''Glycymeris'', common name the bittersweet clams, is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...

of saltwater

clam Clam is a common name for several kinds of bivalve molluscs. The word is often applied only to those that are edible and live as infauna, spending most of their lives halfway buried in the sand of the seafloor or riverbeds. Clams have two shel ...

s, marine bivalve molluscs in the family Glycymerididae.MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Glycymeris da Costa, 1778. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138035 on 2022-04-19

Etymology

The genus name comes from the

Ancient Greek Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic p ...

word ''glykymaris'' (perhaps from ''Glykys'' (sweet) and ''Meris'' (part)), a word which is only recorded once in Greek literature.

Fossil records

These clams are very common as fossils, from the

Cretaceous The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era, as well as the longest. At around 79 million years, it is the longest geological period of ...

period in the

Valanginian In the geologic timescale, the Valanginian is an age or stage of the Early or Lower Cretaceous. It spans between 139.8 ± 3.0 Ma and 132.9 ± 2.0 Ma (million years ago). The Valanginian Stage succeeds the Berriasian Stage of the Lower Cretace ...

age (between 140.2 ± 3.0 mya and 136.4 ± 2.0 mya). Fossil shells of these molluscs can be found all over the world. Genus ''Glycymeris'' includes about 100 extinct species. Paleobiology database
/ref> Glycymerididae - Glycymeris inflata

Description

The shells are generally biconvex, with equal valves round in outline, and slightly longer than wide. Their size varies from medium to large. The external ligament lacks transverse

striation Striations means a series of ridges, furrows or linear marks, and is used in several ways: * Glacial striation * Striation (fatigue), in material * Striation (geology), a ''striation'' as a result of a geological fault * Striation Valley, in Ant ...

s. These clams are a facultatively mobile infaunal suspension feeders.

Habitat

They are widespread on shallow seabeds that consist of heterogeneous-grained sediments.

Species

Species within this genus include:Biolib
/ref> * '' Glycymeris adenensis'' (Jousseaume in Lamy, 1916) * '' Glycymeris aequilatera'' (Gmelin, 1791) *'' Glycymeris albolineata'' (Lischke, 1872) - White-lined bittersweet *''

Glycymeris americana ''Glycymeris americana'', or the American bittersweet, is a species of bivalve mollusc in the family Glycymerididae. It can be found along the Atlantic coast of North America, ranging from Virginia to Texas and Brazil. Description In warmer w ...

'' (DeFrance, 1829) - Giant bittersweet * '' Glycymeris arabica'' (H. Adams, 1871) *'' Glycymeris aspersa'' (Adams & Reeve, 1850) *'' Glycymeris bimaculata'' (

Poli __NOTOC__ Poli can refer to: Food * ''Puran Poli'', a poli made up of wheat flour and puran (sweet cooked gram paste) * A Marathi name for ''chapati'', a bread made up of wheat flour Organisations * FC Timişoara Romanian first league football c ...

, 1795) - Two-spotted bittersweet * '' Glycymeris boucheti'' Matsukuma, 1984 * '' Glycymeris concentrica'' (Dunker, 1853) *'' Glycymeris connollyi'' Tomlin, 1925 * '' Glycymeris cotinga'' (Iredale, 1939) *'' Glycymeris dampierensis'' Matsukuma, 1984 *'' Glycymeris decussata'' (

Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...

, 1758) - Decussate bittersweet *'' Glycymeris delessertii'' ( Reeve, 1843) * '' Glycymeris flammea'' (Reeve, 1843) * '' Glycymeris formosa'' (Reeve, 1843) * '' Glycymeris fringilla'' (Angas, 1872) * '' Glycymeris gigantea'' (Reeve, 1843) *'' Glycymeris glycymeris'' (

