In addition to its
classical and
literary
Literature is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include ...
form,
Malay had various
regional dialects established after the rise of the
Srivijaya empire in
Sumatra,
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...
. Also, Malay spread through interethnic contact and trade across the
Malay Archipelago as far as the Philippines. That contact resulted in a
lingua franca ("trade language") that was called ''Bazaar Malay'' or ''low Malay'' and in Malay ''Melayu Pasar''. It is generally believed that Bazaar Malay was a
pidgin, influenced by contact among Malay, Hokkien, Portuguese, and Dutch traders.
Besides the general simplification that occurs with pidgins, the Malay lingua franca had several distinctive characteristics. One was that possessives were formed with ''punya'' 'its owner'; another was that plural pronouns were formed with ''orang'' 'person'. The only Malayic affixes that remained productive were ''tĕr-'' and ''bĕr-''.
Other features:
*''Ada'' became a
progressive particle.
*Reduced forms of ''ini'' 'this' and ''itu'' 'that' before a noun became determiners.
*The verb ''pĕrgi'' 'go' was reduced, and became a preposition 'towards'.
*
Causative constructions were formed with ''kasi'' or ''bĕri'' 'to give' or ''bikin'' or ''buat'' 'to make'.
*''Ini'' becomes to ''ni''
*''Itu'' becomes to ''tu''
*A single preposition, often ''sama'', was used for multiple functions, including direct and indirect object.
For example,
* ''Rumah-ku'' 'my house' becomes ''Saya punya rumah''
* ''Saya pukul dia'' 'I hit him' becomes ''Saya kasi pukul dia''
* ''Megat dipukul Robert'' 'Megat is hit by Robert' becomes ''Megat dipukul dek Robert''
Bazaar Malay is used in a limited extent in Singapore and Malaysia, mostly among the older generation or people with no working knowledge of English.
The most important reason that contributed to the decline of Bazaar Malay is that pidgin Malay has
creolised and created several new languages. Another reason is due to language shift in both formal and informal contexts, Bazaar Malay in Singapore is gradually being replaced by English, with English and its creole
Singlish
Singlish (a portmanteau of ''Singapore'' and ''English'') is an English-based creole language spoken in Singapore. Singlish arose out of a situation of prolonged language contact between speakers of many different languages in Singapore, inc ...
being the lingua franca among the younger generations.
Baba Malay
Baba Malay is spoken by the
Peranakan
The Peranakans () are an ethnic group defined by their genealogical descent from the first waves of Southern Chinese settlers to maritime Southeast Asia, known as Nanyang (), namely the British Colonial ruled ports in the Malay Peninsula, ...
s. A typical contact language between
Hokkien
The Hokkien () variety of Chinese is a Southern Min language native to and originating from the Minnan region, where it is widely spoken in the south-eastern part of Fujian in southeastern mainland China. It is one of the national languages ...
male settlers and local Malay women, it has "more Hokkien grammar and more Malay lexicon".
As of 2014, there are 1,000 speakers in Malaysia and another 1,000 in Singapore.
It is mostly spoken among the older populations. In 1986, Pakir estimated there were 5,000 speakers in Singapore.
A kind of Baba Malay, called Peranakan, is spoken among Chinese living in East
Java
Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's mos ...
. It is a mixture of Malay or
Indonesian with local
Javanese (East Javanese dialect) and Chinese elements (particularly
Hokkien
The Hokkien () variety of Chinese is a Southern Min language native to and originating from the Minnan region, where it is widely spoken in the south-eastern part of Fujian in southeastern mainland China. It is one of the national languages ...
). This particular variety is found only in East Java, especially in
Surabaya and surrounding areas. While other Chinese tend to speak the language varieties of the places in which they live (the Chinese of Central Java speak High or Standard Javanese in daily conversation even among themselves; in West Java, they tend to speak
Sundanese), in Surabaya younger ethnic Chinese people tend to speak pure Javanese (Surabaya dialect) and learn
Mandarin
Mandarin or The Mandarin may refer to:
Language
* Mandarin Chinese, branch of Chinese originally spoken in northern parts of the country
** Standard Chinese or Modern Standard Mandarin, the official language of China
** Taiwanese Mandarin, Stand ...
in courses.
