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Rhabditophora (from ''rhabdito''-, rhabdite + Greek -φορος ''phoros'' bearer, i.e., "rhabdite bearers") is a class of flatworms. It includes all parasitic flatworms (clade
Another important synapomorphy of the group is the duo-glandular adhesive system. It is a structure of the epidermis containing three different cell types: anchor cells, adhesive glands and releasing glands. The adhesive glands secrete an adhesive substance that attaches the anchor cells to a surface, while the releasing glands secrete a substance able to release the anchor cells from surfaces. This systems allows rhabditophorans to adhere and release quickly from the substrate, even several times in a second.
The secretory organs of rhabditophorans, the protonephridia, also have a unique anatomy in which the
Neodermata
Neodermata is a clade of rhabditophoran flatworms containing the parasitic groups Trematoda, Monogenea and Cestoda.
Description
All neodermatans are parasites, in many groups having a free-swimming larval stage. The most striking feature uniti ...
) and most free-living species that were previously grouped in the now obsolete class Turbellaria
The Turbellaria are one of the traditional sub-divisions of the phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms), and include all the sub-groups that are not exclusively parasitic. There are about 4,500 species, which range from to large freshwater forms more ...
. Therefore, it contains the majority of the species in the phylum Platyhelminthes, excluding only the catenulids, to which they appear to be the sister group
In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree.
Definition
The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram:
Taxon A and t ...
.
The clade Rhabditophora was originally erected by Ulrich Ehlers in 1985Ehlers, U. (1985) ''Phylogenetic relationships within the Platyhelminthes''. ''In'' S. Conway Morris; J. D. George; R. Gibson; H. M. Platt (Eds.), ''The origins and relationships of lower invertebrates''. Oxford, Clarendon Press, p. 143-158. based on morphological analyses and its monophyly was later confirmed by molecular studies.
Description
Rhabditophorans are characterized by the presence of lamellated rhabdites, rodlike granules secreted in the cells of theepidermis
The epidermis is the outermost of the three layers that comprise the skin, the inner layers being the dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis layer provides a barrier to infection from environmental pathogens and regulates the amount of water rele ...
and consisted of concentric lamellae. They are absent in the clade Neodermata
Neodermata is a clade of rhabditophoran flatworms containing the parasitic groups Trematoda, Monogenea and Cestoda.
Description
All neodermatans are parasites, in many groups having a free-swimming larval stage. The most striking feature uniti ...
, most likely due to a secondary loss of this feature because their epidermis is turned into a syncytium in adult forms.
Another important synapomorphy of the group is the duo-glandular adhesive system. It is a structure of the epidermis containing three different cell types: anchor cells, adhesive glands and releasing glands. The adhesive glands secrete an adhesive substance that attaches the anchor cells to a surface, while the releasing glands secrete a substance able to release the anchor cells from surfaces. This systems allows rhabditophorans to adhere and release quickly from the substrate, even several times in a second.
The secretory organs of rhabditophorans, the protonephridia, also have a unique anatomy in which the flame cell
A flame cell is a specialized excretory cell found in the simplest freshwater invertebrates, including flatworms, rotifers and nemerteans; these are the simplest animals to have a dedicated excretory system. Flame cells function like a kidney, re ...
s and tube cells present a series of cytoplasmic projections that overlap, forming a two-cell 'weir'.
Systematics
The following orders are recognised in the subphylum Rhabditophora: *** OrderBothrioplanida
''Bothrioplana'' is a genus of freshwater flatworms, the sole genus in the family Bothrioplanidae and order Bothrioplanida.
Description
Species of ''Bothrioplana'' are small organisms, usually measuring 2–3 mm in length, but reaching up to 7 ...
*** Order Fecampiida
Fecampiida is an order of flatworms in the class Rhabditophora. It is a considerably recent clade, erected after molecular studies.
Description
The order Fecampiida, as currently defined, was erected based on molecular studies. They all are pa ...
