Graphic Adaptation

A graphic novel is a long-form, fictional work of sequential art. The term ''graphic novel'' is often applied broadly, including fiction, non-fiction, and anthologized work, though this practice is highly contested by comic scholars and industry professionals. It is, at least in the United States, typically distinct from the term ''comic book'', which is generally used for comics periodicals and trade paperbacks (see American comic book).

Fan historian Richard Kyle coined the term ''graphic novel'' in an essay in the November 1964 issue of the comics fanzine ''Capa-Alpha''. The term gained popularity in the comics community after the publication of Will Eisner's ''A Contract with God'' (1978) and the start of the ''Marvel Graphic Novel'' line (comics), line (1982) and became familiar to the public in the late 1980s after the commercial successes of the first volume of Art Spiegelman's ''Maus'' in 1986, the collected editions of Frank Miller's ''The Dark Knight Returns'' in 1986 and Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons' ''Watchmen'' in 1987. The Book Industry Study Group began using ''graphic novel'' as a category in book stores in 2001.

Definition

The term is not strictly defined, though Merriam-Webster's dictionary definition is "a fictional story that is presented in comic-strip format and published as a book". Collections of comic books that do not form a continuous story, anthology, anthologies or collections of loosely related pieces, and even non-fiction are stocked by library, libraries and bookstores as graphic novels (similar to the manner in which dramatic stories are included in "comic" books). The term is also sometimes used to distinguish between works created as standalone stories, in contrast to collections or compilations of a story arc from a comic book series published in book form.

In continental Europe, both original book-length stories such as ''Una ballata del mare salato'' (1967) by Hugo Pratt or ''La rivolta dei racchi'' (1967) by Guido Buzzelli, and collections of comics have been commonly published in hardcover volumes, often called ''comic album, albums'', since the end of the 19th century (including such later Franco-Belgian comics series as ''The Adventures of Tintin'' in the 1930s).

History

As the exact definition of the graphic novel is debated, the origins of the form are open to interpretation.

''The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck'' is the oldest recognized American example of comics used to this end.. Originally published at defunct sit
CollectorTimes.com
It originated as the 1828 publication ''Histoire de M. Vieux Bois'' by Swiss caricaturist Rodolphe Töpffer, and was first published in English translation in 1841 by London's Tilt & Bogue, which used an 1833 Paris pirate edition. The first American edition was published in 1842 by Wilson & Company in New York City using the original printing plates from the 1841 edition. Another early predecessor is ''Journey to the Gold Diggins by Jeremiah Saddlebags'' by brothers J. A. D. and D. F. Read, inspired by ''The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck''. In 1894, Caran d'Ache broached the idea of a "drawn novel" in a letter to the newspaper ''Le Figaro'' and started work on a 360-page wordless book (which was never published). In the United States, there is a long tradition of reissuing previously published comic strips in book form. In 1897, the Hearst Syndicate published such a collection of ''The Yellow Kid'' by Richard Outcault and it quickly became a best seller.

1920s to 1960s

The 1920s saw a revival of the medieval woodcut tradition, with Belgian Frans Masereel cited as "the undisputed king" of this revival. His works include ''Passionate Journey'' (1919). American Lynd Ward also worked in this tradition, publishing ''Gods' Man'', in 1929 and going on to publish more during the 1930s.

Other prototypical examples from this period include American Milt Gross's ''He Done Her Wrong'' (1930), a wordless comic published as a hardcover book, and ''Une semaine de bonté'' (1934), a novel in sequential images composed of collage by the surrealist painter Max Ernst. Similarly, Charlotte Salomon's ''Life? or Theater?'' (composed 1941–43) combines images, narrative, and captions.

