''Gongshi'' (), also known as scholar's rocks, are naturally occurring or shaped
rocks
In geology, rock (or stone) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition, and the way in which it is formed. Rocks form the Earth's ...
which are traditionally appreciated by Chinese scholars.
[Metropolitan Museum of Art]
"The World of Scholars' Rocks Gardens, Studios, and Paintings"
retrieved 2012-12-20. The term is related to the Korean ''
suseok
''Suseok'' ( ko, 수석), also called viewing stones or scholar's stones, is the Korean term for rocks resembling natural landscapes.suiseki
In traditional Japanese culture, are small naturally occurring or shaped rocks which are appreciated for their aesthetic or decorative value. They are similar to Chinese scholar's rocks.Cousins, Craig. (2006) ''Bonsai Master Class,'' p. 244
...
'' ().
Scholars' rocks can be any color, and contrasting colors are not uncommon. The size of the stone can also be quite varied: scholars' rocks can weigh hundreds of pounds or less than one pound. The term also identifies stones which are placed in traditional
Chinese garden
The Chinese garden is a landscape garden style which has evolved over three thousand years. It includes both the vast gardens of the Chinese emperors and members of the imperial family, built for pleasure and to impress, and the more intimate ...
s.
History
In the
Tang dynasty
The Tang dynasty (, ; zh, t= ), or Tang Empire, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907 AD, with an Zhou dynasty (690–705), interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dyn ...
, a set of four important qualities for the rocks were recognized. They are: thinness (瘦 shòu), openness (透 tòu), perforations (漏 lòu), and wrinkling (皺 zhòu).
Gongshi influenced the development of Korean ''
suseok
''Suseok'' ( ko, 수석), also called viewing stones or scholar's stones, is the Korean term for rocks resembling natural landscapes.suiseki
In traditional Japanese culture, are small naturally occurring or shaped rocks which are appreciated for their aesthetic or decorative value. They are similar to Chinese scholar's rocks.Cousins, Craig. (2006) ''Bonsai Master Class,'' p. 244
...
''.
Sources
There are three main Chinese sources for these stones.
* Lingbi stone (''Lingbishi'') (Chinese: 灵璧石) from
Lingbi,
Anhui
Anhui , (; formerly romanized as Anhwei) is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China, part of the East China region. Its provincial capital and largest city is Hefei. The province is located across the basins of the Yangtze River ...
province, limestone
[Cousins, Craig. (2006)]
''Bonsai Master Class,'' p. 246
[Lingbi Stone and Asian Art Collection](_blank)
. (2014)
*
Taihu stone
Taihu stone () or porous stone is a kind of limestone produced at the foot of Dongting Mountain () in Suzhou, which is close to Lake Tai. Due to long-term surging by water, this kind of stone features pores and holes.
These stones are very popula ...
(''Taihushi'') (Chinese: 太湖石) from
Lake Tai
Taihu (), also known as Lake Tai or Lake Taihu, is a lake in the Yangtze Delta and one of the largest freshwater lakes in China. The lake is in Jiangsu province and a significant part of its southern shore forms its border with Zhejiang. With ...
,
Jiangsu
Jiangsu (; ; pinyin: Jiāngsū, Postal romanization, alternatively romanized as Kiangsu or Chiangsu) is an Eastern China, eastern coastal Provinces of the People's Republic of China, province of the China, People's Republic of China. It is o ...
province, limestone
* Yingde stone (''Yingshi'' or ''Yingdeshi'') (Chinese: 英石 or 英德石) from
Yingde
Yingde ( postal: Yingtak; ) is a historical city in the north of Guangdong Province, China. The city is on the Bei River, a tributary of the Pearl River. Administratively, it is part of the Qingyuan prefecture-level city.
The principal varietie ...
,
Guangdong
Guangdong (, ), alternatively romanized as Canton or Kwangtung, is a coastal province in South China on the north shore of the South China Sea. The capital of the province is Guangzhou. With a population of 126.01 million (as of 2020) ...
province, limestone
The geological conditions needed for the formation of stones are also present at some other sites.
Formation
Scholar's stones are generally
karstic limestone.
Limestone
Limestone ( calcium carbonate ) is a type of carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material lime. It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of . Limestone forms whe ...
is water-soluble under some conditions.
Dissolution pitting
Dissolution may refer to:
Arts and entertainment Books
* ''Dissolution'' (''Forgotten Realms'' novel), a 2002 fantasy novel by Richard Lee Byers
* ''Dissolution'' (Sansom novel), a 2003 historical novel by C. J. Sansom Music
* Dissolution, in mu ...
dissolves hollows in the limestone. On a larger scale, this causes
speleogenesis Speleogenesis is the origin and development of caves, the primary process that determines essential features of the hydrogeology of karst topography, karst and guides its evolution. It often deals with the development of caves through limestone, cau ...
(when caves dissolve in limestone
bedrock
In geology, bedrock is solid Rock (geology), rock that lies under loose material (regolith) within the crust (geology), crust of Earth or another terrestrial planet.
Definition
Bedrock is the solid rock that underlies looser surface mater ...
