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In
mathematics Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics ...
, in particular
abstract algebra In mathematics, more specifically algebra, abstract algebra or modern algebra is the study of algebraic structures. Algebraic structures include groups, rings, fields, modules, vector spaces, lattices, and algebras over a field. The term ''a ...
, a graded ring is a
ring Ring may refer to: * Ring (jewellery), a round band, usually made of metal, worn as ornamental jewelry * To make a sound with a bell, and the sound made by a bell :(hence) to initiate a telephone connection Arts, entertainment and media Film and ...
such that the underlying
additive group An additive group is a group of which the group operation is to be thought of as ''addition'' in some sense. It is usually abelian, and typically written using the symbol + for its binary operation. This terminology is widely used with structure ...
is a
direct sum of abelian groups The direct sum is an operation between structures in abstract algebra, a branch of mathematics. It is defined differently, but analogously, for different kinds of structures. To see how the direct sum is used in abstract algebra, consider a mo ...
R_i such that R_i R_j \subseteq R_. The index set is usually the set of nonnegative
integer An integer is the number zero (), a positive natural number (, , , etc.) or a negative integer with a minus sign (−1, −2, −3, etc.). The negative numbers are the additive inverses of the corresponding positive numbers. In the language ...
s or the set of integers, but can be any
monoid In abstract algebra, a branch of mathematics, a monoid is a set equipped with an associative binary operation and an identity element. For example, the nonnegative integers with addition form a monoid, the identity element being 0. Monoids ...
. The direct sum decomposition is usually referred to as gradation or grading. A graded module is defined similarly (see below for the precise definition). It generalizes
graded vector space In mathematics, a graded vector space is a vector space that has the extra structure of a '' grading'' or a ''gradation'', which is a decomposition of the vector space into a direct sum of vector subspaces. Integer gradation Let \mathbb be th ...
s. A graded module that is also a graded ring is called a graded algebra. A graded ring could also be viewed as a graded \Z-algebra. The
associativity In mathematics, the associative property is a property of some binary operations, which means that rearranging the parentheses in an expression will not change the result. In propositional logic, associativity is a valid rule of replacement f ...
is not important (in fact not used at all) in the definition of a graded ring; hence, the notion applies to
non-associative algebra A non-associative algebra (or distributive algebra) is an algebra over a field where the binary multiplication operation is not assumed to be associative. That is, an algebraic structure ''A'' is a non-associative algebra over a field ''K'' if ...
s as well; e.g., one can consider a
graded Lie algebra In mathematics, a graded Lie algebra is a Lie algebra endowed with a gradation which is compatible with the Lie bracket. In other words, a graded Lie algebra is a Lie algebra which is also a nonassociative graded algebra under the bracket oper ...
.


First properties

Generally, the index set of a graded ring is assumed to be the set of nonnegative integers, unless otherwise explicitly specified. This is the case in this article. A graded ring is a
ring Ring may refer to: * Ring (jewellery), a round band, usually made of metal, worn as ornamental jewelry * To make a sound with a bell, and the sound made by a bell :(hence) to initiate a telephone connection Arts, entertainment and media Film and ...
that is decomposed into a direct sum :R = \bigoplus_^\infty R_n = R_0 \oplus R_1 \oplus R_2 \oplus \cdots of
additive group An additive group is a group of which the group operation is to be thought of as ''addition'' in some sense. It is usually abelian, and typically written using the symbol + for its binary operation. This terminology is widely used with structure ...
s, such that :R_mR_n \subseteq R_ for all nonnegative integers m and n. A nonzero element of R_n is said to be ''homogeneous'' of ''degree'' n. By definition of a direct sum, every nonzero element a of R can be uniquely written as a sum a=a_0+a_1+\cdots +a_n where each a_i is either 0 or homogeneous of degree i. The nonzero a_i are the ''homogeneous components'' of a. Some basic properties are: *R_0 is a subring of R; in particular, the multiplicative identity 1 is an homogeneous element of degree zero. *For any n, R_n is a two-sided R_0-
module Module, modular and modularity may refer to the concept of modularity. They may also refer to: Computing and engineering * Modular design, the engineering discipline of designing complex devices using separately designed sub-components * Mo ...
, and the direct sum decomposition is a direct sum of R_0-modules. * R is an associative R_0-algebra. An
ideal Ideal may refer to: Philosophy * Ideal (ethics), values that one actively pursues as goals * Platonic ideal, a philosophical idea of trueness of form, associated with Plato Mathematics * Ideal (ring theory), special subsets of a ring considere ...
I\subseteq R is ''homogeneous'', if for every a \in I, the homogeneous components of a also belong to I. (Equivalently, if it is a graded submodule of R; see .) The intersection of a homogeneous ideal I with R_n is an R_0-
submodule In mathematics, a module is a generalization of the notion of vector space in which the field of scalars is replaced by a ring. The concept of ''module'' generalizes also the notion of abelian group, since the abelian groups are exactly the mo ...
of R_n called the ''homogeneous part'' of degree n of I. A homogeneous ideal is the direct sum of its homogeneous parts. If I is a two-sided homogeneous ideal in R, then R/I is also a graded ring, decomposed as : R/I = \bigoplus_^\infty R_n/I_n, where I_n is the homogeneous part of degree n of I.