The 1940s saw the launching of ''Classics Illustrated'', a comic-book series that primarily adapted notable, public domain novels into standalone comic books for young readers. ''Citizen 13660'', an illustrated, novel length retelling of Internment of Japanese Americans, Japanese internment during World War II, was published in 1946. In 1947, Fawcett Comics published ''Comics Novel'' #1: "Anarcho, Dictator of Death", a 52-page comic dedicated to one story. In 1950, St. John Publications produced the digest-sized, adult-oriented "picture novel" ''It Rhymes with Lust'', a film noir-influenced slice of steeltown life starring a scheming, manipulative redhead named Rust. Touted as "an original full-length novel" on its cover, the 128-page digest by pseudonymous writer "Drake Waller" (Arnold Drake and Leslie Waller), penciler Matt Baker (artist), Matt Baker and inker Ray Osrin proved successful enough to lead to an unrelated second picture novel, ''The Case of the Winking Buddha'' by pulp magazine, pulp novelist Manning Lee Stokes and illustrator Charles Raab. In the same year, Gold Medal Books released ''Mansion of Evil'' by Joseph Millard. Presaging Will Eisner's multiple-story graphic novel ''A Contract with God'' (1978), cartoonist Harvey Kurtzman wrote and drew the four-story mass-market paperback ''Harvey Kurtzman's Jungle Book'' (Ballantine Books #338K), published in 1959.

By the late 1960s, American comic book creators were becoming more adventurous with the form. Gil Kane and Archie Goodwin (comics), Archie Goodwin self-published a 40-page, magazine-format comics novel, ''His Name Is... Savage'' (Adventure House Press) in 1968—the same year Marvel Comics published two issues of ''The Spectacular Spider-Man'' in a similar format. Columnist and comic-book writer Steven Grant also argues that Stan Lee and Steve Ditko's Doctor Strange story in ''Strange Tales'' #130–146, although published serially from 1965 to 1966, is "the first American graphic novel". Similarly, critic Jason Sacks referred to the 13-issue "Panther's Rage"—comics' first-known titled, self-contained, multi-issue story arc—that ran from 1973 to 1975 in the Black Panther (comics), Black Panther series in Marvel's ''Jungle Action'' as "Marvel's first graphic novel".

Meanwhile, in continental Europe, the tradition of collecting serials of popular strips such as ''The Adventures of Tintin'' or ''Asterix'' led to long-form narratives published initially as serials.

In January 1968, the now legendary book ''Vida del Che'' was published in Argentina - a graphic novel written by Héctor Germán Oesterheld and drawn by Alberto Breccia. The book told the story of Che Guevara in comics form, but the military dictatorship confiscated the books and destroyed them. It was later re-released in corrected versions.

By 1969, the author John Updike, who had entertained ideas of becoming a cartoonist in his youth, addressed the Bristol Literary Society, on "the death of the novel". Updike offered examples of new areas of exploration for novelists, declaring he saw "no intrinsic reason why a doubly talented artist might not arise and create a comic strip novel masterpiece".

Modern era

Gil Kane and Archie Goodwin's ''Blackmark'' (1971), a science fiction/sword-and-sorcery paperback published by Bantam Books, did not use the term originally; the back-cover blurb of the 30th-anniversary edition () calls it, retroactively, "the very first American graphic novel". The Academy of Comic Book Arts presented Kane with a special 1971 Shazam Award for what it called "his paperback comics novel". Whatever the nomenclature, ''Blackmark'' is a 119-page story of comic-book art, with captions and word balloons, published in a traditional book format.

European creators were also experimenting with the longer narrative in comics form. In the United Kingdom, Raymond Briggs was producing works such as ''Father Christmas (graphic novel), Father Christmas'' (1972) and ''The Snowman (book), The Snowman'' (1978), which he himself described as being from the "bottomless abyss of strip cartooning", although they, along with such other Briggs works as the more mature ''When the Wind Blows (graphic novel), When the Wind Blows'' (1982), have been re-marketed as graphic novels in the wake of the term's popularity. Briggs notes, however, "I don't know if I like that term too much".

First self-proclaimed graphic novels: 1976–1978

In 1976, the term "graphic novel" appeared in print to describe three separate works.

''Chandler: Red Tide'' by Jim Steranko, published August, 1976 under the Fiction Illustrated imprint and released in both regular 8.5 x 11" size, and a digest size designed to be sold on newsstands, used the term "graphic novel" in its introduction and "a visual novel" on its cover, predating by two years the usage of this term for Will Eisner's ''A Contract with God''. It is therefore considered the first Modern graphic novel to be done as an original work, and not collected from previously published segments.