Example (spoken in
Surabaya):
* : Don't act that way!
* ''Yak apa kabarnya si Eli?'': How's Eli?
* ''Ntik kamu pigio ambek cecemu ae ya.'': Go with your sister, okay?
* ''Nih, makanen sakadae.'': Please have a meal!
* ''Kamu cariken bukune koko ndhek rumahe Ling Ling.'': Search your brother's book in Ling Ling's house.
Example (spoken in Melaka-Singapore):
* : He likes to come here and gossip.
* ''Keliap-keliap, dia naik angin.'': Slightly provoked, he gets angry.
* ''Gua tunggu dia sampai gua k'ee geram.'': I waited for him until I got angry.
* ''Oo-wa! Kinajeet, dia pasang kuat.'': Wow! Today he dresses stylishly!
Betawi Malay
Betawi Malay, also known as Jakarta or Java Malay, is a creolised-Malay which is spoken in
Jakarta (the modern name for Betawi) and its surroundings. Betawian or ''Omong Betawi'' is based on Bazaar Malay (Melayu Pasar) but influenced by various languages such as
Javanese,
Sundanese (the area is surrounded by Sundanese speaking area), Chinese (especially Hokkien), Portuguese, Dutch,
Balinese and others. Betawian creole began to be used after 1750 in Batavia, and replaced
Mardijker Creole
Mardijker is an extinct Portuguese-based creole of Jakarta. It was the native tongue of the Mardijker people. The language was introduced with the Dutch settlement of Batavia (present-day Jakarta); the Dutch brought in slaves from the colonie ...
as the ''lingua franca''.
Betawian Malay was also influenced by Chinese-style Malay spoken by the Chinese settlers who had come earlier.
It has now become a very popular language particularly amongst the younger generations in Indonesia due largely to its use on television (such as ''sinetron'' or ''sitcom'').
Betawi Malay was the ancestor of
Cocos Malay
Cocos Malay is a post-creolized variety of Malay, spoken by the Cocos Malays of Home Island, Christmas Island, and those originally from the Cocos Islands currently living in Sabah.
Cocos Malay derives from the Malay trade languages of the 19 ...
.
Malaccan Creole Malay
Spoken since the 16th century by descendants of Tamil merchants of the Malacca Straits. It may be historically related to Sri Lanka Creole Malay. The current language status is moribund, due to inter-marriage and out-migration. There has been language shift towards Malay instead.
Sri Lanka Malay
The
Sri Lankan Creole Malay language is a unique mixture of the
Sinhala language
Sinhala ( ; , ''siṁhala'', ), sometimes called Sinhalese (), is an Indo-Aryan language primarily spoken by the Sinhalese people of Sri Lanka, who make up the largest ethnic group on the island, numbering about 16 million. Sinhala is also s ...
and the
Tamil language
Tamil (; ' , ) is a Dravidian language natively spoken by the Tamil people of South Asia. Tamil is an official language of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, the sovereign nations of Sri Lanka and Singapore, and the Indian territory of P ...
with Malay. Sri Lanka Malay (SLM) is a restructured vernacular of Malay base spoken by at least five different communities in Sri Lanka which has evolved to be significantly divergent from other varieties of Malay due to intimate contact with the dominant languages of Sinhala and Tamil. The
Sri Lankan Malays
Sri Lankan Malays ( ''Shri Lanka Mæle Janathava'' (Standard); ''Mæle Minissu / Ja Minissu'' (Colloquially); are Sri Lankans with full or partial ancestry from the Indonesian Archipelago, Malaysia, or Singapore. In addition, people from Brun ...