Basic examples

*Any (non-graded) ring ''R'' can be given a gradation by letting R_0=R, and R_i=0 for ''i'' ≠ 0. This is called the trivial gradation on ''R''. *The
polynomial ring In mathematics, especially in the field of algebra, a polynomial ring or polynomial algebra is a ring (which is also a commutative algebra) formed from the set of polynomials in one or more indeterminates (traditionally also called variables) ...
R = k _1, \ldots, t_n/math> is graded by
degree Degree may refer to: As a unit of measurement * Degree (angle), a unit of angle measurement ** Degree of geographical latitude ** Degree of geographical longitude * Degree symbol (°), a notation used in science, engineering, and mathematics ...
: it is a direct sum of R_i consisting of
homogeneous polynomial In mathematics, a homogeneous polynomial, sometimes called quantic in older texts, is a polynomial whose nonzero terms all have the same degree. For example, x^5 + 2 x^3 y^2 + 9 x y^4 is a homogeneous polynomial of degree 5, in two variables; ...
s of degree ''i''. *Let ''S'' be the set of all nonzero homogeneous elements in a graded
integral domain In mathematics, specifically abstract algebra, an integral domain is a nonzero commutative ring in which the product of any two nonzero elements is nonzero. Integral domains are generalizations of the ring of integers and provide a natural set ...
''R''. Then the
localization Localization or localisation may refer to: Biology * Localization of function, locating psychological functions in the brain or nervous system; see Linguistic intelligence * Localization of sensation, ability to tell what part of the body is a ...
of ''R'' with respect to ''S'' is a \Z-graded ring. *If ''I'' is an ideal in a
commutative ring In mathematics, a commutative ring is a ring in which the multiplication operation is commutative. The study of commutative rings is called commutative algebra. Complementarily, noncommutative algebra is the study of ring properties that are not sp ...
''R'', then \bigoplus_^ I^n/I^ is a graded ring called the
associated graded ring In mathematics, the associated graded ring of a ring ''R'' with respect to a proper ideal ''I'' is the graded ring: :\operatorname_I R = \oplus_^\infty I^n/I^. Similarly, if ''M'' is a left ''R''-module, then the associated graded module is the gra ...
of ''R'' along ''I''; geometrically, it is the
coordinate ring In algebraic geometry, an affine variety, or affine algebraic variety, over an algebraically closed field is the zero-locus in the affine space of some finite family of polynomials of variables with coefficients in that generate a prime idea ...
of the
normal cone In algebraic geometry, the normal cone C_XY of a subscheme X of a scheme Y is a scheme analogous to the normal bundle or tubular neighborhood in differential geometry. Definition The normal cone or C_ of an embedding , defined by some sheaf of i ...
along the subvariety defined by ''I''. *Let ''X'' be a
topological space In mathematics, a topological space is, roughly speaking, a geometrical space in which closeness is defined but cannot necessarily be measured by a numeric distance. More specifically, a topological space is a set whose elements are called points ...
, ''H'' ''i''(''X''; ''R'') the ''i''th
cohomology group In mathematics, specifically in homology theory and algebraic topology, cohomology is a general term for a sequence of abelian groups, usually one associated with a topological space, often defined from a cochain complex. Cohomology can be viewe ...
with coefficients in a ring ''R''. Then ''H'' *(''X''; ''R''), the
cohomology ring In mathematics, specifically algebraic topology, the cohomology ring of a topological space ''X'' is a ring formed from the cohomology groups of ''X'' together with the cup product serving as the ring multiplication. Here 'cohomology' is usually und ...
of ''X'' with coefficients in ''R'', is a graded ring whose underlying
group A group is a number of persons or things that are located, gathered, or classed together. Groups of people * Cultural group, a group whose members share the same cultural identity * Ethnic group, a group whose members share the same ethnic ide ...
is \bigoplus_^\infty H^i(X; R) with the multiplicative structure given by the
cup product In mathematics, specifically in algebraic topology, the cup product is a method of adjoining two cocycles of degree ''p'' and ''q'' to form a composite cocycle of degree ''p'' + ''q''. This defines an associative (and distributive) graded commutat ...
.