''Bloodstar'' by Richard Corben (adapted from a story by Robert E. Howard), Morning Star Press, 1976, also a non-reprinted original presentation, used the term 'graphic novel' to categorize itself as well on its dust jacket and introduction.

George Metzger (artist), George Metzger's ''Beyond Time and Again'', serialized in underground comix from 1967 to 1972, was subtitled "A Graphic Novel" on the inside title page when collected as a 48-page, black-and-white, hardcover book published by Kyle & Wheary.

The following year, Terry Nantier, who had spent his teenage years living in Paris, returned to the United States and formed Flying Buttress Publications, later to incorporate as NBM Publishing (Nantier, Beall, Minoustchine), and published ''Racket Rumba'', a 50-page spoof of the Hardboiled, noir-detective genre, written and drawn by the single-name French artist Loro. Nantier followed this with Enki Bilal's ''The Call of the Stars''. The company marketed these works as "graphic albums".

The first six issues of writer-artist Jack Katz (artist), Jack Katz's 1974 Comics and Comix Co. series ''The First Kingdom'' were collected as a Trade paperback (comics), trade paperback (Pocket Books, March 1978), which described itself as "the first graphic novel". Issues of the comic had described themselves as "graphic prose", or simply as a novel.

Similarly, ''Sabre (graphic novel), Sabre: Slow Fade of an Endangered Species'' by writer Don McGregor and artist Paul Gulacy (Eclipse Comics, Eclipse Books, August 1978) — the first graphic novel sold in the newly created "direct market" of United States comic-book shops — was called a "graphic album" by the author in interviews, though the publisher dubbed it a "comic novel" on its credits page. "Graphic album" was also the term used the following year by Gene Day for his hardcover short-story collection ''Future Day'' (NBM Publishing, Flying Buttress Press).

Another early graphic novel, though it carried no self-description, was ''The Silver Surfer'' (Marvel Fireside Books, Simon & Schuster/Fireside Books, August 1978), by Marvel Comics' Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. Significantly, this was published by a traditional book publisher and distributed through bookstores, as was cartoonist Jules Feiffer's ''Tantrum'' (Alfred A. Knopf, 1979) described on its dust jacket as a "novel-in-pictures".

Adoption of the term

Hyperbolic descriptions of longer comic books as "novels" appear on covers as early as the 1940s. Early issues of DC Comics' ''All-Flash'', for example, described their contents as "novel-length stories" and "full-length four chapter novels".

In its earliest known citation, comic-book reviewer Richard Kyle used the term "graphic novel" in ''Capa-Alpha'' #2 (November 1964), a newsletter published by the Comic Amateur Press Alliance, and again in an article in Bill Spicer's magazine ''Fantasy Illustrated'' #5 (Spring 1966).Pe
''Time'' magazine letter
''Time (magazine), Time''
WebCitation archive
from comics historian and author R. C. Harvey in response to claims in Arnold, Andrew D.
"The Graphic Novel Silver Anniversary"
, ''Time'', November 14, 2003 Kyle, inspired by European and East Asian graphic albums (especially Japanese ''manga''), used the label to designate comics of an artistically "serious" sort. Following this, Spicer, with Kyle's acknowledgment, edited and published a periodical titled ''Graphic Story Magazine'' in the fall of 1967. ''The Sinister House of Secret Love'' #2 (Jan. 1972), one of DC Comics' line of extra-length, 48-page comics, specifically used the phrase "a graphic novel of Gothic terror" on its cover.

The term "graphic novel" began to grow in popularity months after it appeared on the cover of the Trade paperback (comics), trade paperback edition (though not the hardcover edition) of Will Eisner's ''A Contract with God'' (October 1978). This collection of short stories was a mature, complex work focusing on the lives of ordinary people in the real world based on Eisner's own experiences.