, 1758) - Dog cockle or European bittersweet * '' Glycymeris grayana'' (Dunker, 1857) * '' Glycymeris habei'' Matsukuma, 1984 * '' Glycymeris hanleyi'' (Angas, 1879) * '' Glycymeris hedleyi'' (Lamy, 1912) * '' Glycymeris holoserica'' (Reeve, 1843) * '' Glycymeris imperialis'' Kuroda, 1934 * '' Glycymeris inflata'' (Brocchi, 1814) * '' Glycymeris intermedia'' (Broderip, 1832) * '' Glycymeris keenae'' Willett, 1944 * '' Glycymeris lamprelli'' M. Huber, 2010 * '' Glycymeris lintea'' Olsson, 1961 * '' Glycymeris livida'' (Reeve, 1843) *'' Glycymeris longior'' (Broderip & G. B. Sowerby I, 1833) * '' Glycymeris maculata'' (Broderip, 1832) * '' Glycymeris marmorata'' (Gmelin, 1791) * '' Glycymeris mayi'' (Cotton, 1947) *'' Glycymeris modesta'' ( Angas, 1879) * '' Glycymeris munda'' (G. B. Sowerby III, 1903) *'' Glycymeris muskatensis'' Melvill, 1897 - Muscat bittersweet *'' Glycymeris nummaria'' (Linnaeus, 1758) *'' Glycymeris oculata'' ( Reeve, 1843) * '' Glycymeris ovata'' (Broderip, 1832) * '' Glycymeris ozawai'' Thach, 2021 * '' Glycymeris persimilis'' (Iredale, 1939) * '' Glycymeris pertusa'' (Reeve, 1843) * '' Glycymeris pilosa'' (Linnaeus, 1767) * '' Glycymeris pilsbryi'' (Yokoyama, 1920) * '' Glycymeris queenslandica'' Hedley, 1906 * '' Glycymeris queketti'' ( G. B. Sowerby III, 1897) *'' Glycymeris radians'' (

Lamarck Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck (1 August 1744 – 18 December 1829), often known simply as Lamarck (; ), was a French naturalist, biologist, academic, and soldier. He was an early proponent of the idea that biolo ...

, 1819) - Rayed bittersweet * '' Glycymeris rafaelmesai'' Nolf & Swinnen, 2013 *'' Glycymeris reevei'' (Mayer, 1868) - Reeve's bittersweet * '' Glycymeris renkerorum'' Thach, 2021 *'' Glycymeris rotunda'' (Dunker, 1882) * '' Glycymeris scripta'' (Born, 1778) *'' Glycymeris septentrionalis'' (Middendorff, 1849) *'' Glycymeris sericata'' ( Reeve, 1843) * '' Glycymeris shutoi'' Matsukuma, 1981 *'' Glycymeris spectralis'' Nicol, 1952 - Spectral bittersweet * '' Glycymeris shutoi'' Matsukuma, 1981 * ''

Glycymeris striatularis ''Glycymeris'', common name the bittersweet clams, is a genus of saltwater clams, marine bivalve molluscs in the family Glycymerididae.MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Glycymeris da Costa, 1778. Accessed through: World Register of Ma ...

'' (Lamarck, 1819) * '' Glycymeris taylori'' (Angas, 1879) *'' Glycymeris tellinaeformis'' ( Reeve, 1843) * '' Glycymeris tenuicostata'' (Reeve, 1843) *'' Glycymeris undata'' (

, 1758) - Atlantic bittersweet * '' Glycymeris vanhengstumi'' Goud & Gulden, 2009 *'' Glycymeris yessoensis'' (G. B. Sowerby III, 1886)