Graded module

The corresponding idea in
module theory In mathematics, a module is a generalization of the notion of vector space in which the field of scalars is replaced by a ring. The concept of ''module'' generalizes also the notion of abelian group, since the abelian groups are exactly the mo ...
is that of a graded module, namely a left
module Module, modular and modularity may refer to the concept of modularity. They may also refer to: Computing and engineering * Modular design, the engineering discipline of designing complex devices using separately designed sub-components * Mo ...
''M'' over a graded ring ''R'' such that also :M = \bigoplus_M_i , and :R_iM_j \subseteq M_. Example: a
graded vector space In mathematics, a graded vector space is a vector space that has the extra structure of a '' grading'' or a ''gradation'', which is a decomposition of the vector space into a direct sum of vector subspaces. Integer gradation Let \mathbb be th ...
is an example of a graded module over a
field Field may refer to: Expanses of open ground * Field (agriculture), an area of land used for agricultural purposes * Airfield, an aerodrome that lacks the infrastructure of an airport * Battlefield * Lawn, an area of mowed grass * Meadow, a grass ...
(with the field having trivial grading). Example: a graded ring is a graded module over itself. An ideal in a graded ring is homogeneous
if and only if In logic and related fields such as mathematics and philosophy, "if and only if" (shortened as "iff") is a biconditional logical connective between statements, where either both statements are true or both are false. The connective is bicondi ...
it is a graded submodule. The annihilator of a graded module is a homogeneous ideal. Example: Given an ideal ''I'' in a commutative ring ''R'' and an ''R''-module ''M'', the direct sum \bigoplus_^ I^n M/I^ M is a graded module over the associated graded ring \bigoplus_0^ I^n/I^. A morphism f: N \to M between graded modules, called a graded morphism, is a morphism of underlying modules that respects grading; i.e., f(N_i) \subseteq M_i. A graded submodule is a submodule that is a graded module in own right and such that the set-theoretic
inclusion Inclusion or Include may refer to: Sociology * Social inclusion, aims to create an environment that supports equal opportunity for individuals and groups that form a society. ** Inclusion (disability rights), promotion of people with disabiliti ...
is a morphism of graded modules. Explicitly, a graded module ''N'' is a graded submodule of ''M'' if and only if it is a submodule of ''M'' and satisfies N_i = N \cap M_i. The
kernel Kernel may refer to: Computing * Kernel (operating system), the central component of most operating systems * Kernel (image processing), a matrix used for image convolution * Compute kernel, in GPGPU programming * Kernel method, in machine learn ...
and the
image An image is a visual representation of something. It can be two-dimensional, three-dimensional, or somehow otherwise feed into the visual system to convey information. An image can be an artifact, such as a photograph or other two-dimensiona ...
of a morphism of graded modules are graded submodules. Remark: To give a graded morphism from a graded ring to another graded ring with the image lying in the
center Center or centre may refer to: Mathematics *Center (geometry), the middle of an object * Center (algebra), used in various contexts ** Center (group theory) ** Center (ring theory) * Graph center, the set of all vertices of minimum eccentrici ...
is the same as to give the structure of a graded algebra to the latter ring. Given a graded module M, the \ell-twist of M is a graded module defined by M(\ell)_n = M_. (cf.
Serre's twisting sheaf In algebraic geometry, Proj is a construction analogous to the spectrum-of-a-ring construction of affine schemes, which produces objects with the typical properties of projective spaces and projective varieties. The construction, while not fun ...
in
algebraic geometry Algebraic geometry is a branch of mathematics, classically studying zeros of multivariate polynomials. Modern algebraic geometry is based on the use of abstract algebraic techniques, mainly from commutative algebra, for solving geometrical ...
.) Let ''M'' and ''N'' be graded modules. If f\colon M \to N is a morphism of modules, then ''f'' is said to have degree ''d'' if f(M_n) \subseteq N_. An
exterior derivative On a differentiable manifold, the exterior derivative extends the concept of the differential of a function to differential forms of higher degree. The exterior derivative was first described in its current form by Élie Cartan in 1899. The res ...
of
differential form In mathematics, differential forms provide a unified approach to define integrands over curves, surfaces, solids, and higher-dimensional manifolds. The modern notion of differential forms was pioneered by Élie Cartan. It has many applications, ...
s in
differential geometry Differential geometry is a mathematical discipline that studies the geometry of smooth shapes and smooth spaces, otherwise known as smooth manifolds. It uses the techniques of differential calculus, integral calculus, linear algebra and multili ...
is an example of such a morphism having degree 1.


