ''versicolor'' and ''D. chrysoscelis'' are distinguishable, the aggressive calls between these two species are similar.
References
External links
*
*
Gray Treefrog - ''Hyla versicolor''Species account from the Iowa Reptile and Amphibian Field Guide
*
ttps://web.archive.org/web/20100904045722/http://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/subsite/glfc-amphibians/hyla-versicolor Tetraploid Gray Treefrog (''Hyla versicolor'') Natural Resources Canada
Gray Treefrog Tadpole Tail Polymorphism Images and explanation of tadpole tail coloration.
Northern gray treefrogNew Jersey Pinelands flora, fauna, and landscapes photo galleries link to northern gray treefrog photograph
{{Taxonbar, from=Q2543130
Dryophytes
Cryozoa
Amphibians of Canada
Amphibians of the United States
Fauna of the Eastern United States
Fauna of the Northeastern United States
Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States)
Articles containing video clips
Extant Pleistocene first appearances
Amphibians described in 1825