Synonyms

* ''Glycymeris adenenesis'' ic synonym of ''Glycymeris adenensis'' (Jousseaume in Lamy, 1916) (misspelling) * ''Glycymeris amamiensis'' Kuroda, 1930: synonym of ''Glycymeris tenuicostata'' (Reeve, 1843) * ''Glycymeris amboinensis'' (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of '' Tucetona pectunculus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Glycymeris arcodentiens'' (Dall, 1895): synonym of '' Tucetona arcodentiens'' (Dall, 1895) * ''Glycymeris apinensis'' Gray in Griffith & Pidgeon, 1833: synonym of '' Glauconome chinensis'' Gray, 1828 (junior synonym) * ''Glycymeris arcodentiens'' (Dall, 1895): synonym of '' Tucetona arcodentiens'' (Dall, 1895) * ''Glycymeris argentea'' da Costa, 1777: synonym of '' Nucula nucleus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Glycymeris aucklandica'' Powell, 1938 †: synonym of '' Tucetona aucklandica'' (Powell, 1938) † (original combination) * ''Glycymeris broadfooti'' Iredale, 1929: synonym of '' Tucetona broadfooti'' (Iredale, 1929) * ''Glycymeris canoa'' Pilsbry & Olsson, 1941: synonym of '' Tucetona canoa'' (Pilsbry & Olsson, 1941) * ''Glycymeris capricornea'' Hedley, 1906: synonym of ''Glycymeris tenuicostata'' (Reeve, 1843) * ''Glycymeris cardiiformis'' (Angas, 1879): synonym of '' Tucetona multicostata'' (G. B. Sowerby I, 1833) *''Glycymeris castaneus''