Invariants of graded modules

Given a graded module ''M'' over a commutative graded ring ''R'', one can associate the formal power series P(M, t) \in \Z ![t!.html" ;"title=".html" ;"title="![t">![t!">.html" ;"title="![t">![t!/math>: :P(M, t) = \sum \ell(M_n) t^n (assuming \ell(M_n) are finite.) It is called the Hilbert–Poincaré series of ''M''. A graded module is said to be finitely generated if the underlying module is finitely generated module, finitely generated. The generators may be taken to be homogeneous (by replacing the generators by their homogeneous parts.) Suppose ''R'' is a
polynomial ring In mathematics, especially in the field of algebra, a polynomial ring or polynomial algebra is a ring (which is also a commutative algebra) formed from the set of polynomials in one or more indeterminates (traditionally also called variables) ...
k _0, \dots, x_n/math>, ''k'' a field, and ''M'' a finitely generated graded module over it. Then the function n \mapsto \dim_k M_n is called the Hilbert function of ''M''. The function coincides with the
integer-valued polynomial In mathematics, an integer-valued polynomial (also known as a numerical polynomial) P(t) is a polynomial whose value P(n) is an integer for every integer ''n''. Every polynomial with integer coefficients is integer-valued, but the converse is not t ...
for large ''n'' called the Hilbert polynomial of ''M''.