, whose ancestry include labourers brought by the Dutch and British, as well as soldiers in the Dutch garrison, now constitute 0.3% of the population, numbering some 46,000. It is spoken by the Sri Lankan Malay community in Sri Lanka as well as among some
Sinhalese
Sinhala may refer to:
* Something of or related to the Sinhalese people of Sri Lanka
* Sinhalese people
* Sinhala language, one of the three official languages used in Sri Lanka
* Sinhala script, a writing system for the Sinhala language
** Sinha ...
in
Hambantota
Hambantota ( si, හම්බන්තොට, ta, அம்பாந்தோட்டை) is the main town in Hambantota District, Southern Province, Sri LankaThe prominent Malays (මැලේ) most part of the population is to be partly de ...
.
Singapore Bazaar Malay
Singapore Bazaar Malay, also known as Bazaar Malay, Pasar Malay, or Market Malay, is a Malay-lexified pidgin, which is spoken in Singapore.
Tamil and Hokkien contributed to the development of Bazaar Malay, with Hokkien being the dominant substrate language of Bazaar Malay, with Malay being the lexifier language. However, there are many input languages spoken by immigrants that also contributed to the development of Bazaar Malay, including languages spoken by Malays, Chinese, Indians, Eurasians, and Europeans. Singapore Bazaar Malay emerged along with the opening of Singapore's free trade port in 1819, to overcome barriers in communication and business transactions. Since Singapore has only four official languages (English, Mandarin, Malay, and Tamil), Singapore Bazaar Malay not only is a lingua franca in interethnic communication, it is also used in intra-group communication. Singapore Bazaar Malay is mostly spoken by elders and middle-aged workers today, but its language status is declining due to education policies and language campaigns with less than 10,000 speakers.
Sabah Malay
A pidginised variant of standard
Malay, Sabah Malay is a local trade language. There are a large number of native speakers in urban areas, mainly children who have a second native language. There are also some speakers in the southernmost parts of the Philippines, particularly in the
Sulu Archipelago as a trade language, also spoken in south Palawan.
Makassar Malay
Makassar Malay is a creole-based mixed language, which is built of Bazaar Malay lexicon,
Makassarese inflections, and mixed Malay/Makassarese syntax.
It is now widely spoken as the first language in Makassar City and its surrounding areas, especially those who were born after 1980's. It has widely spread to the entire region in southern part of Sulawesi island, including in the provinces of Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tenggara, and Sulawesi Barat as regional lingua franca or as second language due to contact or doing business with people from Makassar City.
Makassar Malay used as a default dialect or neutral language when communicating with people from other tribes or ethnicities whom do not share the same local language to the native local speakers in those three provinces. It appears that Makassar Malay also used as the first language of younger generation who live in the cities or regencies' capital across those three provinces.
Furthermore, apart from those three provinces in the southern part of Sulawesi island, Makassar Malay also used by people in some parts of Sulawesi Tengah Province, especially when communicating with people from those three provinces. It can also be used when communicating with people from other people from other provinces in Eastern Indonesia and in the province of Kalimantan Timur.
Balinese Malay
Balinese Malay is a dialect of Malay spoken in the island of
Bali. It is also known as ("village speak") by its speakers. Balinese Malay is the primary language of ethnic Malay who live in the northwestern part of the island, mainly in the districts of Melaya and Negara,
Jembrana Regency. The current language status is threatened.
Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin
A pidgin used in the pearl industry in West Australia.
Eastern Indonesian Malay
The creoles of eastern Indonesia appear to have formed as Malays and Javanese, using lingua franca Malay, established their monopoly on the spice trade before the European colonial era. They have a number of features in common:
*''ā, ē'' becomes ''a'', ''e'', or assimilates to the following vowel
*''i, u'' lower to ''e, o'' in some environments
*there is a loss of final plosives ''p, t, k'', and ''n'' the neutralisation of final nasals in part of the lexicon
*the
perfective
The perfective aspect ( abbreviated ), sometimes called the aoristic aspect, is a grammatical aspect that describes an action viewed as a simple whole; i.e., a unit without interior composition. The perfective aspect is distinguished from the i ...
