HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

Gleb Ivanovich Uspensky ( rus, Глеб Иванович Успенский; October 25, 1843 April 6, 1902), was a
Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. ...
writer, and a prominent figure of the Narodnik movement.


Biography


Early life

Gleb Uspensky was born in Tula, the son of Ivan Yakovlevich Uspensky, a senior official in the local government Office of State Property, and Nadezhda Glebovna Uspenskaya (née Sokolova). He was named after his grandfather on his mother's side, Gleb Fomich Sokolov who served as the head of the Office of State Property in Tula (up until 1848) and
Kaluga Kaluga ( rus, Калу́га, p=kɐˈɫuɡə), a city and the administrative center of Kaluga Oblast in Russia, stands on the Oka River southwest of Moscow. Population: Kaluga's most famous resident, the space travel pioneer Konstantin Tsiol ...
(from 1848 onwards). Gleb Uspensky received his early education in the homes of his parents and grandfather. In 1853 Gleb entered the Tula gymnasium where he excelled, "his name never leaving the so-called 'golden desk' there", according to a fellow student's memoirs. In 1856 he moved with his family to
Chernigov Chernihiv ( uk, Черні́гів, , russian: Черни́гов, ; pl, Czernihów, ; la, Czernihovia), is a List of cities in Ukraine, city and List of hromadas of Ukraine, municipality in northern Ukraine, which serves as the administrative ...
. While studying in the local gymnasium, Uspensky devoted much of his time to reading the Russian classics and participated in the school's literary almanac "Young Stems".''Anthology of Russian Literature'', Leo Wiener, G.P. Putnam's Sons 1903. In September 1861 he enrolled in the Law Faculty at
Saint Petersburg University Saint Petersburg State University (SPBU; russian: Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет) is a public research university in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Founded in 1724 by a decree of Peter the G ...
, only to be expelled three months later as the university temporarily closed due to student unrest. In 1862 he entered
Moscow University M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU; russian: Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова) is a public research university in Moscow, Russia and the most prestigious ...
but soon left due to a lack of money. Ivan Uspensky's death on January 9, 1864, left Gleb with the added responsibility of supporting his family.''The Great Soviet Encyclopedia'', 3rd Edition (1970-1979). 2010, The Gale Group, Inc. He travelled back to Chernigov and succeeded in getting a grant of 400 rubles in assistance.