One scholar used graphic novels to introduce the concept of graphiation, the theory that the entire personality of an artist is visible through his or her visual representation of a certain character, setting, event, or object in a novel, and can work as a means to examine and analyze drawing style.

Even though Eisner's ''A Contract with God'' was finally published in 1978 by a smaller company, Baronet Press, it took Eisner over a year to find a publishing house that would allow his work to reach the mass market. In its introduction, Eisner cited Lynd Ward's 1930s woodcuts (see above) as an inspiration.

The critical and commercial success of ''A Contract with God'' helped to establish the term "graphic novel" in common usage, and many sources have incorrectly credited Eisner with being the first to use it. These included the ''Time (magazine), Time'' magazine website in 2003, which said in its correction: "Eisner acknowledges that the term 'graphic novel' had been coined prior to his book. But, he says, 'I had not known at the time that someone had used that term before'. Nor does he take credit for creating the first graphic book".

One of the earliest contemporaneous applications of the term post-Eisner came in 1979, when ''Blackmark'' sequel—published a year after ''A Contract with God'' though written and drawn in the early 1970s—was labeled a "graphic novel" on the cover of Marvel Comics' black-and-white comics magazine ''Marvel Preview'' #17 (Winter 1979), where ''Blackmark: The Mind Demons'' premiered—its 117-page contents intact, but its panel-layout reconfigured to fit 62 pages.

Following this, Marvel from 1982 to 1988 published the ''Marvel Graphic Novel'' line of 10" × 7" trade paperbacks—although numbering them like comic books, from #1 (Jim Starlin's ''Mar-Vell, The Death of Captain Marvel'') to #35 (Dennis O'Neil, Mike Kaluta, and Russ Heath's ''Hitler's Astrologer'', starring the radio and pulp magazine, pulp fiction character the The Shadow, Shadow, and released in hardcover). Marvel commissioned original graphic novels from such creators as John Byrne (comics), John Byrne, J. M. DeMatteis, Steve Gerber, graphic-novel pioneer McGregor, Frank Miller, Bill Sienkiewicz, Walt Simonson, Charles Vess, and Bernie Wrightson. While most of these starred Marvel superheroes, others, such as Rick Veitch's ''Heartburst'' featured original SF/fantasy characters; others still, such as John J. Muth's ''Dracula'', featured adaptations of literary stories or characters; and one, Sam Glanzman's ''A Sailor's Story'', was a true-life, World War II U.S. Navy, naval tale.

Cartoonist Art Spiegelman's Pulitzer Prize-winning ''Maus'' (1986), helped establish both the term and the concept of graphic novels in the minds of the mainstream public. Two DC Comics book reprints of self-contained miniseries did likewise, though they were not originally published as graphic novels: ''Batman: The Dark Knight Returns'' (1986), a collection of Frank Miller's four-part comic-book series featuring an older Batman faced with the problems of a dystopian future; and ''Watchmen'' (1986-1987), a collection of Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons' 12-issue Limited series (comics), limited series in which Moore notes he "set out to explore, amongst other things, the dynamics of power in a post-Hiroshima world". These works and others were reviewed in newspapers and magazines, leading to increased coverage. Sales of graphic novels increased, with ''Batman: The Dark Knight Returns'', for example, lasting 40 weeks on a UK best-seller list.

European adoption of the term

Outside North America, Eisner's ''A Contract with God'' and Spiegelman's ''Maus'' led to the popularization of the expression "graphic novel" as well. Until then, most European countries used neutral, descriptive terminology that referred to the form of the medium, and not the contents. In Francophone Europe for example, the expression ''bandes dessinées'' — which literally translates as "drawn strips" – is used, while the terms ''stripverhaal'' ("strip story") and ''tegneserie'' ("drawn series") are used by the Dutch/Flemish and Scandinavians respectively. European comics studies scholars have observed that Americans originally used ''graphic novel'' for everything that deviated from their standard, American comic book, 32-page comic book format, meaning that all larger-sized, longer Franco-Belgian comic albums, regardless of their contents, fell under the heading.

