Grallator

''Grallator'' GRA-luh-tor"is an ichnogenus (form taxon based on footprints) which covers a common type of small, three-toed print made by a variety of bipedal theropod dinosaurs. ''Grallator''-type footprints have been found in formations dating from the Early Triassic through to the early Cretaceous periods. They are found in the United States, Canada, Europe, Australia, Brazil ( Sousa and Santa Maria Formations) and China,''Grallator''
at Fossilworks.org but are most abundant on the east coast of North America, especially the Triassic and Early Jurassic formations of the northern part of the Newark Supergroup.Weishampel, D.B. & L. Young. 1996. Dinosaurs of the East Coast. The Johns Hopkins University PressXing Li-da, Harris, J.D., Feng Xiang-yang, and Zhang Zhi-jun. (2009). "Theropod (Dinosauria: Saurischia) tracks from Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation at Sihetun Village, Liaoning Province, China and possible track makers." ''Geological Bulletin of China'', 28(6): 705-712. The name ''Grallator'' translates into "stilt walker", although the actual length and form of the trackmaking legs varied by species, usually unidentified. The related term "Grallae" is an ancient name for the presumed group of long-legged wading birds, such as storks and herons. These footprints were given this name by their discoverer, Edward Hitchcock, in 1858.

''Grallator'' footprints are characteristically three-toed (tridactyl) and range from 10 to 20 centimeters (or 4 to 8 inches) long. Though the tracks show only three toes, the trackmakers likely had between four and five toes on their feet. While it is usually impossible to match these prints with the exact dinosaur species that left them, it is sometimes possible to narrow down potential trackmakers by comparing the proportions in individual ''Grallator'' ichnospecies with known dinosaurs of the same formation. For example, ''Grallator'' tracks identified from the Yixian Formation may have been left by ''Caudipteryx''.

Species

*Subgenus '' G. (Coelurosaurichnus)''
**'' G. (C.) palmipes''
***'' G. (C.) p. exiguus'' ( Ellenberger, 1970)
*Subgenus '' G. (Grallator)''
**'' G. (G.) zvierzi'' Gierlinski, 1991
*'' G. andeolensis'' Gand, Vianey-Liaud, Demathieu, & Garric, 2000
*'' G. angustidigitus'' ( Ellenberger, 1970)
*'' G. angustus'' ( Ellenberger, 1974)
**'' G. a. cursor'' Ellenberger, 1974
*'' G. cursorius'' Hitchcock, 1858 ( ichnotype)
*'' G. cuneatus'' Hitchcock, 1858
*'' G. damanei'' Ellenberger, 1970
*'' G. deambulator'' ( Ellenberger, 1970)
*'' G. digitigradus'' ( Ellenberger, 1974)
*'' G. emeiensis'' Zhen, Li, Han & Yang, 1995
*'' G. formosus'' Hitchcock, 1858
*'' G. gracilis'' Hitchcock, 1865
*'' G. graciosus'' ( Ellenberger, 1970)
*'' G. grancier'' ( Courel & Demathieu, 2000)
*'' G. ingens'' ( Ellenberger, 1970)
*'' G. jiuquwanensis'' (Zeng, 1982) =''Hunanpus''
*'' G. kehli'' ( Beurlen, 1950)
*'' G. kronbergeri'' ( Rehnelt, 1959)
*'' G. lacunensis'' ( Ellenberger, 1970)
*'' G. leribeensis'' ( Ellenberger, 1970)
*'' G. limnosus'' Zhen, Li, & Rao, 1985
*'' G. madseni'' Irby, 1995
*'' G. magnificus'' ( Ellenberger, 1970)
*'' G. matsiengensis'' Ellenberger, 1970
*'' G. maximus'' Lapparent & Monetnat, 1967
*'' G. minimus'' ( Ellenberger, 1970)
*'' G. minor'' ( Ellenberger, 1970)
*'' G. moeni'' ( Beurlen, 1950)
*'' G. mokanametsongensis'' ( Ellenberger, 1974)
*'' G. molapoi'' Ellenberger, 1974
*'' G. morijiensis'' ( Ellenberger, 1970)
*'' G. moshoeshoei'' ( Ellenberger, 1970)
*'' G. olonensis'' Lapparent & Monetnat, 1967
*'' G. palissyi'' (Gand, 1976)
*'' G. paulstris'' ( Ellenberger, 1970)
*'' G. perriauxi'' ( Demathieu & Gand, 1972)
*'' G. princeps'' ( Ellenberger, 1970)
*'' G. protocrassidigitus'' ( Ellenberger, 1970)
*'' G. rapidus'' ( Ellenberger, 1974)
*'' G. romanovskyi'' ( Gabunia & Kurbatov)
*'' G. quthingensis'' ( Ellenberger, 1974)
*'' G. rectilineus'' ( Ellenberger, 1970)
*'' G. sabinensis'' (Gand & Pellier, 1976)
*'' G. sassendorfensis'' ( Kuhn, 1958)
*'' G. sauclierensis'' Demathieu & Sciau, 1992
*'' G. schlauersbachensis'' ( Weiss, 1934)
*'' G. socialis'' ( Ellenberger, 1970)
*'' G. ssatoi'' Yabe, Inai, & Shikama, 1940
*'' G. tenuis'' Hitchcock, 1858
*'' G. toscanus'' ( Huene, 1941)
*'' G. variabilis'' Lapparent & Monetnat, 1967

