''Gonystylus'' is a southeast

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

of about 30

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

hardwood Hardwood is wood from dicot trees. These are usually found in broad-leaved temperate and tropical forests. In temperate and boreal latitudes they are mostly deciduous, but in tropics and subtropics mostly evergreen. Hardwood (which comes from ...

tree In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are ...

s also known as ramin, melawis (

Malay Malay may refer to: Languages * Malay language or Bahasa Melayu, a major Austronesian language spoken in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore ** History of the Malay language, the Malay language from the 4th to the 14th century ** Indonesi ...

) and ramin telur (

Sarawak Sarawak (; ) is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia. The largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak is located in northwest Borneo Island, and is bordered by the M ...

Description

Ramin is native to

Malaysia Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...

Singapore Singapore (), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. It lies about one degree of latitude () north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, borde ...

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...

Brunei Brunei ( , ), formally Brunei Darussalam ( ms, Negara Brunei Darussalam, Jawi alphabet, Jawi: , ), is a country located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. Apart from its South China Sea coast, it is completely sur ...

, the

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

, and

Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini; ho, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini), is a country i ...

, with the highest species diversity on

Borneo Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest in Asia. At the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and eas ...

. It is related to '' Arnhemia'', ''

Deltaria ''Deltaria brachyblastophora'' is a species of shrubs in the Thymelaeaceae family. It is endemic to New Caledonia and the only species of the genus ''Deltaria''. It is related to '' Arnhemia'', ''Gonystylus'', ''Lethedon'' and ''Solmsia ''Solm ...

'', ''

Lethedon ''Lethedon'' is a genus of shrubs in the Thymelaeaceae family from Australia and New Caledonia. It is related to '' Arnhemia'', ''Deltaria'', ''Gonystylus'' and ''Solmsia ''Solmsia'' is a genus containing one or two species of flowering plant ...

'' and ''

Solmsia ''Solmsia'' is a genus containing one or two species of flowering plants belonging to the family Thymelaeaceae. It is endemic to New Caledonia. The genus was named to honor Hermann zu Solms-Laubach by Henri Ernest Baillon. It is related to '' A ...

''. Ramin is a medium-sized

, attaining a height of about 24 m (80 ft) with a straight, clear (branch-free), unbuttressed bole about 18 m (60 ft) long and 60 cm (2 ft) in

diameter In geometry, a diameter of a circle is any straight line segment that passes through the center of the circle and whose endpoints lie on the circle. It can also be defined as the longest chord of the circle. Both definitions are also valid for ...

. The trees are slow-growing, occurring mainly in

swamp A swamp is a forested wetland.Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p. Swamps are considered to be transition zones because both land and water play a role in ...

forest A forest is an area of land dominated by trees. Hundreds of definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal standing, and ecological function. The United Nations' ...

Species

The Plant List The Plant List was a list of botanical names of species of plants created by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden and launched in 2010. It was intended to be a comprehensive record of all known names of plant species ...

'' recognises 32 accepted species: * ''

Gonystylus acuminatus ''Gonystylus'' is a southeast Asian genus of about 30 species of hardwood trees also known as ramin, melawis (Malay language, Malay) and ramin telur (Sarawak). Description Ramin is native to Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei, the Philippin ...

'' * ''

Gonystylus affinis ''Gonystylus affinis'' is a tree in the family Thymelaeaceae. Description ''Gonystylus affinis'' grows as a tree up to tall, with a trunk diameter of up to . The bark is reddish brown. The fruit is also reddish brown, up to in diameter. Distr ...

'' * ''

Gonystylus areolatus ''Gonystylus areolatus'' grows as a small tree up to tall. Bark is greyish brown. Habitat is mixed dipterocarp forest at around altitude. ''G. areolatus'' is endemic to Borneo Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the third-largest island ...

'' * ''

Gonystylus augescens ''Gonystylus augescens'' grows as a small tree. The twigs are dark brown. Fruit is ellipsoid, reddish brown, up to long. The specific epithet ''augescens'' is from the Latin meaning "elongating", referring to the inflorescence. Habitat is lowlan ...