marker ''juga'' reduces to ''ju'' or ''jo''
*the
perfective
The perfective aspect ( abbreviated ), sometimes called the aoristic aspect, is a grammatical aspect that describes an action viewed as a simple whole; i.e., a unit without interior composition. The perfective aspect is distinguished from the i ...
marker ''lebih'' reduces to ''le''
*the
perfective
The perfective aspect ( abbreviated ), sometimes called the aoristic aspect, is a grammatical aspect that describes an action viewed as a simple whole; i.e., a unit without interior composition. The perfective aspect is distinguished from the i ...
marker ''mau'' reduces to ''mo''
*the
perfective
The perfective aspect ( abbreviated ), sometimes called the aoristic aspect, is a grammatical aspect that describes an action viewed as a simple whole; i.e., a unit without interior composition. The perfective aspect is distinguished from the i ...
marker ''mana'' reduces to ''ma'' (''as this only occur on Kupang Malay'').
*the
perfective
The perfective aspect ( abbreviated ), sometimes called the aoristic aspect, is a grammatical aspect that describes an action viewed as a simple whole; i.e., a unit without interior composition. The perfective aspect is distinguished from the i ...
marker ''dan'' reduces to ''deng''
*the
perfective
The perfective aspect ( abbreviated ), sometimes called the aoristic aspect, is a grammatical aspect that describes an action viewed as a simple whole; i.e., a unit without interior composition. The perfective aspect is distinguished from the i ...
marker ''pun'' reduces to ''pung''
*the
perfective
The perfective aspect ( abbreviated ), sometimes called the aoristic aspect, is a grammatical aspect that describes an action viewed as a simple whole; i.e., a unit without interior composition. The perfective aspect is distinguished from the i ...
marker ''sudah'' reduces to ''su'' or ''so''
For example,
[
* becomes
* ''pērgi'' becomes ''pigi'' or ''pi,pe''
* ''tērkējut'' becomes ''takajo''
* ''lēmbut'' becomes ''lombo''
* ''dapāt'' becomes ''dapa''
*''jangan'' becomes ''jang''
*''pada'' becomes ''pa''
* ''lupa'' becomes ''lu''
Bacan (next) is perhaps the most archaic, and appears to be closely related to ]Brunei Malay
The Brunei Malay language, or Kedayan (, Jawi: ) is the most widely spoken language in Brunei and a lingua franca in some parts of Sarawak and Sabah, such as Labuan, Limbang, Lawas, Sipitang and Papar.Clynes, A. (2014). Brunei Malay: An Ove ...
(which is still a creole).
There is a loss of diphthongs:
* the diphthong "''au''" become to ''"o"''
* the diphthong ''"ai"'' reduces to ''"e"''
* the letter''" u"'' become to ''"o"''
The prefix word with ''"me","be","te",''and"''ke''" reduces to ''"ma","ba","ta","ka"''
* The prefix "''me"'' redues to "''ma''"
* The prefix ''"be"'',reduces to ''"ba"''
* The prefix ''"te"'',reduces to ''"ta"''
For example:
The loss of middle "''e"'' and ''"h"'' in the last end of words:
* ''terbelah'' becomes ''tabla''
* ''bertengkar'' becomes ''batengkar''
* ''menangis'' becomes ''manangis''
*''kehidupan'' becomes ''kaidopan''
Bacanese Malay
Bacanese Malay is a Malayic
The Malayic languages are a branch of the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of the Austronesian language family. The most prominent member is Malay, which is the national language of Brunei, Singapore and Malaysia; it further serves as basis for Ind ...
isolect
In sociolinguistics, a variety, also called an isolect or lect, is a specific form of a language or language cluster. This may include languages, dialects, registers, styles, or other forms of language, as well as a standard variety.Meecham, M ...
spoken in Bacan Island and its surroundings, south of Halmahera
Halmahera, formerly known as Jilolo, Gilolo, or Jailolo, is the largest island in the Maluku Islands. It is part of the North Maluku province of Indonesia, and Sofifi, the capital of the province, is located on the west coast of the island.
Ha ...