Graded algebra

An
algebra Algebra () is one of the broad areas of mathematics. Roughly speaking, algebra is the study of mathematical symbols and the rules for manipulating these symbols in formulas; it is a unifying thread of almost all of mathematics. Elementary a ...
''A'' over a ring ''R'' is a graded algebra if it is graded as a ring. In the usual case where the ring ''R'' is not graded (in particular if ''R'' is a field), it is given the trivial grading (every element of ''R'' is of degree 0). Thus, R\subseteq A_0 and the graded pieces A_i are ''R''-modules. In the case where the ring ''R'' is also a graded ring, then one requires that :R_iA_j \subseteq A_ In other words, we require ''A'' to be a graded left module over ''R''. Examples of graded algebras are common in mathematics: *
Polynomial ring In mathematics, especially in the field of algebra, a polynomial ring or polynomial algebra is a ring (which is also a commutative algebra) formed from the set of polynomials in one or more indeterminates (traditionally also called variables) ...
s. The homogeneous elements of degree ''n'' are exactly the homogeneous polynomials of degree ''n''. * The
tensor algebra In mathematics, the tensor algebra of a vector space ''V'', denoted ''T''(''V'') or ''T''(''V''), is the algebra of tensors on ''V'' (of any rank) with multiplication being the tensor product. It is the free algebra on ''V'', in the sense of being ...
T^ V of a
vector space In mathematics and physics, a vector space (also called a linear space) is a set whose elements, often called ''vectors'', may be added together and multiplied ("scaled") by numbers called '' scalars''. Scalars are often real numbers, but can ...
''V''. The homogeneous elements of degree ''n'' are the
tensor In mathematics, a tensor is an algebraic object that describes a multilinear relationship between sets of algebraic objects related to a vector space. Tensors may map between different objects such as vectors, scalars, and even other tenso ...
s of order ''n'', T^ V. * The
exterior algebra In mathematics, the exterior algebra, or Grassmann algebra, named after Hermann Grassmann, is an algebra that uses the exterior product or wedge product as its multiplication. In mathematics, the exterior product or wedge product of vectors is a ...
\textstyle\bigwedge\nolimits^ V and the
symmetric algebra In mathematics, the symmetric algebra (also denoted on a vector space over a field is a commutative algebra over that contains , and is, in some sense, minimal for this property. Here, "minimal" means that satisfies the following universal ...
S^ V are also graded algebras. * The
cohomology ring In mathematics, specifically algebraic topology, the cohomology ring of a topological space ''X'' is a ring formed from the cohomology groups of ''X'' together with the cup product serving as the ring multiplication. Here 'cohomology' is usually und ...
H^ in any
cohomology theory In mathematics, specifically in homology theory and algebraic topology, cohomology is a general term for a sequence of abelian groups, usually one associated with a topological space, often defined from a cochain complex. Cohomology can be viewed ...
is also graded, being the direct sum of the cohomology groups H^n. Graded algebras are much used in
commutative algebra Commutative algebra, first known as ideal theory, is the branch of algebra that studies commutative rings, their ideals, and modules over such rings. Both algebraic geometry and algebraic number theory build on commutative algebra. Prom ...
and
algebraic geometry Algebraic geometry is a branch of mathematics, classically studying zeros of multivariate polynomials. Modern algebraic geometry is based on the use of abstract algebraic techniques, mainly from commutative algebra, for solving geometrical ...
,
homological algebra Homological algebra is the branch of mathematics that studies homology (mathematics), homology in a general algebraic setting. It is a relatively young discipline, whose origins can be traced to investigations in combinatorial topology (a precurs ...
, and
algebraic topology Algebraic topology is a branch of mathematics that uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. The basic goal is to find algebraic invariants that classify topological spaces up to homeomorphism, though usually most classify ...
. One example is the close relationship between
homogeneous polynomial In mathematics, a homogeneous polynomial, sometimes called quantic in older texts, is a polynomial whose nonzero terms all have the same degree. For example, x^5 + 2 x^3 y^2 + 9 x y^4 is a homogeneous polynomial of degree 5, in two variables; ...
s and
projective varieties In algebraic geometry, a projective variety over an algebraically closed field ''k'' is a subset of some projective ''n''-space \mathbb^n over ''k'' that is the zero-locus of some finite family of homogeneous polynomials of ''n'' + 1 variables wi ...
(cf.
Homogeneous coordinate ring In algebraic geometry, the homogeneous coordinate ring ''R'' of an algebraic variety ''V'' given as a subvariety of projective space of a given dimension ''N'' is by definition the quotient ring :''R'' = ''K'' 'X''0, ''X''1, ''X''2, ..., ''X'N'' ...
.)