: synonym of '' Glycymeris undata'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Glycymeris chambersi'' P. Marshall & Browne, 1909 †: synonym of '' Tucetona chambersi'' (P. Marshall & Browne, 1909) † * ''Glycymeris chemnitzii'' Dall, 1909: synonym of '' Tucetona chemnitzii'' (Dall, 1909) * ''Glycymeris coalingensis'' Arnold, 1910: synonym of ''Glycymeris septentrionalis'' (Middendorff, 1849) * ''Glycymeris colorata'' Eichwald, 1829: synonym of '' Monodacna colorata'' (Eichwald, 1829) * ''Glycymeris concava'' P. Marshall, 1917 †: synonym of '' Glycymerita concava'' (P. Marshall, 1917) † * ''Glycymeris conradi'' Dall, 1909: synonym of ''Glycymeris septentrionalis'' (Middendorff, 1849) (invalid: junior secondary homonym of ''Glycymeris conradi'' (Whitfield, 1885); ''G. larvata'' is a replacement name) * ''Glycymeris corteziana'' Dall, 1916: synonym of ''Glycymeris septentrionalis'' (Middendorff, 1849) * ''Glycymeris dautzenbergi'' Prashad, 1932: synonym of '' Tucetona prashadi'' (Nicol, 1951) * ''Glycymeris diaphorus'' Dall, 1916: synonym of ''Glycymeris longior'' (G. B. Sowerby I, 1833) (junior synonym) *''Glycymeris diomedea'' Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938: synonym of '' Tucetona diomedea'' (Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938) * ''Glycymeris finlayi'' Laws, 1939 †: synonym of '' Tucetona finlayi'' (Laws, 1939) † (original combination) * ''Glycymeris gabbi'' Dall, 1909: synonym of ''Glycymeris septentrionalis'' (Middendorff, 1849) *''Glycymeris gordoni'' (Nowell-Usticke, 1959): synonym of '' Tucetona sericata'' (Reeve, 1843) * ''Glycymeris grewingki'' Dall, 1909: synonym of ''Glycymeris septentrionalis'' (Middendorff, 1849) * ''Glycymeris guadalupensis'' A. M. Strong, 1938: synonym of ''Glycymeris septentrionalis'' (Middendorff, 1849) * ''Glycymeris hanzawai'' Nomura & Zinbo, 1934: synonym of '' Tucetona hanzawai'' (Nomura & Zinbo, 1934) * ''Glycymeris hurupiensis'' Marwick, 1923 †: synonym of ''Glycymerita (Manaia) hurupiensis'' (Marwick, 1923) † represented as '' Glycymerita hurupiensis'' (Marwick, 1923) † * ''Glycymeris huttoni'' Marwick, 1923 †: synonym of ''Glycymerita (Manaia) huttoni'' (Marwick, 1923) † represented as '' Glycymerita huttoni'' (Marwick, 1923) † * ''Glycymeris insignis'' Pilsbry, 1906: synonym of '' Tucetona sordida'' (Tate, 1891) * ''Glycymeris insubrica'' (Brocchi, 1814): synonym of ''Glycymeris nummaria'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Glycymeris kaawaensis'' Marwick, 1923 †: synonym of ''Glycymerita (Manaia) kaawaensis'' (Marwick, 1923) † represented as '' Glycymerita kaawaensis'' (Marwick, 1923) † * ''Glycymeris kauaia'' Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938: synonym of '' Tucetona kauaia'' (Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938) (original combination) * ''Glycymeris kona'' Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938: synonym of '' Tucetona kauaia'' (Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938) * ''Glycymeris laeviuscula'' Eichwald, 1829: synonym of '' Adacna laeviuscula'' (Eichwald, 1829) (original combination) * ''Glycymeris larvata'' Hanna, 1924: synonym of ''Glycymeris septentrionalis'' (Middendorff, 1849) * ''Glycymeris lornensis'' Marwick, 1923 †: synonym of '' Tucetona lornensis'' (Marwick, 1923) † (original combination) * ''Glycymeris magnificens'' Iredale, 1929: synonym of '' Tucetona laticostata'' (Quoy & Gaimard, 1835) * ''Glycymeris manaiaensis'' Marwick, 1923 †: synonym of ''Glycymerita (Manaia) manaiaensis'' (Marwick, 1923) † represented as '' Glycymerita manaiaensis'' (Marwick, 1923) † * ''Glycymeris marwicki'' Matsukuma & Grant-Mackie, 1979 †: synonym of '' Glycymerita marwicki'' (Matsukuma & Grant-Mackie, 1979) † * ''Glycymeris maskatensis'' (Melvill, 1897): synonym of '' Tucetona guesi'' (Jousseaume, 1895) * ''Glycymeris mauia'' Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938: synonym of '' Tucetona arcodentiens'' (Dall, 1895) * ''Glycymeris migueliana'' Dall, 1916: synonym of ''Glycymeris septentrionalis'' (Middendorff, 1849) * ''Glycymeris mindoroensis'' E. A. Smith, 1916: synonym of '' Tucetona mindoroensis'' (E. A. Smith, 1916) * ''Glycymeris molokaia'' Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938: synonym of '' Tucetona molokaia'' (Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938) * ''Glycymeris morum'' (Reeve, 1843): synonym of '' Tucetona sericata'' (Reeve, 1843) * ''Glycymeris multicostata'' (G. B. Sowerby I, 1833): synonym of '' Tucetona multicostata'' (G. B. Sowerby I, 1833) * ''Glycymeris multistriata'' W. H. Turton, 1932: synonym of ''Glycymeris connollyi'' Tomlin, 1926 (junior synonym) * ''Glycymeris nux'' Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938: synonym of '' Tucetona nux'' (Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938) * ''Glycymeris oahua'' Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938: synonym of '' Tucetona diomedea'' (Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938) * ''Glycymeris orbicularis'' da Costa, 1778: synonym of ''Glycymeris glycymeris'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Glycymeris organi'' L. C. King, 1934 †: synonym of '' Glycymerita organi'' (L. C. King, 1934) † * ''Glycymeris pectinata'' (

Gmelin Gmelin may refer to: * Gmelin's test, a chemical test * Gmelin database, a German handbook/encyclopedia of inorganic compounds initiated by Leopold Gmelin People * Carl Christian Gmelin (1762–1837), German botanist, author of ''Flora Badensis ...

, 1791) - Comb bittersweet : synonym of ''Tucetona pectinata'' (Gmelin, 1791) * ''Glycymeris pectiniformis'' (

, 1819): synonym of '' Tucetona pectunculus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Glycymeris pectunculus'' (

, 1758): synonym of '' Tucetona pectunculus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Glycymeris penelevis'' Cotton, 1930: synonym of ''Glycymeris striatularis'' (Lamarck, 1819) * ''Glycymeris plicata'' Eichwald, 1829: synonym of ''

Hypanis plicata Hypanis may refer to: * The Ancient Greek name of the Southern Bug river in Southern Ukraine * The Ancient Greek name of the Kuban River in Southern Russia * The Ancient Greek name of the Beas River in the Punjab state of India, also called ''Hyph ...