Career

Uspensky's first short stories were published in 1862, in Leo Tolstoy's journal ''Yasnaya Polyana'' ("Mikhalych") and in the journal ''Zritel'' (Spectator, "The Idyll"). In 1863 Uspensky joined the staff of the ''
Moskovskiye Vedomosti ''Moskovskiye Vedomosti'' ( rus, Моско́вские ве́домости, p=mɐˈskofskʲɪje ˈvʲedəməsʲtʲɪ; ''Moscow News'') was Russia's largest newspaper by circulation before it was overtaken by Saint Petersburg dailies in the m ...
'' newspaper as a
proofreader Proofreading is the reading of a galley proof or an electronic copy of a publication to find and correct reproduction errors of text or art. Proofreading is the final step in the editorial cycle before publication. Professional Traditiona ...
. In the autumn of that year he moved to Saint Petersburg and published "The Ragman" (Старьевщик) in ''
Biblioteka Dlya Chteniya ''Biblioteka Dlya Chteniya'' (russian: Библиоте́ка для чте́ния, en, The Reader's Library) was a Russian monthly magazine founded in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, in 1834 by Alexander Smirdin. History The magazine "of lit ...
''. In January 1864 he started contributing to '' Russkoye Slovo'' ("At Night", "The Nameless One", "In the Country", "Sketches from the Life of an Official"). A year later his stories started to appear in ''
Iskra ''Iskra'' ( rus, Искра, , ''the Spark'') was a political newspaper of Russian socialist emigrants established as the official organ of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). History Due to political repression under Tsar Nicho ...
'' ("Our Humble Place", "The Stranger") and ''
Sovremennik ''Sovremennik'' ( rus, «Современник», p=səvrʲɪˈmʲenʲːɪk, a=Ru-современник.ogg, "The Contemporary") was a Russian literary, social and political magazine, published in Saint Petersburg in 1836–1866. It came out f ...
'' ("Village Encounters") which awarded him with a 110 ruble yearly grant. In 1866, after the closure of ''Sovremennik'', the first collection of Uspensky's short stories came out in Saint Petersburg. In 1866 he published a series of sketches about life in the suburbs of his native city of Tula under the title ''Manners of Rasteryayeva Street'', which established his reputation. First chapters of it appeared in February and March issues of ''Sovremennik'', others were published later by '' Zhensky Vestnik'' and ''Luch''. That year saw the publication in Saint Petersburg of Gleb Uspensky's first book, ''Sketches and Stories''. In May 1867, having passed the special qualification exams in the Saint Petersburg University, he departed to the town of Epifan in the Tula Governorate and started working there as a teacher. Later that year his second book ''Holidays and Daily Life in Moscow'' came out in Saint Petersburg. In 1868 Uspensky joined Alexander Uvarov's Moscow office as a courier. In April his first story "The Booth" appeared in ''
Otechestvennye Zapiski ''Otechestvennye Zapiski'' ( rus, Отечественные записки, p=ɐˈtʲetɕɪstvʲɪnːɨjɪ zɐˈpʲiskʲɪ, variously translated as "Annals of the Fatherland", "Patriotic Notes", "Notes of the Fatherland", etc.) was a Russian lite ...
''. He continued to contribute to this magazine up until its closure in 1884, working with Nikolai Nekrasov and
Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin Mikhail Yevgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin ( rus, Михаи́л Евгра́фович Салтыко́в-Щедри́н, p=mʲɪxɐˈil jɪvˈɡrafəvʲɪtɕ səltɨˈkof ɕːɪˈdrʲin; – ), born Mikhail Yevgrafovich Saltykov and known during ...
.''Handbook of Russian Literature'', Victor Terras, Yale University Press 1990. In May 1870 he married Alexandra Barayeva, a teacher from Elets. A year before that, ''Desolation'' (Razorenje)'s first part ("Mikhail Ivanovich Observations") were published in ''Otechestvennye Zapiski''. In 1871 parts 2 and 3 followed, and the book came out as a separate edition. In May 1871 Uspensky embarked upon a trip along
Oka Oka or OKA may refer to: Cars * Oka (automobile), a small car designed by AvtoVAZ and produced by ZMA and SeAZ * OKA 4wd, a large 4-wheel-drive vehicle made in Western Australia by OKA Military * 2B1 Oka, Soviet 420 mm self-propelled mor ...
and