). On a still larger scale, the dissolved caves collapse, gradually creating
karst topography
Karst is a topography formed from the dissolution of soluble rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum. It is characterized by underground drainage systems with sinkholes and caves. It has also been documented for more weathering-resistant ro ...
, such as the famous landscapes of
Guilin
Guilin ( Standard Zhuang: ''Gveilinz''; alternatively romanized as Kweilin) is a prefecture-level city in the northeast of China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. It is situated on the west bank of the Li River and borders Hunan to the nort ...
in the
South China Karst
The South China Karst (), a UNESCO World Heritage Site since June 2007, spans the provinces of Chongqing, Guangxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan. It is noted for its karst features and landscapes as well as rich biodiversity. The site comprises seven clust ...
.
As rocks are broadly
fractal
In mathematics, a fractal is a geometric shape containing detailed structure at arbitrarily small scales, usually having a fractal dimension strictly exceeding the topological dimension. Many fractals appear similar at various scales, as illu ...
(geology journals require a scale to be included in images of rocks), the small rocks can resemble the larger landscape.
Aesthetics
The
aesthetics
Aesthetics, or esthetics, is a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of beauty and taste, as well as the philosophy of art (its own area of philosophy that comes out of aesthetics). It examines aesthetic values, often expressed thr ...
of a scholar's rock is based on subtleties of color, shape, markings, surface, and sound. Prized qualities include:
* awkward or overhanging
asymmetry
Asymmetry is the absence of, or a violation of, symmetry (the property of an object being invariant to a transformation, such as reflection). Symmetry is an important property of both physical and abstract systems and it may be displayed in pre ...
[Mendelson, John]
"Chinese scholars' rocks simultaneously original and simulacrum" at ArtNet.com
1996; retrieved 2012-12-20>
* resonance or ringing when struck
* representation or resemblance to mountainous
landscapes
A landscape is the visible features of an area of Terrestrial ecoregion, land, its landforms, and how they integrate with Nature, natural or man-made features, often considered in terms of their aesthetic appeal.''New Oxford American Dictionar ...
, particularly these believed to be inhabited by immortal beings
or
figure
Figure may refer to:
General
*A shape, drawing, depiction, or geometric configuration
*Figure (wood), wood appearance
*Figure (music), distinguished from musical motif
*Noise figure, in telecommunication
*Dance figure, an elementary dance pattern ...
*
texture
Texture may refer to:
Science and technology
* Surface texture, the texture means smoothness, roughness, or bumpiness of the surface of an object
* Texture (roads), road surface characteristics with waves shorter than road roughness
* Texture (c ...
* moistness or glossy surface
The stone may be displayed on a
rosewood
Rosewood refers to any of a number of richly hued timbers, often brownish with darker veining, but found in many different hues.
True rosewoods
All genuine rosewoods belong to the genus ''Dalbergia''. The pre-eminent rosewood appreciated in ...
pedestal that has been carved specifically for the stone. The stones are a traditional subject of Chinese paintings.
[Harvard Museums]
"Scholar's rock", 1993 painting
Linrothe, Robert N. (2004)
''Paradise and Plumage: Chinese Connections in Tibetan Arhat Painting,'' p. 24
retrieved 2012-12-20.
Gallery
File:太湖賞石-Rock in the form of a fantastic mountain MET DT208239.jpg, Taihu limestone
File:山形靈璧石-Rock in the Form of a Fantastic Mountain MET L37147 2011 575 3ab.jpg, Black Lingbi limestone
File:靈璧賞石-Rock in the form of a fantastic mountain MET DP350726.jpg, Gray Lingbi limestone
File:靈璧賞石-Rock in the form of a fantastic mountain MET DT208238.jpg, Black Lingbi limestone
File:Taihu rock, China, Qing dynasty, limestone with hongmu wood base - Princeton University Art Museum - DSC07081.jpg, Taihu limestone
See also
*
Penjing
''Penjing'', also known as ''penzai'', is the ancient Chinese art of depicting artistically formed trees, other plants, and landscapes in miniature.
Penjing generally fall into one of three categories:
* Shumu penjing (樹木盆景): Tree penjin ...
*
Suseok
''Suseok'' ( ko, 수석), also called viewing stones or scholar's stones, is the Korean term for rocks resembling natural landscapes.Suiseki
In traditional Japanese culture, are small naturally occurring or shaped rocks which are appreciated for their aesthetic or decorative value. They are similar to Chinese scholar's rocks.Cousins, Craig. (2006) ''Bonsai Master Class,'' p. 244
...
References
Further reading
* Little, Stephen, ''Spirit stones of China, the Ian and Susan Wilson collection of Chinese stones, paintings, and related scholars' objects'', Chicago, Art Institute of Chicago, 1999,
External links
{{Commons category-inline, Scholar's rocks
Visuals and examples of scholar rocksGalleries of scholar rocksBooks on scholars' rocks*
ttp://shimagata.tripod.com/srclass.htm Classification of Chinese scholar's rocks Scholar's rock at Metropolitan Museum of Art
Outdoor sculptures in China
Chinese art
Chinese gardening styles
Rock art in China
Garden ornaments