''G''-graded rings and algebras

The above definitions have been generalized to rings graded using any
monoid In abstract algebra, a branch of mathematics, a monoid is a set equipped with an associative binary operation and an identity element. For example, the nonnegative integers with addition form a monoid, the identity element being 0. Monoids ...
''G'' as an index set. A ''G''-graded ring ''R'' is a ring with a direct sum decomposition :R = \bigoplus_R_i such that : R_i R_j \subseteq R_. Elements of ''R'' that lie inside R_i for some i \in G are said to be homogeneous of grade ''i''. The previously defined notion of "graded ring" now becomes the same thing as an \N-graded ring, where \N is the monoid of
natural number In mathematics, the natural numbers are those numbers used for counting (as in "there are ''six'' coins on the table") and ordering (as in "this is the ''third'' largest city in the country"). Numbers used for counting are called ''Cardinal n ...
s under addition. The definitions for graded modules and algebras can also be extended this way replacing the indexing set \N with any monoid ''G''. Remarks: *If we do not require that the ring have an identity element,
semigroup In mathematics, a semigroup is an algebraic structure consisting of a set together with an associative internal binary operation on it. The binary operation of a semigroup is most often denoted multiplicatively: ''x''·''y'', or simply ''xy'', ...
s may replace monoids. Examples: *A
group A group is a number of persons or things that are located, gathered, or classed together. Groups of people * Cultural group, a group whose members share the same cultural identity * Ethnic group, a group whose members share the same ethnic ide ...
naturally grades the corresponding
group ring In algebra, a group ring is a free module and at the same time a ring, constructed in a natural way from any given ring and any given group. As a free module, its ring of scalars is the given ring, and its basis is the set of elements of the give ...
; similarly,
monoid ring In abstract algebra, a monoid ring is a ring constructed from a ring and a monoid, just as a group ring is constructed from a ring and a group. Definition Let ''R'' be a ring and let ''G'' be a monoid. The monoid ring or monoid algebra of ''G'' ...
s are graded by the corresponding monoid. *An (associative)
superalgebra In mathematics and theoretical physics, a superalgebra is a Z2-graded algebra. That is, it is an algebra over a commutative ring or field with a decomposition into "even" and "odd" pieces and a multiplication operator that respects the grading. T ...
is another term for a \Z_2-graded algebra. Examples include
Clifford algebra In mathematics, a Clifford algebra is an algebra generated by a vector space with a quadratic form, and is a unital associative algebra. As -algebras, they generalize the real numbers, complex numbers, quaternions and several other hyperc ...
s. Here the homogeneous elements are either of degree 0 (even) or 1 (odd).


Anticommutativity

Some graded rings (or algebras) are endowed with an
anticommutative In mathematics, anticommutativity is a specific property of some non-commutative mathematical operations. Swapping the position of two arguments of an antisymmetric operation yields a result which is the ''inverse'' of the result with unswapped ...
structure. This notion requires a
homomorphism In algebra, a homomorphism is a structure-preserving map between two algebraic structures of the same type (such as two groups, two rings, or two vector spaces). The word ''homomorphism'' comes from the Ancient Greek language: () meaning "same" ...
of the monoid of the gradation into the additive monoid of \Z/2\Z, the field with two elements. Specifically, a signed monoid consists of a pair (\Gamma, \varepsilon) where \Gamma is a monoid and \varepsilon \colon \Gamma \to\Z/2\Z is a homomorphism of additive monoids. An anticommutative \Gamma-graded ring is a ring ''A'' graded with respect to Γ such that: :xy=(-1)^yx , for all homogeneous elements ''x'' and ''y''.


Examples

*An
exterior algebra In mathematics, the exterior algebra, or Grassmann algebra, named after Hermann Grassmann, is an algebra that uses the exterior product or wedge product as its multiplication. In mathematics, the exterior product or wedge product of vectors is a ...
is an example of an anticommutative algebra, graded with respect to the structure (\Z, \varepsilon) where \varepsilon \colon \Z \to\Z/2\Z is the quotient map. *A
supercommutative algebra In mathematics, a supercommutative (associative) algebra is a superalgebra (i.e. a Z2-graded algebra) such that for any two homogeneous elements ''x'', ''y'' we have :yx = (-1)^xy , where , ''x'', denotes the grade of the element and is 0 or 1 ( ...
(sometimes called a skew-commutative associative ring) is the same thing as an anticommutative (\Z, \varepsilon)-graded algebra, where \varepsilon is the
identity map Graph of the identity function on the real numbers In mathematics, an identity function, also called an identity relation, identity map or identity transformation, is a function that always returns the value that was used as its argument, un ...
of the additive structure of \Z/2\Z.


Graded monoid

Intuitively, a graded
monoid In abstract algebra, a branch of mathematics, a monoid is a set equipped with an associative binary operation and an identity element. For example, the nonnegative integers with addition form a monoid, the identity element being 0. Monoids ...
is the subset of a graded ring, \bigoplus_R_n, generated by the R_n's, without using the additive part. That is, the set of elements of the graded monoid is \bigcup_R_n. Formally, a graded monoid is a monoid (M,\cdot), with a gradation function \phi:M\to\mathbb N_0 such that \phi(m\cdot m')=\phi(m)+\phi(m'). Note that the gradation of 1_M is necessarily 0. Some authors request furthermore that \phi(m)\ne 0 when ''m'' is not the identity. Assuming the gradations of non-identity elements are non-zero, the number of elements of gradation ''n'' is at most g^n where ''g'' is the cardinality of a
generating set In mathematics and physics, the term generator or generating set may refer to any of a number of related concepts. The underlying concept in each case is that of a smaller set of objects, together with a set of operations that can be applied to ...
''G'' of the monoid. Therefore the number of elements of gradation ''n'' or less is at most n+1 (for g=1) or \frac else. Indeed, each such element is the product of at most ''n'' elements of ''G'', and only \frac such products exist. Similarly, the identity element can not be written as the product of two non-identity elements. That is, there is no unit
divisor In mathematics, a divisor of an integer n, also called a factor of n, is an integer m that may be multiplied by some integer to produce n. In this case, one also says that n is a multiple of m. An integer n is divisible or evenly divisible by ...
in such a graded monoid.