Volga The Volga (; russian: Во́лга, a=Ru-Волга.ogg, p=ˈvoɫɡə) is the List of rivers of Europe#Rivers of Europe by length, longest river in Europe. Situated in Russia, it flows through Central Russia to Southern Russia and into the Cas ...
rivers which resulted in two books of traveller' sketches. In 1872 Gleb Uspensky visited Germany, Belgium and France. Since October 1873 he remained under the 3rd Department's surveillance which continued for almost thirty years and was lifted in 1901. In 1874 the "Very Small Man" (Очень маленький человек) novella's two parts appeared in ''Otechestvennye Zapiski'', but the publication stopped: the May issue of the magazine was withdrawn by censors. In the 1870s, as his financial position improved, Uspensky traveled widely, becoming acquainted with a number of revolutionary
populists Populism refers to a range of political stances that emphasize the idea of "the people" and often juxtapose this group against " the elite". It is frequently associated with anti-establishment and anti-political sentiment. The term developed ...
, such as
Pyotr Lavrov Pyotr Lavrovich Lavrov (russian: Пётр Ла́врович Лавро́в; alias Mirtov (); (June 14 O.S.">Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="une 2 Old Style and New Style dates">O.S. 1823 – February 6 anuary 6 O.S. 1900) was a ...
(the ''Vperyod'' magazine's editor in London, who several months later published his essay "One Won't Hide a Needle in a Sack") and Sergey Stepnyak. In 1875 Uspensky went to Paris again where he met
Ivan Turgenev Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev (; rus, links=no, Ива́н Серге́евич Турге́невIn Turgenev's day, his name was written ., p=ɪˈvan sʲɪrˈɡʲe(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ tʊrˈɡʲenʲɪf; 9 November 1818 – 3 September 1883 (Old Style dat ...
. The latter recited one of his stories, "Petitioners" (Ходоки), at
Pauline Viardot Pauline Viardot (; 18 July 1821 – 18 May 1910) was a nineteenth-century French mezzo-soprano, pedagogue and composer of Spanish descent. Born Michelle Ferdinande Pauline García, her name appears in various forms. When it is not simply "Pauli ...
's literary morning, and had great success. That year also saw the release of his book ''The Backwater. Sketches from the Province and from the Capital'', in Saint Peterburg. In April 1876 Uspensky re-joined his family in Paris, then in September went to
Serbia Serbia (, ; Serbian language, Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian language, Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe, Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Bas ...
, as part of the Russian volunteers' corps, to fight Turkey's occupation. Several political essays entitled ''Letters from Serbia'' came out as a result. Throughout the 1870s and '80s he continued to write about the living and working conditions of the Russian peasants. The Summer of 1877 Uspensky and his family spent in
Novgorod Veliky Novgorod ( rus, links=no, Великий Новгород, t=Great Newtown, p=vʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj ˈnovɡərət), also known as just Novgorod (), is the largest city and administrative centre of Novgorod Oblast, Russia. It is one of the ol ...
gubernia A governorate, gubernia, province, or government ( rus, губе́рния, p=ɡʊˈbʲɛrnʲɪjə, also romanized ; uk, губернія, huberniia), was a major and principal administrative subdivision of the Russian Empire. After the empir ...
. As a result, series of sketches "From the Country Diary", on local peasants' life there started being published in ''Otechestvennye Zapiski'' in October. In 1878 he moved to a village near
Samara Samara ( rus, Сама́ра, p=sɐˈmarə), known from 1935 to 1991 as Kuybyshev (; ), is the largest city and administrative centre of Samara Oblast. The city is located at the confluence of the Volga and the Samara (Volga), Samara rivers, with ...
to go on with his "Country Diary" series. In 1878 two of his collections, "From Memory Book. Sketches and Stories" and "From New and Old (Miscellaneous)", came out in Saint Petersburg. The novella ''Small Children'' appeared in ''Otechestvennye Zapiski'' in 1880. In March of that year Uspensky organized a literary meeting for Ivan Turgenev to bejoined by a group of young authors, including
