Dimitris Glinos ( el, Δημήτρης Γληνός, September 2, 1882 – December 26, 1943) was a

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

philosopher, educator and politician.

Life

Glinos was born in

Smyrna Smyrna ( ; grc, Σμύρνη, Smýrnē, or , ) was a Greek city located at a strategic point on the Aegean coast of Anatolia. Due to its advantageous port conditions, its ease of defence, and its good inland connections, Smyrna rose to promi ...

, the eldest of twelve children of Alexandros Glinos. After graduating from the Smyrna Evangelical School, he went to

Athens Athens ( ; el, Αθήνα, Athína ; grc, Ἀθῆναι, Athênai (pl.) ) is both the capital and largest city of Greece. With a population close to four million, it is also the seventh largest city in the European Union. Athens dominates ...

in 1899 and enrolled in the Philosophy Department of the

University of Athens The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA; el, Εθνικό και Καποδιστριακό Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών, ''Ethnikó ke Kapodistriakó Panepistímio Athinón''), usually referred to simply as the Univers ...

. He graduated in 1905 and proceeded to study

philosophy Philosophy (from , ) is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. Some ...

pedagogy Pedagogy (), most commonly understood as the approach to teaching, is the theory and practice of learning, and how this process influences, and is influenced by, the social, political and psychological development of learners. Pedagogy, taken as ...

, and

experimental psychology Experimental psychology refers to work done by those who apply experimental methods to psychological study and the underlying processes. Experimental psychologists employ human participants and animal subjects to study a great many topics, in ...

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...

at the

University of Jena The University of Jena, officially the Friedrich Schiller University Jena (german: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, abbreviated FSU, shortened form ''Uni Jena''), is a public research university located in Jena, Thuringia, Germany. The un ...

(under

Rudolf Eucken Rudolf Christoph Eucken (; 5 January 184615 September 1926) was a German philosopher. He received the 1908 Nobel Prize in Literature "in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and ...

from 1908 to 1909), and at the

University of Leipzig Leipzig University (german: Universität Leipzig), in Leipzig in Saxony, Germany, is one of the world's oldest universities and the second-oldest university (by consecutive years of existence) in Germany. The university was founded on 2 Decemb ...

(under

Wilhelm Wundt Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (; ; 16 August 1832 – 31 August 1920) was a German physiologist, philosopher, and professor, known today as one of the fathers of modern psychology. Wundt, who distinguished psychology as a science from philosophy and ...

from 1909 to 1911). In Germany, he was acquainted with

Georgios Skliros Georgios Konstantinides (b. Trabzon, Trebizond, 1878 - d. Alexandria, 1919, ''Pen name, nom de plume'' Skliros, el, Γεώργιος Κωνσταντινίδης, «Σκληρός») was an early Greek socialist, who published social realism, rea ...

For an extensive discussion of Skliros' views, see (in Greek) George D. Boubous
«Neo-Hellenic Society in Early Greek Marxist Analysis: G. Skliros - G. Kordatos (1907-1930)», unpubl. PhD Diss., Panteion University: Athens, 1996
who introduced Glinos to socialist ideology and had decisive effect on his later career. He married Anna Chroni in September 1908. Upon his return to Greece, he submitted a proposal for an educational reform to the government in 1913. He proposed introduction of, and changes to: * The language of instruction (using colloquial

Demotic Greek Demotic Greek or Dimotiki ( el, Δημοτική Γλώσσα, , , ) is the standard spoken language of Greece in modern times and, since the resolution of the Greek language question in 1976, the official language of Greece. "Demotic Greek" (w ...

instead of the old-fashioned

Katharevousa Katharevousa ( el, Καθαρεύουσα, , literally "purifying anguage) is a conservative form of the Modern Greek language conceived in the late 18th century as both a literary language and a compromise between Ancient Greek and the contempor ...

). Glinos proposed even the use of the

Latin alphabet The Latin alphabet or Roman alphabet is the collection of letters originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language. Largely unaltered with the exception of extensions (such as diacritics), it used to write English and the o ...

, in the place of Greek, for tonic reasons. * The structure of the school system (extend primary school from 4 to 6 years) * Educational content (less formalism, greater emphasis on science) * Educational methods (updating of courses and materials) * Teacher training * The education of girls Glinos eventually became Secretary-General of the Ministry of Education in 1917 under prime minister

Eleftherios Venizelos Eleftherios Kyriakou Venizelos ( el, Ελευθέριος Κυριάκου Βενιζέλος, translit=Elefthérios Kyriákou Venizélos, ; – 18 March 1936) was a Greek statesman and a prominent leader of the Greek national liberation movem ...