'' * ''

Gonystylus bancanus ''Gonystylus bancanus'' is a species of tree in the family Thymelaeaceae, growing to over tall. Distribution and habitat ''Gonystylus bancanus'' is native to Borneo, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Its habitat is in lowland swamp ...

'' * ''

Gonystylus borneensis ''Gonystylus borneensis'' grows as a tree up to tall, with a trunk diameter of up to . Bark is greyish brown. Fruit is round, brown, up to in diameter. Habitat is forest from sea-level to altitude. ''G. borneensis'' is endemic to Borneo ...

'' * ''

Gonystylus brunnescens ''Gonystylus brunnescens'' grows as a tree up to tall, with a trunk diameter of up to . Bark is reddish to dark brown. Fruit is round, brown, up to in diameter. The specific epithet ''brunnescens'' is from the Latin meaning "brownish". Its habi ...

'' * ''

Gonystylus calophylloides ''Gonystylus calophylloides'' is a species of plant in the Thymelaeaceae family. It is a tree endemic to Borneo where it is confined to Sarawak Sarawak (; ) is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia. The largest amo ...

Uses

The white wood, harder and lighter in colour than many other

s, is often used in children's

furniture Furniture refers to movable objects intended to support various human activities such as seating (e.g., stools, chairs, and sofas), eating (tables), storing items, eating and/or working with an item, and sleeping (e.g., beds and hammocks). Fu ...

window blind A window blind is a type of window covering. There are many different kinds of window blinds which use a variety of control systems. A typical window blind is made up of several long horizontal or vertical slats of various types of hard mater ...

dowel A dowel is a cylindrical rod, usually made of wood, plastic, or metal. In its original manufactured form, a dowel is called a ''dowel rod''. Dowel rods are often cut into short lengths called dowel pins. Dowels are commonly used as structural ...

s, handles, blinds, and decorative mouldings. Because of its straight, clear grain, nowadays it is commonly used in Venice for the construction of

oar An oar is an implement used for water-borne propulsion. Oars have a flat blade at one end. Rowers grasp the oar at the other end. The difference between oars and paddles is that oars are used exclusively for rowing. In rowing the oar is connecte ...

s. However,

over-exploitation Overexploitation, also called overharvesting, refers to harvesting a renewable resource to the point of diminishing returns. Continued overexploitation can lead to the destruction of the resource, as it will be unable to replenish. The term app ...

has led to all species of ramin being listed as

endangered species An endangered species is a species that is very likely to become extinct in the near future, either worldwide or in a particular political jurisdiction. Endangered species may be at risk due to factors such as habitat loss, poaching and inv ...

, particularly in Indonesia and Malaysia. An estimated 90% of ramin in recent international trade is illegally logged.As the ramin forests themselves come under attack, the fragile ecosystems they support are also at risk. These trees provide the main habitat for other priority species such as the orangutan and the Indochinese, Sumatran and Malayan tigers.

Sumatra

Sumatra's

peat swamp forest Peat swamp forests are tropical moist forests where waterlogged soil prevents dead leaves and wood from fully decomposing. Over time, this creates a thick layer of acidic peat. Large areas of these forests are being logged at high rates. Peat ...

s are an important habitat for ramin trees. The Sumatran ramin tree species are

CITES CITES (shorter name for the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, also known as the Washington Convention) is a multilateral treaty to protect endangered plants and animals from the threats of interna ...

protected species. The logging and trade of ramin has been illegal in Indonesia since 2001. Internationally, any illegal trade in Indonesian ramin is prohibited under the UN Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). Indonesian government maps show that 800,000ha (28%) of Sumatra's peat swamp forest was cleared between 2003 and 2009. Some 22% of this clearance was in areas currently allocated to APP's log suppliers.The Ramin Paper Trail

Greenpeace Greenpeace is an independent global campaigning network, founded in Canada in 1971 by Irving Stowe and Dorothy Stowe, immigrant environmental activists from the United States. Greenpeace states its goal is to "ensure the ability of the Earth t ...

March 1, 2012

References

External links

Species Survival Network factsheet
(pdf file)
CITES
{{Woodworking Malvales genera

Description

Species

Uses

Sumatra

See also

References

External links