*** Order Gnosonesimida
*** Order Polycladida
The Polycladida represents a highly diverse clade of free-living marine flatworms. They are known from the littoral to the Sublittoral zone, sublittoral zone (extending to the deep hot vents), and many species are common from coral reefs. Only a ...
*** Order Prolecithophora
*** Order Prorhynchida
*** Order Proseriata
Proseriata is an order of free-living flatworms in the class Rhabditophora with over 400 species described worldwide.
Description
Proseriate flatworms are minute aquatic organisms, usually with an elongate body. There are no strong synapomorph ...
*** Order Rhabdocoela
Rhabdocoela is an order of flatworms in the class Rhabditophora with about 1700 species described worldwide. The order was first described in 1831 by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg. Most of rhabdocoels are free-living organisms, but some live symb ...
*** Order Tricladida
** Superorder Macrostomorpha
Macrostomorpha is a clade of free living flatworms ranked either as class or subclass in the group Rhabditophora. There are about 260 described species in two orders - marine, freshwater and brackish Macrostomida, which group most of the species ...
***** Genus ''Bradynectes
Macrostomorpha is a clade of free living flatworms ranked either as class or subclass in the group Rhabditophora. There are about 260 described species in two orders - marine, freshwater and brackish Macrostomida, which group most of the species ...
''
***** Genus ''Myozona
Macrostomorpha is a clade of free living flatworms ranked either as class or subclass in the group Rhabditophora. There are about 260 described species in two orders - marine, freshwater and brackish Macrostomida, which group most of the species ...
''
**** Family Haplopharyngidae
''Haplopharynx'' is a genus of small, free living marine flatworms found in the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean. It is the only genus in the monotypic family Haplopharyngidae.
Species
The following species are recognized in the genus ''Hap ...
**** Family Macrostomidae
*** Order Dolichomicrostomida
* Superclass Neodermata
Neodermata is a clade of rhabditophoran flatworms containing the parasitic groups Trematoda, Monogenea and Cestoda.
Description
All neodermatans are parasites, in many groups having a free-swimming larval stage. The most striking feature uniti ...
('' parasites'')
** Class Cestoda
*** Subclass Cestodaria
Cestodaria is one of two subclasses of the class Cestoda. The Cestodaria subclass is made up of Amphilinidea and Gyrocotylidea
Gyrocotylidea is an order of Cestoda (tapeworms). Members of this order are parasites of vertebrates, living in the ...
**** Order Amphilinidea
Amphilinidae is a family of parasitic flatworms of the phylum Platyhelminthes. It is the only family in the monotypic order Amphilinidea. Amphilinids are Cestodes, yet differ from true tapeworms (Eucestoda) as their bodies are unsegmented and not ...
**** Order Gyrocotylidea
Gyrocotylidea is an order of Cestoda (tapeworms). Members of this order are parasites
Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some ...
*** Subclass Eucestoda
Eucestoda, commonly referred to as tapeworms, is the larger of the two Class (biology), subclasses of flatworms in the class Cestoda (the other subclass is Cestodaria). Larvae have six posterior hooks on the scolex (head), in contrast to the ten ...
**** Order Bothriocephalidea
Bothriocephalidea is an order of Cestoda (tapeworms). Members of this order are gut parasites
Parasitism is a Symbiosis, close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the Host ...
**** Order Caryophyllidea
**** Order Cathetocephalidea
**** Order Cyclophyllidea
**** Order Diphyllidea
Diphyllidea is a monotypic taxon, monotypic Order (biology), order of Cestoda (tapeworms). Members of this order are gut Parasitism, parasites of elasmobranch fishes including rays and sharks.
References
Cestoda
Platyhelminthes orders
{ ...
**** Order Diphyllobothriidea
Diphyllobothriidea is an order of Cestoda (tapeworms). Members of this order are gut parasites of vertebrates. They infect mammals as their definitive hosts and use either copepods (a group of small crustaceans found in the sea and nearly ever ...
**** Order Lecanicephalidea
Lecanicephaloidea is an order of cestoda, tapeworms of the Class (biology), subclass Cestoda. Species in the order consist of intestinal parasites of elasmobranch fishes.