, and began to introduce the proposed reforms. His efforts were stopped and his reforms undone when Venizelos lost power in 1920, and Glinos began publishing under the

pseudonym A pseudonym (; ) or alias () is a fictitious name that a person or group assumes for a particular purpose, which differs from their original or true name (orthonym). This also differs from a new name that entirely or legally replaces an individua ...

"A. Gabriel, teacher". He re-introduced the reforms after he was reinstated when Venizelos regained power in 1922, but dampened again when

Theodore Pangalos Lieutenant General Theodoros Pangalos (; 11 January 1878 – 26 February 1952) was a Greek general, politician and dictator. A distinguished staff officer and an ardent Venizelist and anti-royalist, Pangalos played a leading role in the Septemb ...

took power in 1925. EAM-1944

In 1930 he began his active involvement in politics, being elected as an MP with the

Communist Party of Greece The Communist Party of Greece ( el, Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδας, ''Kommounistikó Kómma Elládas'', KKE) is a political party in Greece. Founded in 1918 as the Socialist Labour Party of Greece and adopted its curren ...

in the 1936 elections. After the establishment of the

Metaxas Regime Metaxās or Metaxa may refer to: Places * Metaxas Line, fortifications in northeastern Greece in 1935–1940 * Metaxas, Greece, a village in the Greek region of Macedonia * Metaxas Regime or 4th of August Regime, a short-lived authoritarian regime ...

, along with many other Communists and other political dissidents, he was sent to internal exile on the island of

Agios Efstratios Agios Efstratios or Saint Eustratius ( el, Άγιος Ευστράτιος), colloquially Ai Stratis ( el, Άη Στράτης), anciently Halonnesus or Halonnesos ( grc, Ἁλόννησος), is a small Greek island in the northern Aegean Sea abo ...

. During the Axis Occupation of Greece, Glinos became actively involved in the founding of the Communist-led National Liberation Front (EAM), and wrote its political manifesto, ''What is the National Liberation Front, and what does it want'' (Τί είναι και τί θέλει το ΕΑΜ) in September 1942.

Works

* ''Creative Historism''. Sideris: Athens, 1920. * ''Feminist Humanism''. Higher Education Faculty for Women: Athens, 1921. * ''Pigs are Oinking, Guinea Pigs are Weeking, Snakes are Hissing''. Hestia: Athens, 1921; 2nd edn., Dimitrakos: Athens, 1923. * ''Nation and Language''. Hestia: Athens, 1922. * ''The Crisis of Demoticism''. Hestia: Athens, 1923. * ''The Goals of the Pedagogical Academy''. Athens 1924. * ''An Unburied Dead''. Athina Publishing House: Athens, 1925. * ''Address of the Board of Directors of the Educational Association''. Athens, 1927. * ''The Open Road Ahead'', Student Fraternity: Athens, 1932. * ''Address to New Students'', Student Fraternity: Athens, 1933. * ''The Raisin Question''. Rizospastis: Athens, 1936. * ''On Humanist Studies in Greece Today''. Zacharopoulos: Athens, 1940. * ''A Few Thoughts on Plato and his Work''. Zacharopoulos: Athens, 1940. * ''What is the National Liberation Front'' (1942). 2nd edn., Rigas: Athens, 1944 * ''Today's Issues of the Greek People'' (1944). 2nd edn., Ta Nea Vivlia: Athens, 1945. * ''The War Trilogy''. Ta Nea Vivlia: Athens, 1945
Repr., edited by George D. Boubous, Papazisis: Athens, 2004
* ''The Philosophy of Hegel''. Ta Nea Vivlia: Athens, 1946. * Unpublished essays and correspondence, in the collective volume ''To the Memory of Dimitris A. Glinos'', Ta Nea Vivlia: Athens, 1946
Repr., edited by Costas Mavreas and George D. Boubous, Papazisis: Athens, 2003
* ''Selected Works'', 4 vols., ed. by Loukas Axelos. Stochastis: Athens, 1971–75. * ''Collected Works'', vols. 1–2, ed. by Philippos Iliou. Themelio: Athens, 1983.

Notes

External links

Glinos Foundation (Idryma Glinou), Athens, Greece

Biography by UNESCO
* George D. Boubous
Biographical sketch of Dimitris Glinos and selected bibliography
{{DEFAULTSORT:Glinos, Dimitris 1882 births 1943 deaths Smyrniote Greeks People from Aidin vilayet Communist Party of Greece politicians All People Front politicians Greek MPs 1936 National Liberation Front (Greece) members Greek educators Modern Greek language National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni 20th-century Greek people Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire to Greece