''Gnaphosa'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

ground spiders Ground spiders comprise Gnaphosidae, the seventh largest spider family with over 2,000 described species in over 100 genera distributed worldwide. There are 105 species known to central Europe, and common genera include ''Gnaphosa'', ''Drassodes' ...

that was first described by Pierre André Latreille in 1804. They all have a serrated keel on the retromargin of each chelicera.

Species

it contains 148 species: *'' G. aborigena'' Tyschchenko, 1965 – Kazakhstan *'' G. akagiensis'' Hayashi, 1994 – Japan *'' G. alacris'' Simon, 1878 – France, Italy, Croatia, Morocco *'' G. alpica'' Simon, 1878 – France, Switzerland, Austria *'' G. altudona'' Chamberlin, 1922 – USA *'' G. antipola'' Chamberlin, 1933 – USA, Canada *'' G. artaensis'' Wunderlich, 2011 – Portugal, Spain (Balearic Is.) *'' G. atramentaria'' Simon, 1878 – France *'' G. azerbaidzhanica'' Tuneva & Esyunin, 2003 – Azerbaijan *'' G. badia'' (

L. Koch Ludwig Carl Christian Koch (8 November 1825 – 1 November 1908) was a German entomologist and arachnologist. He was born in Regensburg, Germany, and died in Nuremberg, Germany. He studied in Nuremberg, initially law, but then turned to medicin ...

, 1866) – Europe to Azerbaijan *'' G. balearicola'' Strand, 1942 – Spain (Balearic Is.) *'' G. banini'' Marusik & Koponen, 2001 – Russia (South Siberia), Mongolia *'' G. basilicata'' Simon, 1882 – Italy *'' G. belyaevi'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Mongolia *'' G. betpaki'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Russia (Urals), Kazakhstan *'' G. bicolor'' ( Hahn, 1833) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to West Siberia) *'' G. bithynica'' Kulczyński, 1903 – Greece (Crete), Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Iran *'' G. borea'' Kulczyński, 1908 – Russia (Middle Siberia to Far East), North America *'' G. brumalis'' Thorell, 1875 – USA, Canada *'' G. californica'' Banks, 1904 – USA, Canada *'' G. campanulata'' Zhang & Song, 2001 – China *'' G. cantabrica'' Simon, 1914 – Spain, France *'' G. caucasica'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Russia (Caucasus) *'' G. chiapas'' Platnick & Shadab, 1975 – Mexico *'' G. chihuahua'' Platnick & Shadab, 1975 – Mexico *'' G. chola'' Ovtsharenko & Marusik, 1988 – Russia (Middle Siberia to Far East), Mongolia, China *'' G. clara'' ( Keyserling, 1887) – North America *'' G. corticola'' Simon, 1914 – France *'' G. cumensis'' Ponomarev, 1981 – Ukraine, Russia (Europe), Kazakhstan, Mongolia *'' G. cyrenaica'' ( Caporiacco, 1949) – Libya *'' G. danieli'' Miller & Buchar, 1972 – Afghanistan *'' G. dege'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, India, China *'' G. dentata'' Platnick & Shadab, 1975 – USA *'' G. deserta'' Ponomarev & Dvadnenko, 2011 – Russia (Europe) *'' G. dolanskyi'' Řezáč, Růžička, Oger & Řezáčová, 2018 – South-eastern Europe, Ukraine, Russia (Europe), Turkey, Caucasus *'' G. dolosa'' Herman, 1879 – Southern to Eastern Europe, Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Caucasus, Russia (Europe) to Central Asia *'' G. donensis'' Ponomarev, 2015 – Russia (Europe) *'' G. eskovi'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Kazakhstan *'' G. esyunini'' Marusik, Fomichev & Omelko, 2014 – Mongolia *'' G. eucalyptus'' Ghafoor & Beg, 2002 – Pakistan *'' G. fagei'' Schenkel, 1963 – Kazakhstan, China *'' G. fallax'' Herman, 1879 – Hungary *'' G. fontinalis'' Keyserling, 1887 – USA, Mexico *'' G. funerea'' (Dalmas, 1921) – St. Helena *'' G. gracilior'' Kulczyński, 1901 – Russia (Middle and South Siberia to Far East), Mongolia, China *'' G. haarlovi'' Denis, 1958 – Central Asia *'' G. halophila'' Esyunin & Efimik, 1997 – Russia (Urals) *'' G. hastata'' Fox, 1937 – China, Korea *'' G. hirsutipes'' Banks, 1901 – USA, Mexico *'' G. iberica'' Simon, 1878 – Spain *'' G. ilika'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan *'' G. inconspecta'' Simon, 1878 – Western and Central Europe, Italy, Russia (Middle Siberia to Far East), Mongolia, China, Korea *'' G. jodhpurensis'' Tikader & Gajbe, 1977 – India, China *'' G. jucunda'' Thorell, 1875 – Ukraine, Russia (Europe, Caucasus) *'' G. kailana'' Tikader, 1966 – India *'' G. kamurai'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Korea, Japan *'' G. kankhalae'' Biswas & Roy, 2008 – India *'' G. kansuensis'' Schenkel, 1936 – Russia (Far East), China, Korea *'' G. ketmer'' Tuneva, 2004 – Kazakhstan *'' G. khovdensis'' Marusik, Fomichev & Omelko, 2014 – Mongolia *'' G. kompirensis'' Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 – Russia (Far East), China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Vietnam *'' G. koponeni'' Marusik & Omelko, 2014 – Russia (South Siberia) *'' G. kuldzha'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan *'' G. kurchak'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Kyrgyzstan *'' G. lapponum'' (L. Koch, 1866) – Europe, Russia (Europe to West Siberia) **'' Gnaphosa l. inermis'' Strand, 1899 – Norway *'' G. leporina'' (L. Koch, 1866) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Central Asia, China *'' G. licenti'' Schenkel, 1953 – Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, China, Korea *'' G. limbata'' Strand, 1900 – Norway *'' G. lonai'' Caporiacco, 1949 – Italy *'' G. lucifuga'' (Walckenaer, 1802) (