Nikolai Zlatovratsky Nikolai Nikolaievich Zlatovratsky (russian: Никола́й Никола́евич Златовра́тский) (December 26, 1845 – December 23, 1911), was a Russian writer. Biography Zlatovratsky was born in Vladimir, where his father w ...
, Nikolai Naumov,
Alexander Ertel Alexander Ivanovich Ertel (russian: Алекса́ндр Ива́нович Э́ртель) (19 July 1855 – 7 February 1908) was a Russian novelist and short story writer. Biography Ertel was born near Voronezh, where his father – a soldi ...
and Sergey Krivenko. Soon after that Uspensky moved to Novgorod region to stay at A.V.Kamensky's estate and wrote there "Peasant and Peasant's Labour" (''Otechestvennye Zapiski'', October–December), an essay which impressed Turgenev a lot. Another book by Uspensky, "The People and the Ways of Contemporary Village" came out in Moscow. In 1881 Uspensky bought a house in Syabrintsy, Novgorod Governorate, to spend there the rest of his literary life. In November 1881 "The Old Man's Stories" marked his debut in '' Russkaya Mysl''. In 1882 "The Suspicious Beletazh" appeared in ''OZ'' (relating a bizarre incident involving a secret police agent's visit to Syabrintsy) as well as two more books, ''The Village Troubles'' (Vols.I-III) and '' The Power of the Land'', arguably his best-known work, based on his studies of life in rural Novgorod region. In the spring of 1883 Gleb Uspensky travelled to the Russian South, visiting
Tiflis Tbilisi ( ; ka, თბილისი ), in some languages still known by its pre-1936 name Tiflis ( ), is the capital and the largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura River with a population of approximately 1.5 million pe ...
,
Baku Baku (, ; az, Bakı ) is the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and of the Caucasus region. Baku is located below sea level, which makes it the lowest lying national capital in the world a ...
and
Lenkoran Lankaran ( az, Lənkəran, ) is a city in Azerbaijan, on the coast of the Caspian Sea, near the southern border with Iran. As of 2021, the city had a population of 89,300. It is next to, but independent of, Lankaran District. The city forms a dis ...
, meeting people from religious groups, fishing cartels and private oil enterprises, resulting with ''Notes from the Road''. Later that year
Florenty Pavlenkov Florenty Fyodorovich Pavlenkov (Russian: Флорентий Фёдорович Павленков; 20 October 1839 – 20 January 1900) was a Russian publisher, librarian A librarian is a person who works professionally in a library providing ...
released the first three volumes of ''The Works by Gleb Uspensky''. On April 20, 1884, ''Otechestvennye Zapiski'' were closed much to the distress of Uspensky who later gave the journal credit for helping him through hardships. In April 1885 he made a voyage to
Kiev Kyiv, also spelled Kiev, is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine. It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper, Dnieper River. As of 1 January 2021, its population was 2,962,180, making Kyiv the List of European cities by populat ...
,
Odessa Odesa (also spelled Odessa) is the third most populous city and municipality in Ukraine and a major seaport and transport hub located in the south-west of the country, on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea. The city is also the administrativ ...
,
Rostov-on-Don Rostov-on-Don ( rus, Ростов-на-Дону, r=Rostov-na-Donu, p=rɐˈstof nə dɐˈnu) is a port city and the administrative centre of Rostov Oblast and the Southern Federal District of Russia. It lies in the southeastern part of the East Eu ...
,
Essentuki Yessentuki ( rus, Ессентуки́, p=jɪsɪntʊˈkʲiˑ) is a city in Stavropol Krai, Russia, located in the shadow of Mount Elbrus at the base of the Caucasus Mountains. The city serves as a railway station in the Mineralnye Vody—Kislov ...
and
Kislovodsk Kislovodsk (russian: Кислово́дск, lit. ''sour waters''; ; krc, Ачысуу) is a spa city in Stavropol Krai, Russia, in the North Caucasus region of Russia which is located between the Black and Caspian Seas. Population: History I ...
. This year his "Sketches from Russian Life" appeared in ''Russkaya Mysl'', and "Timelessness" in ''Russkiye Vedomosti''. A series of essays called ''Of This and That'' (Кой про что) started his relationship with ''