Power series indexed by a graded monoid

This notions allows to extends the notion of
power series ring In mathematics, a formal series is an infinite sum that is considered independently from any notion of convergence, and can be manipulated with the usual algebraic operations on series (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, partial sum ...
. Instead of having the indexing family being \mathbb N, the indexing family could be any graded monoid, assuming that the number of elements of degree ''n'' is finite, for each integer ''n''. More formally, let (K,+_K,\times_K) be an arbitrary
semiring In abstract algebra, a semiring is an algebraic structure similar to a ring, but without the requirement that each element must have an additive inverse. The term rig is also used occasionally—this originated as a joke, suggesting that rigs ar ...
and (R,\cdot,\phi) a graded monoid. Then K\langle\langle R\rangle\rangle denotes the semiring of power series with coefficients in ''K'' indexed by ''R''. Its elements are functions from ''R'' to ''K''. The sum of two elements s,s'\in K\langle\langle R\rangle\rangle is defined pointwise, it is the function sending m\in R to s(m)+_Ks'(m), and the product is the function sending m\in R to the infinite sum \sum_s(p)\times_K s'(q). This sum is correctly defined (i.e., finite) because, for each ''m'', there are only a finite number of pairs such that .


Example

In
formal language theory In logic, mathematics, computer science, and linguistics, a formal language consists of words whose letters are taken from an alphabet and are well-formed according to a specific set of rules. The alphabet of a formal language consists of symb ...
, given an alphabet ''A'', the
free monoid In abstract algebra, the free monoid on a set is the monoid whose elements are all the finite sequences (or strings) of zero or more elements from that set, with string concatenation as the monoid operation and with the unique sequence of zero eleme ...
of words over ''A'' can be considered as a graded monoid, where the gradation of a word is its length.


See also

*
Associated graded ring In mathematics, the associated graded ring of a ring ''R'' with respect to a proper ideal ''I'' is the graded ring: :\operatorname_I R = \oplus_^\infty I^n/I^. Similarly, if ''M'' is a left ''R''-module, then the associated graded module is the gra ...
*
Differential graded algebra In mathematics, in particular abstract algebra and topology, a differential graded algebra is a graded associative algebra with an added chain complex structure that respects the algebra structure. __TOC__ Definition A differential graded alg ...
*
Filtered algebra In mathematics, a filtered algebra is a generalization of the notion of a graded algebra. Examples appear in many branches of mathematics, especially in homological algebra and representation theory. A filtered algebra over the field k is an alge ...
, a generalization *
Graded (mathematics) In mathematics, the term “graded” has a number of meanings, mostly related: In abstract algebra, it refers to a family of concepts: * An algebraic structure X is said to be I-graded for an index set I if it has a gradation or grading, i.e. a d ...
*
Graded category If \mathcal is a category, then a \mathcal-graded category is a category \mathcal together with a functor F\colon\mathcal \rightarrow \mathcal. Monoids and groups can be thought of as categories with a single object. A monoid-graded or group-grade ...
*
Graded vector space In mathematics, a graded vector space is a vector space that has the extra structure of a '' grading'' or a ''gradation'', which is a decomposition of the vector space into a direct sum of vector subspaces. Integer gradation Let \mathbb be th ...
*
Tensor algebra In mathematics, the tensor algebra of a vector space ''V'', denoted ''T''(''V'') or ''T''(''V''), is the algebra of tensors on ''V'' (of any rank) with multiplication being the tensor product. It is the free algebra on ''V'', in the sense of being ...
* Differential graded module


References

* . * * {{refend Algebras Ring theory