Gorteria Personata - Flickr - Kevin Thiele

''Gorteria'' is a genus of small annual herbaceous plants or shrubs, with 8 known species, that is assigned to the daisy family (Compositae or Asteraceae). Like in almost all Asteraceae, the individual flowers are 5-merous, small and clustered in typical heads, and are surrounded by an involucre, consisting of in this case several whorls of bracts, which are merged at their base. In ''Gorteria'', the centre of the head is taken by relatively few bisexual and sometimes also male, yellow to orange disc florets, and is surrounded by one complete whorl of 5–14 infertile cream to dark orange ray florets, sometimes with a few ray florets nearer to the centre. None, some or all of them may have darker spots at their base. The fruits remain attached to their common base when ripe, and it is the entire head that breaks free from the plant. One or few seeds germinate inside the flower head which can be found at the foot of plants during their first year. The species flower between August and October, except for ''G. warmbadica'' that blooms mostly in May and June. The species of the genus ''Gorteria'' can be found in Namibia and South Africa.

Description

Five of the species assigned to ''Gorteria'' are always annuals, two always shrublets (''G. alienata'' and ''G. integrifolia''), and one species (''G. diffusa'') is mostly annual, but populations near the coast in Namaqualand tend to survive and become woody in their second year. The stems are cylindrical (or terete) with long, stiff white hairs, rarely reddish or blackish at their foot, striped along their lengths, and sometimes with short soft hair as well. The alternately set leaves lack a stalk, have margins rolled downward and inward. The upper surface is sparsely to densely set with ½–2 mm (0.02-0.08 in) long stiff white hairs, while the lower surface is whitish felty hairy except on the midvein. The flower heads can be found on their own at the end of the branches, and are enveloped in an involucre, whose bracts are merged at their base only, with short, soft, silky white hairs and long, stiff white hairs with striping along their lengths. These involucres become woody with age, and the entire flower heads detach from the mother plant with the fruits (or cypselas) inside them. Later one new plant emerges (or sometimes up to five) from it. The common base of the florets (called the receptacle) does not have receptacular bracts (or paleas) at the foot of each floret. There are between five and fourteen infertile ray florets that have a base color that ranges between cream and dark orange. At the base there may be darker spots, sometimes jointly creating a ring, but sometimes only present on two or three of the ray florets. The underside has mostly a darker, less clear color and there are some short, striped hairs. The fertile yellow to orange disc florets are somewhat bilateral symmetrical (or zygomorph), deeply incised to form five lobes and have some hairs and glandular hairs. Some set seed, but most of them are functionally male. The anthers do not have tail extensions.

Differences with related genera

A very particular character for ''Gorteria'' is that plants in their first year have an old flower head at their foot, because the cypselas do not part from the flower head when ripe, but germinate remaining in the flower head. Furthermore, the species of ''Gorteria'' share spine-like hairs on the corollas of both ray- and disc florets, the bracts of the involucre merged only at their foot, and crystals below the skin of the outer seed coat. All these characters are absent in its near relatives.

Taxonomy

Carl Linnaeus, famous for his introduction of the binominal nomenclature, erected the genus ''Gorteria'', in part II of the 10th edition of his '' Systema Naturae'' published in 1759, with the description of the type species ''Gorteria personata''. Linnaeus' circumscription of the genus was much wider than today, since he included species that now are in several other genera of the Gorteriinae, such as ''G. squarrosa'' (= '' Cullumia squarrosa'') in 1760, ''Gorteria rigens'' (= '' Gazania rigens'') and ''G. fruticosa'' (= '' Berkheya barbata''), both in 1763. Carl Peter Thunberg in 1798 reviewed ''Gorteria'' and considered the interlocked margins (or connation) of the involucral bracts diagnostic for the genus, but this is in fact common to the entire subtribe Gorteriinae. He distinguished ten herbaceous species and two woody, seven including ''G. diffusa'' and ''G. integrifolia'' new to science. In 1818, French botanist Henri Cassini described the new genus ''Ictinus'' with type species ''piloselloides'', but in 1824 reassigned it to ''Gorteria'', making the new combination ''G. piloselloides''. In 1820, Cassini erected the genus ''Hirpicium'' with type species ''H. echinulatum''. This however is an illegitimate name, since the type specimen is identical to that used by Thunberg to base ''Oedera alienata'' on in 1792, and the correct name would be ''Hirpicium alienatum'' (= ''G. alienata''). In 1797, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck erected the genus ''Personaria'', and in 1816, Jean Louis Marie Poiret reassigned ''Personaria personata'' to ''Gorteria''. In 1832, German botanist Christian Friedrich Lessing restricted ''Gorteria''. In 1838, Augustin Pyramus de Candolle described three further species: ''G. affinis'', ''G. calendulacea'' and ''G. corymbosa''. In 1959 and 1973, Helmuth Roessler distinguished two subspecies in ''G. personata'', subsp. ''personata'' and subsp. ''gracilis'', and three subspecies in ''G. diffusa'', subsp. ''diffusa'', subsp. ''calendulacea'' and subsp. ''parviligulosa''. Only in 2014, Frida Stångberg and Arne Anderberg reassigned ''Hirpicium alienatum'' and ''H. integrifolium'' to ''Gorteria'', and clarified the relationship between the taxa within ''Gorteria''. The genus was named in honour of the Dutch physicians and botanists Johannes de Gorter and his son David de Gorter.

Phylogeny

The tribe Arctotideae consists of the subtribes Arctotidinae and Gorteriinae. The Gorteriinae contain two groups, one comprising '' Berkheya'', '' Cullumia'', '' Cuspidia'', ''Didelta'' and '' Heterorhachis'', the other one ''Gorteria'' and its close relatives of the genera ''Gazania'' and '' Hirpicium''. Recent comparison of homologous genes has seriously upset the delineation of the species within ''Gorteria'' and prompted the reassignment of ''Hirpicium alienatum'' and ''H. integrifolium'' to ''Gorteria''. According to this study, the species and their relationships are as expressed in the following tree.

Reassigned species

The species that were originally described as, or moved to ''Gorteria'', which since have been reassigned include the following:

* ''G. acaulis'' = '' Haplocarpha leichtinii''
* ''G. arachnoidea'' = ?
* ''G. araneosa'' = ''Cuspidia cernua