Writer-artist Bryan Talbot claims that the first collection of his ''The Adventures of Luther Arkwright'', published by Pssst!, Proutt in 1982, was the first British "graphic novel."Méalóid, Pádraig Ó
"Interview with Bryan Talbot,"
BryanTalbot.com (Started 6th May 2009. Finished 21st September 2009).

American comic critics have occasionally referred to European graphic novels as "Euro-comics", and attempts were made in the late 1980s to cross-fertilize the American market with these works. American publishers Catalan Communications and NBM Publishing released translated titles, predominantly from the backlog catalogs of Casterman and Les Humanoïdes Associés.

Criticism of the term

Some in the comics community have objected to the term ''graphic novel'' on the grounds that it is unnecessary, or that its usage has been corrupted by commercial interests. ''Watchmen'' writer Alan Moore believes:

Author Daniel Raeburn wrote: "I snicker at the neologism first for its insecure pretension - the literary equivalent of calling a garbage man a 'sanitation engineer' - and second because a 'graphic novel' is in fact the very thing it is ashamed to admit: a comic book, rather than a comic pamphlet or comic magazine".

Writer Neil Gaiman, responding to a claim that he does not write comic books but graphic novels, said the commenter "meant it as a compliment, I suppose. But all of a sudden I felt like someone who'd been informed that she wasn't actually a hooker; that in fact she was a lady of the evening".

Responding to writer Douglas Wolk's quip that the difference between a graphic novel and a comic book is "the binding", ''Bone (comic), Bone'' creator Jeff Smith (cartoonist), Jeff Smith said: "I kind of like that answer. Because 'graphic novel' ... I don't like that name. It's trying too hard. It is a comic book. But there is a difference. And the difference is, a graphic novel is a novel in the sense that there is a beginning, a middle and an end". ''The Times'' writer Giles Coren said: "To call them graphic novels is to presume that the novel is in some way 'higher' than the karmicbwurk (comic book), and that only by being thought of as a sort of novel can it be understood as an art form".

Some alternative cartoonists have coined their own terms for extended comics narratives. The cover of Daniel Clowes' ''Ice Haven'' (2001) refers to the book as "a comic-strip novel", with Clowes having noted that he "never saw anything wrong with the comic book".. (The cover of Craig Thompson's ''Blankets (graphic novel), Blankets'' calls it "an illustrated novel".)

See also

* Artist's book
* Collage novel
* Comic album, European publishing format
* Gekiga, Japanese term for/style of more mature comics
* Graphic narrative
* Graphic non-fiction
* List of award-winning graphic novels
* List of best-selling comic series
* ''Livre d'art'', profusely illustrated books
* Tankōbon, Japanese manga publishing format
* Wordless novel

Footnotes

References

* Arnold, Andrew D
"The Graphic Novel Silver Anniversary"
''Time (magazine), Time'', November 14, 2003
* Tychinski, Stan
Brodart.com: "A Brief History of the Graphic Novel"
(n.d., 2004)
* Couch, Chris

''Image & Narrative'' #1 (Dec. 2000)

Further reading

* ''Graphic Novels: Everything You Need to Know'' by Paul Gravett, Harper Design, New York, 2005.
* ''Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art'' by Scott McCloud
* ''The Victorian Age: Comic Strips and Books 1646-1900 Origins of Early American Comic Strips Before The Yellow Kid'', in Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide #38 2008 pages 330-366'' by Robert Lee Beerbohm, Doug Wheeler, Richard Samuel West and Richard D. Olson, PhD
* Weiner, Stephen & Couch, Chris. ''Faster than a speeding bullet: the rise of the graphic novel'', NBM Publishing, NBM, 2004.
* ''The System of Comics'' by Thierry Groensteen, University Press of Mississippi, Jackson, 2007.
* ''Graphic borders : Latino comic books past, present, and future''. Aldama, Frederick Luis andGonzález, Christopher. ISBN (identifier), ISBN Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-0914-8, 978-1-4773-0914-8.

External links

The Big Comic Book DataBase


Columbia University

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Graphic novels,
1960s neologisms
1971 introductions
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