, North Maluku
North Maluku ( id, Maluku Utara) is a province of Indonesia. It covers the northern part of the Maluku Islands, bordering the Pacific Ocean to the north, the Halmahera Sea to the east, the Molucca Sea to the west, and the Seram Sea to the sout ...
. Bacanese Malay is considered rather different from other Malay-derived languages in eastern Indonesia because of its archaic lexicon and was used as a supplementary language in the reconstruction of Proto-Malayic.
Some Bacanese words occur in Wiltens & Danckaerts' 1623 vocabulary. Bacanese is also reviewed in Adriani & Kruijt's 1914 monograph. The most detailed studies are by James T. Collins, who concludes that Bacan is indeed a Malay variety, descended from the Malay used in the Bacan Sultanate.
Dili Malay
Dili Malay is a creole-based Malay language
Malay (; ms, Bahasa Melayu, links=no, Jawi alphabet, Jawi: , Rejang script, Rencong: ) is an Austronesian languages, Austronesian language that is an official language of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore, and that is also spo ...
spoken in Kampung Alor, Dili. This language has a lot of borrowed vocabulary from Tetun
, nativename=Tetun
, states= Indonesia East Timor
, speakers=, mostly in Indonesia
, date=2010–2011
, ref=e18
, speakers2=50,000 L2-speakers in Indonesia and East Timor
, familycolor=Austronesian
, fam2=Malayo-Polynesian
, fam3= Central–East ...
and Portuguese language
Portuguese ( or, in full, ) is a western Romance language of the Indo-European language family, originating in the Iberian Peninsula of Europe. It is an official language of Portugal, Brazil, Cape Verde, Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau and ...
.
Manado Malay
Manado Malay is another creole which is the lingua franca in Manado
Manado () is the capital city of the Indonesian province of North Sulawesi. It is the second largest city in Sulawesi after Makassar, with the 2020 Census giving a population of 451,916 distributed over a land area of 162.53 km2.Badan Pusa ...
and Minahasa, North Sulawesi
North Sulawesi ( id, Sulawesi Utara) is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the Minahasa Peninsula of Sulawesi, south of the Philippines and southeast of Sabah, Malaysia. It borders the Philippine province of Davao Occidental and Socc ...
.
It is based on Ternatean Malay and highly influenced by Ternatean, Dutch, Minahasa languages and some Portuguese words.
Examples :
* = I
* = you
* = we
* = they
* = yes
* = no (' = glottal stop)
Sentences :
* : My mother went to the market
* : You haven't eaten since yesterday.
* : Don't lie to me!
* : We can surely it.
Gorap
Gorap is lexically 85% Malay, but has many Ternate
Ternate is a city in the Indonesian province of North Maluku and an island in the Maluku Islands. It was the ''de facto'' provincial capital of North Maluku before Sofifi on the nearby coast of Halmahera became the capital in 2010. It is off the ...
words as well, and word order differs from both Austronesian and Halmahera languages. Children no longer acquire the language.
Ternate / North Moluccan Malay
North Moluccan Malay is a creole resembles Manado Malay, but differs in accent and vocabulary. A large percentage of its vocabulary is borrowed from Ternatean, such as:
: you (sg)
: you (pl)
: ant
: to fall
Spoken in Ternate
Ternate is a city in the Indonesian province of North Maluku and an island in the Maluku Islands. It was the ''de facto'' provincial capital of North Maluku before Sofifi on the nearby coast of Halmahera became the capital in 2010. It is off the ...
, Tidore
Tidore ( id, Kota Tidore Kepulauan, lit. "City of Tidore Islands") is a city, island, and archipelago in the Maluku Islands of eastern Indonesia, west of the larger island of Halmahera. Part of North Maluku Province, the city includes the island ...
and Halmahera
Halmahera, formerly known as Jilolo, Gilolo, or Jailolo, is the largest island in the Maluku Islands. It is part of the North Maluku province of Indonesia, and Sofifi, the capital of the province, is located on the west coast of the island.