type Type may refer to: Science and technology Computing * Typing, producing text via a keyboard, typewriter, etc. * Data type, collection of values used for computations. * File type * TYPE (DOS command), a command to display contents of a file. * Ty ...

) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Iran, Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Kazakhstan, China **'' Gnaphosa l. minor'' Nosek, 1905 – Turkey *'' G. lugubris'' (

C. L. Koch Carl Ludwig Koch (21 September 1778 – 23 August 1857) was a German entomologist and arachnologist. He was responsible for classifying a great number of spiders, including the Brazilian whiteknee tarantula and common house spider. He was born ...

, 1839) – Europe to Central Asia *'' G. mandschurica'' Schenkel, 1963 – Russia (Middle and South Siberia), Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, Nepal *'' G. maritima'' Platnick & Shadab, 1975 – USA, Mexico *'' G. mcheidzeae'' Mikhailov, 1998 – Georgia *'' G. microps'' Holm, 1939 – North America, Europe, Turkey, Russia (Europe to Far East) *'' G. modestior'' Kulczyński, 1897 – Italy, Austria, Czechia to Romania *'' G. moerens''

O. Pickard-Cambridge Octavius Pickard-Cambridge FRS (3 November 1828 – 9 March 1917) was an English clergyman and zoologist. He was a keen arachnologist who described and named more than 900 species of spider. Life and work Pickard-Cambridge was born in Blox ...

