The Globigerinina is a
suborder
Order ( la, ordo) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between family and class. In biological classification, the order is a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and ...
of
foraminifera
Foraminifera (; Latin for "hole bearers"; informally called "forams") are single-celled organisms, members of a phylum or class of amoeboid protists characterized by streaming granular Ectoplasm (cell biology), ectoplasm for catching food and ot ...
ns that are found as marine
plankton
Plankton are the diverse collection of organisms found in Hydrosphere, water (or atmosphere, air) that are unable to propel themselves against a Ocean current, current (or wind). The individual organisms constituting plankton are called plankt ...
. They produce
hyaline
A hyaline substance is one with a glassy appearance. The word is derived from el, ὑάλινος, translit=hyálinos, lit=transparent, and el, ὕαλος, translit=hýalos, lit=crystal, glass, label=none.
Histopathology
Hyaline cartilage is ...
calcareous
Calcareous () is an adjective meaning "mostly or partly composed of calcium carbonate", in other words, containing lime or being chalky. The term is used in a wide variety of scientific disciplines.
In zoology
''Calcareous'' is used as an adje ...
tests
Test(s), testing, or TEST may refer to:
* Test (assessment), an educational assessment intended to measure the respondents' knowledge or other abilities
Arts and entertainment
* ''Test'' (2013 film), an American film
* ''Test'' (2014 film), ...
, and are known as fossils from the
Jurassic
The Jurassic ( ) is a Geological period, geologic period and System (stratigraphy), stratigraphic system that spanned from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period, approximately Mya. The J ...
period onwards. The group has included more than 100 genera and over 400 species, of which about 30 species are extant. One of the most important genera is ''
Globigerina
''Globigerina'' () is a genus of planktonic Foraminifera, in the order of Rotaliida.[Glo ...](_blank)
''; vast areas of the ocean floor are covered with ''Globigerina''
ooze (named by Murray and Renard in 1873), dominated by the shells of planktonic forms.
Description
Globigerinids are characterized by distinctly perforate planispiral or trochospiral tests composed of lamellar radial
hyaline
A hyaline substance is one with a glassy appearance. The word is derived from el, ὑάλινος, translit=hyálinos, lit=transparent, and el, ὕαλος, translit=hýalos, lit=crystal, glass, label=none.
Histopathology
Hyaline cartilage is ...
(glassy) calcite, with typically globular chambers and single interiomarginal aperture. Some however have multiple or auxiliary apertures, and in some the aperture is areal or terminal in location. Some, also, have keels, reinforcing thickenings along exterior angles. An adaptation to the planktonic habit is the development of long narrow spines that support a frothy buoyant ectoplasm.
Superfamilies and families
The Globigerinina are now divided into these superfamilies and families:
[Rotaliida](_blank)
World Foraminifera Database, accessed 27 November 2018
* superfamily
Globigerinitoidea Bermúdez, 1961
** family
Globigerinitidae Bermúdez, 1961
* superfamily
Globigerinoidea
Globigerinoidea is a superfamily of free-living, calcareous, planktonic foraminiferal protists that have lived in the open ocean since the Eocene. It is part of the suborder Globigerinina. Carpenter et al., 1862
** family
Globigerinidae Carpenter & al., 1862
** family
Hastigerinidae Bolli, Loeblich & Tappan, 1957
* superfamily
Globorotalioidea
The Globoroatioidea (Globorotaliacea in older classifications) constitutes a superfamily of Cenozoic plantonic foraminifera. It is part of the suborder Globigerinina. Cushman, 1927
** family
Candeinidae Cushman, 1927
** family
Catapsydracidae Bolli & al., 1957 †
** family
Eoglobigerinidae Blow, 1979 †
** family
Globorotaliidae Cushman, 1927
** family
Pulleniatinidae Cushman, 1927
** family
Truncorotaloididae
Truncorotaloididae is a family of foraminifera belonging to the superfamily Globorotalioidea in the suborder Globigerinina and the order Rotaliida. Loeblich & Tappan, 1961 †
* superfamily
Globotruncanoidea Brotzen, 1942 †
** family
Globotruncanidae Brotzen, 1942 †
** family
Rugoglobigerinidae Subbotina, 1959 †
* superfamily
Guembelitrioidea Montanaro Gallitelli, 1957
** family
Cassigerinellidae
Cassigerinellidae is an extinct family of foraminifera belonging to the superfamily Guembelitrioidea and the suborder Globigerinina
The Globigerinina is a suborder of foraminiferans that are found as marine plankton. They produce hyaline cal ...
Bolli & al., 1957 †
** family
Chiloguembelinidae Reiss, 1963
** family
Guembelitriidae Montanaro Gallitelli, 1957
* superfamily
Hantkeninoidea
Hantkeninoidea (Hantkeninacea in older classifications) is a superfamily of foraminifera with planispiral or enrolled biserial tests, found in marine sediments of Paleocene to Miocene age, in which chambers vary from globular to elongate and the ...
Cushman, 1927
** family
Hantkeninidae Cushman, 1927 †
* superfamily
Heterohelicoidea
Heterohelicoidea is a superfamily of middle Jurassic to Oligocene planktonic forams characterized by biserial or triserial tests, at least in the early stage, that may be reduced in the later stage but more commonly show chamber proliferation in ...
Cushman, 1927
** family
Heterohelicidae
Heterohelicidae is a family of foraminifera
Foraminifera (; Latin for "hole bearers"; informally called "forams") are single-celled organisms, members of a phylum or class of amoeboid protists characterized by streaming granular ectoplasm ...
Cushman, 1927
* superfamily
Planomalinoidea Bolli et al., 1957 †
** family
Globigerinelloididae Longoria, 1974 †
** family
Planomalinidae Bolli & al., 1957 †
** family
Schackoinidae Pokorny, 1958 †
* superfamily
Rotaliporoidea Sigal, 1958 †
** family
Conoglobigerinidae Boudagher-Fadel et al., 1997 †
** family
Favusellidae Michael, 1973 †
** family
Globuligerinidae Loeblich & Tappan, 1984 †
** family
Hedbergellidae Loeblich & Tappan, 1961 †
** family
Praehedbergellidae Banner & Desai, 1988 †
** family
Rotaliporidae Sigal, 1958 †
** family
Sphaerogerinidae BouDagher-Fadel et al., 2012 †
References
* Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Globigerina".
Encyclopædia Britannica
The (Latin for "British Encyclopædia") is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia. It is published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.; the company has existed since the 18th century, although it has changed ownership various time ...
(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press
* Cushman Joseph A 1950 Foraminifera, their classification and economic use (4th ed)
Harvard University Press
Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing. It is a member of the Association of American University Presses. After the retirem ...
, Cambridge, Massachusetts
*
Loeblich, A. R. Jr and
H. Tappan, 1964. Sarcodina Chiefly "Thecamoebians" and Foraminiferida;
Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology
The ''Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology'' (or ''TIP'') published by the Geological Society of America and the University of Kansas Press, is a definitive multi-authored work of some 50 volumes, written by more than 300 paleontologists, and co ...
, part C Protista 2.
*___—____, 1988
Classification of the Foraminifera* Sen Gupta B. K. 1992.
Systematics of Modern Foraminifera
External links
{{Taxonbar, from=Q8964261
Rotaliida