Ha ...
islands, North Maluku
North Maluku ( id, Maluku Utara) is a province of Indonesia. It covers the northern part of the Maluku Islands, bordering the Pacific Ocean to the north, the Halmahera Sea to the east, the Molucca Sea to the west, and the Seram Sea to the sout ...
for intergroup communications, and in the Sula Islands
The Sula Islands Regency ( id, Kabupaten Kepulauan Sula) is one of the regencies in North Maluku province of Indonesia. It covers a land area of 3,338.67 km2 and consists of two of the three large islands comprising the Sula Archipelago, together ...
.
Example :
* : Don't lie!
Kupang Malay
Kupang Malay is spoken in Kupang
Kupang ( id, Kota Kupang, ), formerly known as Koepang, is the capital of the Indonesian province of East Nusa Tenggara. At the 2020 C ensus, it had a population of 442,758; the official estimate as at mid 2021 was 455,850. It is the largest ci ...
, East Nusa Tenggara
East Nusa Tenggara ( id, Nusa Tenggara Timur – NTT; pt, Sonda Oriental) is the southernmost province of Indonesia. It comprises the eastern portion of the Lesser Sunda Islands, facing the Indian Ocean in the south and the Flores Sea in the nor ...
, on the west end of Timor Island. It is based on archaic Malay which mixed mostly with Dutch, Portuguese and local languages. Similar to Ambonese Malay with several differences in vocabulary and accent. Its grammatical system resembles that of other East Indonesian Malay Creoles.
The pronoun
In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun (abbreviated ) is a word or a group of words that one may substitute for a noun or noun phrase.
Pronouns have traditionally been regarded as one of the parts of speech, but some modern theorists would not c ...
s in Kupang Malay differ from Indonesian as shown in the table below:
Unlike in Indonesian, there is no schwa in Kupang Malay.
The word order
In linguistics, word order (also known as linear order) is the order of the syntactic constituents of a language. Word order typology studies it from a cross-linguistic perspective, and examines how different languages employ different orders. C ...
of Kupang Malay is mixed Malay and the Helong Language
Helong (alternate names Helon, Kupang and Semau) is a Central Malayo-Polynesian language of West Timor. Speakers are interspersed with those of Amarasi. This language has become endangered as a result of its native speakers marrying those who ...
.
The "ia ,"ie, "io",and iu,reduces to ''iya, iye, iyo, iyu'' or nua, oa, os becomes ''nuwa'', ''woa, wos''.
* The lack of foreign letters e.g. "z","v",and"q"
For example;
* ''Zaman'' →
* ''Video'' →
* ''Qatar'' →
Alor Malay
Alor Malay is spoken in the Alor archipelago. Speakers perceive Alor Malay to be a different register of standard Indonesian, but both of these are prestige varieties of the archipelago. Many people are able to understand standard Indonesian, but cannot speak it fluently and choose to use Alor Malay on a daily basis.
Alor Malay is based on Kupang Malay; however, Alor Malay differs significantly from Kupang Malay, especially in its pronouns.
Ambonese Malay
Malay was first brought to Ambon by traders from Western Indonesia, then developed into a creole when the Dutch Empire colonised the Moluccas. Ambonese Malay was the first example of the transliteration of Malay into Roman script, and used as a tool of the missionaries in Eastern Indonesia.
Bandanese Malay
Bandanese Malay is a distinct variant of Moluccan Malay, spoken in Banda Islands
The Banda Islands ( id, Kepulauan Banda) are a volcanic group of ten small volcanic islands in the Banda Sea, about south of Seram Island and about east of Java, and constitute an administrative district (''kecamatan'') within the Central ...
, Maluku. Significantly different from Ambonese Malay and for Ambonese, Bandanese Malay tends to be perceived as sounding funny due to its unique features.
Example :
* : I
* : you
* : we
* : ants (deviated from Dutch : )
Papuan/Irian Malay
Papuan Malay is the main contact language of the Indonesian half of New Guinea
New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; id, Papua, or , historically ) is the world's second-largest island with an area of . Located in Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is separated from Australia by the wide Torr ...
