History
Etymology
Types of wine
Wine types: * Red wine, made from blue grapes with skins. * White wine, made from green grapes or destemmed blue grapes. * Rosé wine, made from blue grapes, where the skins are sorted from early in the fermentation process or rosé wine can also be made from rosé wine grape varieties. * Sparkling wine, made from both green and blue grapes. Champagne is made from pinot noir, meunier and chardonnay around Reims. * Hard wine:da:Hedvin, da, wine with a higher alcohol content than the other types. * Ice wine, wine with a characteristically sweet taste and low alcohol content. * Dessert wine, are sweet wines that are typically served with a dessert. The types have such different properties that in practice they are considered different drinks.Styles
Wine is made in many ways from different fruits, with grapes being the most common.From grapes
The type of grape used and the amount of Maceration (wine), skin contact while the juice is being extracted determines the color and general style of the wine. The color has no relation to a wine's Sweetness of wine, sweetness—all may be made sweet or dry.Red
Red wine gains its color and flavor (notably, Tannins (wine), tannins) from the grape skin, by allowing the grapes to Maceration (wine), soak in the extracted juice. Red wine is made from dark-colored grape varieties, red grape varieties. The actual Wine color, color of the wine can range from violet, typical of young wines, through red for mature wines, to brown for older red wines. The juice from most red grapes is actually greenish-white; the red color comes from anthocyanins present in the skin of the grape. A notable exception is the family of rare ''teinturier'' varieties, which actually have red flesh and produce red juice.White
To make white wine, grapes are pressed quickly with the juice immediately drained away from the grape skins. The grapes used are typically Grape varieties, white grape varieties, though red grapes may be used if the winemaker is careful not to let the skin stain the wort during the separation of the pulp-juice. For example, pinot noir (a red grape) is commonly used in champagne. Sweetness of wine, Dry (low sugar) white wine is the most common, derived from the complete fermentation of the juice, however sweet white wines such as Moscato d'Asti are also made.Rosé
A rosé wine gains wine color, color from red grape skins, but not enough to qualify it as a red wine. It may be the oldest known type of wine, as it is the most straightforward to make with the Maceration (wine), skin contact method. The color can range from a pale orange to a vivid near-purple, depending on the varietals used and wine-making techniques. There are three primary ways to produce rosé wine: Skin contact (allowing dark grape skins to stain the wort), saignée (removing juice from the must early in fermentation and continuing fermentation of the juice separately), and Blending (alcohol production), blending of a red and white wine (uncommon and discouraged in most wine growing regions). Rosé wines have a wide range of sweetness (wine), sweetness levels from dryness (taste), dry Provençal (wine), Provençal rosé to sweet White Zinfandels and blushes. Rosé wines are made from a wide variety of grapes all over the world.J. Robinson (ed) ''"The Oxford Companion to Wine"'' Third Edition pg 593 Oxford University Press 2006 O. Clarke ''Oz Clarke's Encyclopedia of Wine'' pgs 15, 225, 320, 360 Time Warner Books, London 2003Orange
Sometimes called amber wines, these are wines made with white grapes but with the skins allowed to Maceration (wine), soak during pressing, similar to red and rosé wine production. They are notably Tannic (wine), tannic, and usually made dry.Sparkling
These are Effervescence, effervescent wines, made in any of the above styles (ie, orange, red, rosé, white). They must undergo Secondary fermentation (wine), secondary fermentation to createDessert
This refers to sweet wines that have a high level of Sweetness of wine, sugar remaining after fermentation. There are various ways of increasing the amount of sugar in a wine, yielding products with different strengths and names. Ice wine, Icewine, Port wine, Port, Sauternes (wine), Sauternes, Tokaji, Tokaji Aszú, Trockenbeerenauslese, and Vin Santo are some examples.From other fruits and foods
Fruit
Fruit wine, Wines from other fruits, such as apples and berries, are usually named after the fruit from which they are produced, and combined with the word "wine" (for example, Apfelwein, apple wine and elderberry wine) and are generically called fruit wine or country wine (similar to French language, French term ''vin de pays''). Other than the grape variety (botany), varieties traditionally used for wine-making, most fruits naturally lack either sufficient fermentable sugars, proper amount of acidity, yeast amounts needed to promote or maintain fermentation, or a combination of these three materials. This is probably one of the main reasons why wine derived from grapes has historically been more prevalent by far than other types, and why specific types of fruit wines have generally been confined to the regions in which the fruits were native or introduced for other reasons.Honey
Mead, also called honey wine, is created by fermenting honey with water, sometimes with various fruits, spices, grains, or hops. As long as the primary substance fermented is honey, the drink is considered mead. Mead was produced in ancient history throughout Europe, Africa and Asia, and was known in Europe before grape wine.Starch