Paleopathology

Fossil tracks can be informative about theropod pathologies but apparently pathological traits may be due to unusual behaviors. Sandstone stratum dating to the Norian in southern Wales preserves tracks of an individual with a deformed digit III attributed to the ichnogenus '' Anchisauripus''. The distal end of the digit was consistently flexed. However, this apparent pathology could be caused by the animal rotating the tip of that digit when lifting the foot.Molnar, R. E., 2001, Theropod paleopathology: a literature survey: In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press, p. 337-363.

Occurrences

''Grallator''-type footprints have been found in formations dating from the Early Triassic through to the early Cretaceous periods. They are found in the United States, Canada, Europe, Australia, Brazil ( Sousa and Santa Maria Formations) and China, but are most abundant on the east coast of North America, especially the Triassic and Early Jurassic formations of the northern part of the Newark Supergroup.

Newark Supergroup tracks

The most famous, and archetypal tracks that conform to the ''Grallator'' type are those found on the East Coast of North America, specifically from the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic Newark Supergroup. These footprints were likely made by an unidentified, primitive dinosaur similar to ''Coelophysis''. The Newark Supergroup footprints show digits II, III and IV, but no trace of the shorter digits I and V which would likely have been present in a dinosaur of this stage. The outer two digits would have been stubby and ineffective, not touching the ground during walking or running. Despite losing most of their effectiveness, dinosaur evolution had not yet removed these digits to fully streamline the foot. This is known because rare specimens are found with traces of these outer digits. Digits II, III and IV have 3, 4 and 5 phalanges respectively, giving ''Grallator'' a ?-3-4-5-? digital formula.

Although the Newark Supergroup ''Grallator'' tracks were made by a bipedal saurischian dinosaur, they can easily be mistaken for those of the late Triassic ichnogenus ''Atreipus''. The trackmaker of ''Atreipus'' prints was a quadrupedal ornithischian. The reason for this similarity is a lack of divergence in the foot evolution of the two distinct groups of dinosaurs: ornithischians and saurischians.

Wales

In January 2021, while walking with her father Richard Wilder, a four-year old Lily Wilder found a 215 to 220-million years old dinosaur footprint at Bendricks Bay in the Vale of Glamorgan, Wales.

Experts believe the footprint was most likely left by a dinosaur (grallator) that stood about 75 centimeters (29.5 inches) tall and 2.5 meters (about 8 feet) long and walked on its two hind feet.

The scientists called the girl's discovery "the finest impression of a 215 million-year-old dinosaur print found in Britain in a decade". Karl-James Langford, an archaeologist from Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales, called it as the discovery of "international importance." Cindy Howells, the curator of the museum, described it as “one of the best-preserved examples from anywhere in the UK” and said it “will really aid palaeontologists to get a better idea about how these early dinosaurs walked.”

See also

* List of dinosaur ichnogenera

References

Further reading

*

{{Taxonbar, from=Q23691966

Dinosaur trace fossils