Anatomy
The order is distinguished in that the scolex consists of two pa ...
**** Order Litobothriidea
**** Order Onchoproteocephalidea
**** Order Phyllobothriidea
Phyllobothriidea is an order of flatworms belonging to the class Cestoda.
Taxonomy
Families:
* Chimaerocestidae
* Phyllobothriidae
Genera:
* ''Alexandercestus'' Ruhnke & Workman, 2013
* ''Bibursibothrium'' McKenzie & Caira, 1998
* ''Bilocula ...
**** Order Rhinebothriidea
**** Order Spathebothriidea
Spathebothriidea is an order of Cestoda (tapeworms). Members of this order are gut parasites
Parasitism is a Symbiosis, close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the Host ...
**** Order Tetrabothriidea
Tetrabothriidea is an order of helminths in the class Cestoda. It consists of only one family, Tetrabothriidae. Their hosts are mainly seabirds, the rest being cetaceans and pinnipeds.
Genera
All of the genera of Tetrabothriidea are in the fami ...
**** Order Tetraphyllidea
Tetraphyllidea is a large tapeworm order that contains some 60 genera and about 800 described species. Tetraphyllideans are remarkable for their scolex morphologies, which are the most varied and morphologically complex amongst all tapeworm order ...
**** Order Trypanorhyncha
''Trypanorhyncha'' is an order of cestodes, a type of flatworm.
Some species infect gamefish, such as sciaenids, during the parasitic worm's plerocercoid stage, and are commonly called spaghetti worm because of their appearance, approximating ...
*** Class Monogenea
**** Subclass Monopisthocotylea
***** Order Capsalidea
The Monopisthocotylea are a subclass of parasitic flatworms in the class Monogenea. WoRMS (2019). Monopisthocotylea. Accessed at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=119219 on 2019-02-08
Yamaguti, S. (1963). Systema Helminthum V ...
***** Order Dactylogyridea
***** Order Gyrodactylidea
***** Order Monocotylidea
The Monopisthocotylea are a subclass of parasitic flatworms in the class Monogenea. WoRMS (2019). Monopisthocotylea. Accessed at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=119219 on 2019-02-08
Yamaguti, S. (1963). Systema Helminthum V ...
***** Order Montchadskyellidea
The Monopisthocotylea are a subclass of parasitic flatworms in the class Monogenea. WoRMS (2019). Monopisthocotylea. Accessed at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=119219 on 2019-02-08
Yamaguti, S. (1963). Systema Helminthum V ...
**** Subclass Polyopisthocotylea
***** Order Chimaericolidea
***** Order Diclybothriidea
***** Order Lagarocotylidea
***** Order Mazocraeidea
***** Order Polystomatidea
*** Class Trematoda
**** Subclass Aspidogastrea
The Aspidogastrea (Ancient Greek: ' “shield”, ' “stomach/pouch”) is a small group of Trematoda, flukes comprising about 80 species. It is a Subclass (biology), subclass of the Trematode, trematoda, and sister group to the Digenea. Specie ...
***** Order Aspidogastrida
Aspidogastrida is an order of trematodes in the subclass Aspidogastrea.
Families
*Superfamily Aspidogastrioidea Poche, 1907Poche, F. (1907). Einige Bemerkungen zur Nomenklatur der Trematoden. ''Zoologischer Anzeiger'', 31, 124-126.
**Aspidogas ...
***** Order Stichocotylida
''Stichocotyle'' is a monospecific genus of trematodes, in the monospecific family Stichocotylidae, which is itself in the monotypic order Stichocotylida. It comprises the single species ''Stichocotyle nephropis'', which is an internal parasite ...
**** Subclass Digenea
Digenea (Gr. ''Dis'' – double, ''Genos'' – race) is a class of trematodes in the Platyhelminthes phylum, consisting of parasitic flatworms (known as ''flukes'') with a syncytial tegument and, usually, two suckers, one ventral and one oral. ...
***** Order Diplostomida
***** Order Plagiorchiida
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q3428991 Protostome classes