Severny Vestnik ''Severny Vestnik'' (russian: Се́верный ве́стник, en, The Northern Messenger) was an influential Russian literary magazine founded in Saint Petersburg in 1885 by Anna Yevreinova, who stayed with it until 1889. History In the e ...
'' in 1886. After another trip to the South Uspensky signed a lucrative contract with the publisher I.M. Sibiryakov who bought the rights to all of his work for 18.5 thousand rubles. In the late 1886 the final, 8th volume of the Collected Works by Uspensky came out under the old contract. In December 1886 ''Russky Vestnik'' started to publish another set of essays and sketches called "We: In Words, Dreams and Deeds", which impressed
Vladimir Korolenko Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko (russian: Влади́мир Галактио́нович Короле́нко, ua, Володи́мир Галактіо́нович Короле́нко; 27 July 1853 – 25 December 1921) was a Ukrainian-born ...
. In early 1887 Uspensky made a trip through
Bulgaria Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedon ...
; parts of the resulting "Impressions of a Danube Trip". In the autumn of that year the 25th anniversary of his literary career was celebrated in the Russian democratic press and literary circles. On November 16 Uspensky was elected the Honorary Member of the Russian Literary Society. One of his stories of that time, "The Steam Chicken" (''Russky Vestnik''), was lauded by
Lev Tolstoy Count Lev Nikolayevich TolstoyTolstoy pronounced his first name as , which corresponds to the romanization ''Lyov''. () (; russian: link=no, Лев Николаевич Толстой,In Tolstoy's day, his name was written as in pre-refor ...
. Uspensky's book of essays ''Living Numbers'' (on the life of workers in the society of the rising
capitalism Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for Profit (economics), profit. Central characteristics of capitalism include capital accumulation, competitive markets, pric ...
) remained unfinished due to problems with censorship. In mid-1888 he traveled to Siberia and returned with "Letters from the Road" series. In
Tomsk Tomsk ( rus, Томск, p=tomsk, sty, Түң-тора) is a city and the administrative center of Tomsk Oblast in Russia, located on the Tom River. Population: Founded in 1604, Tomsk is one of the oldest cities in Siberia. The city is a not ...
he met some political prisoners, as well as the writer Nikolai Naumov. In October ''Russkaya Mysl'' started to publish the "Heavy Sins" (Грехи тяжкие) series. In December ''Works by Gleb Uspensky'' in two volumes was published by Pavlenkov, with Nikolai Mikhailovsky's foreword, and enjoyed commercial success. In June 1889 Uspensky's trip to
Orenburg Orenburg (russian: Оренбу́рг, ), formerly known as Chkalov (1938–1957), is the administrative center of Orenburg Oblast, Russia. It lies on the Ural River, southeast of Moscow. Orenburg is also very close to the Kazakhstan-Russia bor ...
and
Ufa Ufa ( ba, Өфө , Öfö; russian: Уфа́, r=Ufá, p=ʊˈfa) is the largest city and capital city, capital of Bashkortostan, Russia. The city lies at the confluence of the Belaya River (Kama), Belaya and Ufa River, Ufa rivers, in the centre-n ...
regions where he visited the re-settled people, resulted in a collection of sketches ''From Orenburg to Ufa. Notes from the Road'', published by ''Russky Vestnik''. In August this year ''The Works of Gleb Uspensky'' in two volumes came out. On October 21, 1889,
Nikolai Uspensky Nikolai Vasilyevich Uspensky (russian: link=no, Никола́й Васи́льевич Успе́нский; 31 May 1837 – 2 November 1889) was a Russian writer, and a cousin of fellow writer Gleb Uspensky. Uspensky wrote extensively about the ...
, Gleb's cousin, committed suicide. "This awful death darkened my life in the most horrid way," he wrote in one of the letters. In the early 1890 Gleb Uspensky made a trip to
Belorussia Belarus,, , ; alternatively and formerly known as Byelorussia (from Russian ). officially the Republic of Belarus,; rus, Республика Беларусь, Respublika Belarus. is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by ...
. In summer he re-visited Volga and travelled down South. In January 1891 his ''Letters of Resettlers'' were published by ''Russkaya Mysl''.