Other drinks called "wine", such as barley wine and rice wine (e.g. sake, huangjiu and Cheongju (beverage), cheongju), are made from starch-based materials and resemble beer more than traditional wine, while ginger wine is fortified with brandy. In these latter cases, the term "wine" refers to the similarity in alcohol content rather than to the production process. The commercial use of the English word "wine" (and its equivalent in other languages) is protected by law in many jurisdictions.Grape varieties
Classification
European classifications
Beyond Europe
New World wines—those made outside the traditional wine regions of Europe—are usually classified by grape rather than by ''terroir'' or region of origin, although there have been unofficial attempts to classify them by quality. According to Canadian Food and Drug Regulations, wine in Canada is an alcoholic drink that is produced by the complete or partial alcoholic fermentation of fresh grapes, grape must, products derived solely from fresh grapes, or any combination of them. There are many materials added during the course of the manufacture, such as yeast, concentrated grape juice, dextrose, fructose, glucose or glucose solids, inverted sugar syrup, invert sugar, sugar, or aqueous solutions. Calcium sulphate in such quantity that the content of soluble sulphates in the finished wine shall not exceed 0.2 percent weight by volume calculated as potassium sulphate. Calcium carbonate in such quantity that the content ofVintages
Tasting
Collecting
Production
Exporting countries
Consumption
Culinary uses
Religious significance
Ancient religions
The use of wine in ancient Near Eastern and Ancient Egyptian religious ceremonies was common. Libations often included wine, and the Dionysian Mysteries, religious mysteries of Dionysus used wine as a sacramental entheogen to induce a mind-altering state.Judaism
Wine is an integral part of halakha, Jewish laws and traditions. The '' Kiddush'' is a blessing recited over wine or grape juice to sanctify the Shabbat. On Pesach (Passover) during the Seder, it is a Rabbinic Judaism, Rabbinic obligation of adults to drink four cups of wine. In the Tabernacle (Judaism), Tabernacle and in the Temple in Jerusalem, the libation of wine was part of the sacrificial service. Note that this does not mean that wine is a symbol of blood, a common misconception that contributes to the Christian beliefs of the blood libel. "It has been one of history's cruel ironies that the blood libel—accusations against Jews using the blood of murdered gentile children for the making of wine and matzot—became the false pretext for numerous pogroms. And due to the danger, those who live in a place where blood libels occur are Halacha, halachically exempted from using red wine, lest it be seized as "evidence" against them."Christianity
Islam
Health effects
Short-term
Wine contains ethyl alcohol, the chemical in beer and distilled spirits. The effects of wine depend on the amount consumed, the span of time over which consumption occurs, and the amount of alcohol in the wine, among other factors. Drinking enough to reach a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.03%-0.12% may cause an overall improvement in mood, increase self-confidence and sociability, decrease anxiety, Alcohol flush reaction, flushing of the face, and impair judgment and fine motor coordination. A BAC of 0.09% to 0.25% causes lethargy, sedation, balance problems and blurred vision. A BAC from 0.18% to 0.30% causes profound confusion, impaired speech (e.g. slurred speech), staggering, dizziness and vomiting. A BAC from 0.25% to 0.40% causes stupor, unconsciousness, anterograde amnesia, vomiting, and death may occur due to respiratory depression and pulmonary aspiration, inhalation of vomit during unconsciousness. A BAC from 0.35% to 0.80% causes coma, life-threatening respiratory depression and possibly fatal alcohol poisoning. The operation of vehicles or machinery while drunk can increase the risk of accident, and many countries have laws against drinking and driving. The social context and quality of wine can affect the mood and emotions.Long-term
Forgery and manipulation
Incidents of fraud, such as mislabeling the origin or quality of wines, have resulted in regulations on labeling. "Wine scandals" that have received media attention include: * The 1985 diethylene glycol wine scandal, in which diethylene glycol was used as a sweetener in some Austrian wines. * Wine fraud#Hazardous materials, In 1986, methanol (a toxic type of alcohol) was used to alter certain wines manufactured in Italy. * In 2008, some Italian wines were found to include sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid. * In 2010, some Chinese red wines were found to be adulterated, and as a consequence China's Hebei province shut down nearly 30 wineries. * In 2018, million bottles of French wine was falsely sold as high quality Côtes-du-Rhône winePackaging
Storage
Professions
There are a large number of occupations and professions that are part of the wine industry, ranging from the individuals who grow the grapes, prepare the wine, bottle it, sell it, assess it, market it and finally make recommendations to clients and serve the wine.See also
* Outline of wine * Glossary of wine terms * Classification of wine * Winemaking * List of grape varieties * Health effects of wine * Storage of wine * Maceration (wine) * Pressing (wine) * Vidal blanc * Hybrid grapeReferences
Further reading
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