. Serui Malay is a variety of Papuan Malay spoken in the Yapen Islands
Yapen Islands Regency is a regency (''kabupaten'') in Papua Province of eastern Indonesia. It covers an area of , and had a population of 82,951 at the 2010 Census and 112,676 at the 2020 Census. The official estimate as at mid 2021 was 114,210. It ...
, as well as in nearby coastal areas of the New Guinea mainland.
* = coba
* = you
* = indigenous
* = I, me
More recently, the vernacular of Indonesian Papuans
The indigenous peoples of West Papua in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, commonly called Papuans, are Melanesians. There is genetic evidence for two major historical lineages in New Guinea and neighboring islands: a first wave from the Malay Arch ...
has been influenced by Standard Indonesian, the national standard dialect
A standard language (also standard variety, standard dialect, and standard) is a language variety that has undergone substantial codification of grammar and usage, although occasionally the term refers to the entirety of a language that includes ...
.
Some linguists have suggested that Papuan Malay has its roots in North Moluccan Malay
North Moluccan Malay (also known as Ternate Malay) is a Malay-based creole language spoken on Ternate, Tidore, Halmahera, and Sula Islands, North Maluku for intergroup communications. The local name of the language is ''Bahasa Pasar'', and the ...
, as evidenced by the number of Ternate
Ternate is a city in the Indonesian province of North Maluku and an island in the Maluku Islands. It was the ''de facto'' provincial capital of North Maluku before Sofifi on the nearby coast of Halmahera became the capital in 2010. It is off the ...
loanwords in its lexicon. Others have proposed that it is derived from Ambonese Malay
Ambonese Malay or simply Ambonese is a Malay-based creole language spoken on Ambon Island in the Maluku Islands of Eastern Indonesia. It was first brought by traders from Western Indonesia, then developed when the Dutch Empire colonised the Ma ...
.
Four varieties of Papuan Malay can be identified. A variety of Papuan Malay is spoken in Vanimo
Vanimo is the capital of Sandaun Province (West Sepik) in north-westernmost Papua New Guinea and of Vanimo-Green River District. It is located on a peninsula close to the border with Indonesia.
Religion
Its Holy Cross Pro-Cathedral is the epi ...
, Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini; ho, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini), is a country i ...
near the Indonesian border.
Creole languages based on languages other than Malay
*Javindo language
Javindo, also known by the pejorative name Krontjong, was a Dutch-based creole language spoken on Java, Indonesia. The name Javindo is a portmanteau of ''Java'' and ''Indo'', the Dutch word for a person of mixed Indonesian and Dutch descent. Thi ...
* Orang Pulo language
*Petjo language
Petjo, also known as Petjoh, Petjok, Pecok, Petjoek ( pey, Peco') is a Dutch-based creole language that originated among the Indos, people of mixed Dutch and Indonesian ancestry in the former Dutch East Indies. The language has influences from ...
References
*
External links
''A Baba Malay Dictionary''
by William Gwee Thian Hock
Malay_creole_boy,_Hottentot_Square_Cape_Town;_Malay_boy_of_Cape_Town_[picture]_/_George_French_Angas_delt._et_lithog.
The_Malay_Chetty_Creole_Language_Of_Malacca_A_Historical_And_Linguistic_Perspective
_Bibliography
''Ethnologue'':_Malay-based_creoles
{{Authority_control
Malay-based_pidgins_and_creoles.html" ;"title="icture] / George French Angas delt. et lithog.">Malay creole boy, Hottentot Square Cape Town; Malay boy of Cape Town [picture] / George French Angas delt. et lithog.
The Malay Chetty Creole Language Of Malacca A Historical And Linguistic Perspective
Bibliography
''Ethnologue'': Malay-based creoles
{{Authority control
Malay-based pidgins and creoles">
Languages of Indonesia
Languages of Malaysia
Languages of Australia
Languages of Singapore
Pidgins and creoles
Malay dialects