'' (Eichwald, 1829) * ''Glycymeris prashadi'' Nicol, 1951: synonym of '' Tucetona prashadi'' (Nicol, 1951) * ''Glycymeris rangatira'' L. C. King, 1934 †: synonym of '' Glycymerita rangatira'' (L. C. King, 1934) † * ''Glycymeris rectidorsalis'' Marwick, 1931 †: synonym of '' Glycymerita rectidorsalis'' (Marwick, 1931) † (original combination) * ''Glycymeris reevei'' Marwick, 1931 †: synonym of '' Glycymerita marwicki'' (Matsukuma & Grant-Mackie, 1979) † (Invalid: not Mayer, 1868) * ''Glycymeris robusta'' Marwick, 1923 †: synonym of ''Glycymerita (Glycymerita) robusta'' (Marwick, 1923) † represented as '' Glycymerita robusta'' (Marwick, 1923) † * ''Glycymeris strigilata'' G.B. Sowerby I, 1833: synonym of '' Tucetona strigilata'' (G. B. Sowerby I, 1833) * ''Glycymeris subglobosa'' Suter, 1917 †: synonym of '' Glycymerita subglobosa'' (Suter, 1917) † * ''Glycymeris subobsoleta'' (Carpenter, 1864): synonym of ''Glycymeris septentrionalis'' (Middendorff, 1849) * ''Glycymeris subpectiniformis'' Nomura & Zinbo, 1934: synonym of '' Tucetona subpectiniformis'' (Nomura & Zinbo, 1934) * ''Glycymeris subtilis'' (Nicol, 1956): synonym of '' Tucetona subtilis'' Nicol, 1956 * ''Glycymeris thomsoni'' Marwick, 1929: synonym of '' Glycymerita thomsoni'' (Marwick, 1929) † (original combination) * ''Glycymeris tohunga'' L. C. King, 1934 †: synonym of '' Glycymerita tohunga'' (L. C. King, 1934) † * ''Glycymeris undata'' (Linnaeus, 1758) sensu van Regteren Altena, 1971: synonym of ''Glycymeris marmorata'' (Gmelin, 1791) (misapplication) * ''Glycymeris velutina'' Suter, 1908: synonym of ''Glycymeris modesta'' (Angas, 1879) * ''Glycymeris vestita'' (Dunker, 1877): synonym of ''Glycymeris aspersa'' (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850) * ''Glycymeris violacescens'' (Lamarck, 1819): synonym of ''Glycymeris nummaria'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Glycymeris vitrea'' Eichwald, 1829: synonym of ''Adacna vitrea vitrea'' (Eichwald, 1829): synonym of '' Adacna vitrea'' (Eichwald, 1829) * ''Glycymeris vitreus'' Odhner, 1917: synonym of '' Tucetona odhneri'' Iredale, 1939 * ''Glycymeris wagenwoorti'' Lacourt, 1977: synonym of ''Glycymeris glycymeris'' (Linnaeus, 1758)

Gallery

File:Glycymeris glycymeris fossile.JPG, Fossil Glycymeris glycymeris at the Geopaleontologic Museum GAMPS File:Glycymeris glycymeris Meermandel.jpg, ''Glycymeris glycymeris'' - Meermandel File:Glycymeris glycymeris varias cunchas.jpg, ''Glycymeris glycymeris'' - Galicia (Spain File:Glycymeris modesta.JPG, ''Glycymeris modesta'' - Pakiri, New Zealand

References

Animal Diversity
{{Taxonbar, from=Q2238036 Bivalve genera Extant Cretaceous first appearances Taxa named by Emanuel Mendes da Costa