, 1885 – China, Nepal *'' G. moesta'' Thorell, 1875 – Hungary, Romania, Ukraine, Russia (Europe)? *'' G. mongolica'' Simon, 1895 – Turkey, Hungary to China *'' G. montana'' (L. Koch, 1866) – Europe, Turkey, Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Kazakhstan *'' G. muscorum'' (L. Koch, 1866) – North America, Europe, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Kazakhstan, China, Korea **'' Gnaphosa m. gaunitzi'' Tullgren, 1955 – Sweden, Russia (South Siberia) *'' G. namulinensis'' Hu, 2001 – China *'' G. nigerrima'' L. Koch, 1877 – Europe, Russia (Europe to Far East) *'' G. nordlandica'' Strand, 1900 – Norway *'' G. norvegica'' Strand, 1900 – Norway *'' G. occidentalis'' Simon, 1878 – Western Europe *'' G. oceanica'' Simon, 1878 – France *'' G. ogeri'' Lecigne, 2018 – France *'' G. oligerae'' Ovtsharenko & Platnick, 1998 – Russia (Far East) *'' G. opaca'' Herman, 1879 – Europe to Central Asia *'' G. orites'' Chamberlin, 1922 – North America, Northern Europe, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East) *'' G. ovchinnikovi'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Kyrgyzstan *'' G. pakistanica'' Ovtchinnikov, Ahmad & Inayatullah, 2008 – Pakistan *'' G. parvula'' Banks, 1896 – USA, Canada *'' G. pauriensis'' Tikader & Gajbe, 1977 – India *'' G. pengi'' Zhang & Yin, 2001 – China *'' G. perplexa'' Denis, 1958 – Afghanistan *'' G. petrobia'' L. Koch, 1872 – Europe, Iran *'' G. pilosa'' Savelyeva, 1972 – Kazakhstan *'' G. poonaensis'' Tikader, 1973 – India *'' G. porrecta'' Strand, 1900 – Norway *'' G. potanini'' Simon, 1895 – Russia (South Siberia, Far East), Mongolia, China, Korea, Japan *'' G. potosi'' Platnick & Shadab, 1975 – Mexico *'' G. primorica'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Russia (Far East), Japan *'' G. prosperi'' Simon, 1878 – Spain *'' G. pseashcho'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Russia (Caucasus) *'' G. pseudoleporina'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Russia (South Siberia) *'' G. rasnitsyni'' Marusik, 1993 – Mongolia *'' G. reikhardi'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan *'' G. rhenana'' Müller & Schenkel, 1895 – France, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Italy, Romania, Albania *'' G. rohtakensis'' Gajbe, 1992 – India *'' G. rufula'' (L. Koch, 1866) – Slovakia, Hungary, Ukraine, Russia (Europe), Kazakhstan *'' G. salsa'' Platnick & Shadab, 1975 – USA, Mexico *'' G. sandersi''

Gertsch Willis John Gertsch (October 4, 1906 – December 12, 1998) was an American arachnologist. He described over 1,000 species of spiders, scorpions, and other arachnids, including the Brown recluse spider and the Tooth cave spider. Gertsch was born ...

& Davis, 1940 – Mexico *'' G. saurica'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Ukraine, Caucasus, Iran, Russia (Europe) to Central Asia *'' G. saxosa'' Platnick & Shadab, 1975 – USA *'' G. secreta'' Simon, 1878 – France *'' G. sericata'' (L. Koch, 1866) – USA to Guatemala, Cuba *'' G. serzonshteini'' Fomichev & Marusik, 2017 – Mongolia *'' G. similis'' Kulczyński, 1926 – Russia (Middle and South Siberia to Far East), China, Korea *'' G. sinensis'' Simon, 1880 – China, Korea *'' G. snohomish'' Platnick & Shadab, 1975 – USA, Canada *'' G. songi'' Zhang, 2001 – China *'' G. sonora'' Platnick & Shadab, 1975 – Mexico *'' G. steppica'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Turkey, Caucasus, Ukraine, Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Kazakhstan *'' G. sticta'' Kulczyński, 1908 – Scandinavia, Russia (Europe to Far East), Japan *'' G. stoliczkai'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885 – Mongolia, China *'' G. stussineri'' Simon, 1885 – Greece *'' G. synthetica'' Chamberlin, 1924 – USA, Mexico *'' G. tarabaevi'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan *'' G. taurica'' Thorell, 1875 – Bulgaria to China *'' G. tenebrosa'' Fox, 1938 – probably Mexico *'' G. tetrica'' Simon, 1878 – France, Macedonia *'' G. tigrina'' Simon, 1878 – Mediterranean, Russia (Europe, South Siberia) *'' G. tumd'' Tang, Song & Zhang, 2001 – China *'' G. tunevae'' Marusik & Omelko, 2014 – Mongolia *'' G. tuvinica'' Marusik & Logunov, 1992 – Russia (West and South Siberia), Mongolia *'' G. ukrainica'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Ukraine, Russia (Europe to Central Asia), Iran, Turkmenistan *'' G. utahana'' Banks, 1904 – USA *'' G. wiehlei'' Schenkel, 1963 – Russia (South Siberia), Mongolia, China *'' G. xieae'' Zhang & Yin, 2001 – China *'' G. zeugitana'' Pavesi, 1880 – North Africa *'' G. zhaoi'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – China *'' G. zonsteini'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Kyrgyzstan *'' G. zyuzini'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Kazakhstan

Species

References

Further reading