Later life

Uspensky began suffering from mental illness in the mid-1890s, and was unable to continue his literary work. In 1890 he started mentioning feeling very ill in his letters. "Doctor Shereshevsky searched me through and discovered the root of the problem: my brain!" he wrote in a letter to Mikhailovsky on February 18, 1891. In April
Nikolai Shelgunov Nikolai Vasil'evich Shelgunov (1824–1891) was a Russian forestry professor, journalist, and literary critic, who became a notable figure of the Russian nihilist movement. Nikolai was born the son of a nobleman, on in Saint Petersburg. He stud ...
, Uspensky's friend, died. He tried to substitute him as the head of the Internal affairs section in ''Russkaya Mysl'', but the progressing illness made this impossible. The famine in Povolzhje horrified Uspensky and prompted him to start what he called "the story of people's devastation" but his health was deteriorating too fast. The New Year Day of 1892 he spent in doctor Subbotin's clinic. In March he still managed a trip to Povolzhje's worst hit regions and published reports in ''Russkaya Mysl'' and ''Helping the Hungry'' anthology. In the late June his condition seriously worsened and he entered the Dr. Frei's clinic in Petersburg where he stayed until 20 September. From it he's been transferred to a smaller hospital in Kolmovo, nearby Novgorod. In September 1893 Uspensky informed V.M.Sobolevsky that he started writing memoirs about Turgenev, Saltykov,
Vera Figner Vera Nikolayevna Figner Filippova (Russian: Ве́ра Никола́евна Фи́гнер Фили́ппова; 7 July ld Style and New Style dates, O.S. 25 June1852 – 25 June 1942) was a prominent Russian revolutionary political activis ...
"and many other people who cared for the Russian land." In the late September he managed to make a short journey through Novgorod gubernia. In December, now very ill he, supported by son Alexander, visited Korolenko in Nizhny Novgorod. In 1894 Uspensky made another trip out of Kolmovo, now to attend to the student's assembly in the Dvoryanskoe Sobranye hall. The next six years he spent in the Kolmovo hospital. In March 1900 he was transferred to the psychiatric clinic nearby Saint Petersburg. Years 1900-1902 he spent in the Novoznamenskaya hospital. There, on March 24, 1902, he died. On March 27 Gleb Uspensky was buried in the
Volkovo Cemetery The Volkovo Cemetery (also Volkovskoe) (russian: Во́лковское кла́дбище or Во́лково кла́дбище) is one of the largest and oldest non- Orthodox cemeteries in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Until the early 20th century i ...
in Saint Petersburg.


Legacy

Uspensky's works had a considerable influence on Russian literature and society, and were praised by many of his fellow writers, including Leo Tolstoy,
Anton Chekhov Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (; 29 January 1860 Old Style date 17 January. – 15 July 1904 Old Style date 2 July.) was a Russian playwright and short-story writer who is considered to be one of the greatest writers of all time. His career ...
,
Maxim Gorky Alexei Maximovich Peshkov (russian: link=no, Алексе́й Макси́мович Пешко́в;  – 18 June 1936), popularly known as Maxim Gorky (russian: Макси́м Го́рький, link=no), was a Russian writer and social ...
and Leon Trotsky. Tolstoy especially liked Uspensky's story "The Incubator Chicken," first published in 1888, and translated into English as "The Steam Chicken" in 1895.''The Humour of Russia.'' Trans. E.L. Voynich. London: Walter Scott, Ltd./New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1895.


Major works

* ''Manners of Rasteryayeva Street'' (Нравы Растеряевой улицы, sketches, 1866) * ''Desolation'' (Разоренье, a trilogy of short novels, 1870-1871) * ''A Very Small Man'' (Очень маленький человек, 1874) * "The Backwater: Sketches from the Province and from the Capital" (Глушь. Провинциальные и столичные очерки, 1875, sketches) * ''Small Children'' (Малые ребята, 1880) * ''The Village Troubles'' (Деревенские неурядицы, 1882) * '' The Power of the Land'' (Власть земли, 1882) * "Straigtened Out" (Выпрямила, 1885, an essay about "art for art's sake")


English translations

*"The Steam Chicken" and "A Trifling Defect in the Mechanism" (stories), from ''The Humor of Russia'', Trans. E.L. Voynich. Introduction by Stepnyak. Illustrations by Paul Frenzeny. London: Walter Scott, Ltd./New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1895
from Archive.org
*"Ivan Petrov" (sketch from ''The Power of the Land''), from ''Anthology of Russian Literature'',
Leo Wiener Leo Wiener (1862–1939) was an American historian, linguist, author and translator. Biography Wiener was born in Białystok (then in the Russian Empire), of Lithuanian Jewish origin. His father was Zalmen (Solomon) Wiener, and his mother w ...
, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1903
from Archive.org
*"Inspecting the Bride" (sketch), from ''Little Russian Masterpieces'', Vol 2, Ragozin, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1920.


References


External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Uspensky, Gleb 1843 births 1902 deaths People from Tula, Russia Narodniks 19th-century novelists from the Russian Empire 19th-century short story writers from the Russian Empire 19th-century male writers from the Russian Empire 19th-century essayists Essayists from the Russian Empire Novelists from the Russian Empire Journalists from the Russian Empire Short story writers from the Russian Empire