''Glaresis'' is a genus of beetles, sometimes called "Enigmatic scarab beetles", in its own family, the Glaresidae. It is closely related to, and was formerly included in, the family Scarabaeidae. Although its members occur in arid and sandy areas worldwide (except Australia), only the nocturnal adults have ever been collected (typically at lights), and both the larvae and biology of ''Glaresis'' are as yet unknown. Due to their narrow habitat associations, a great number of these species occur in extremely limited geographic areas, and are accordingly imperiled by habitat destruction. These beetles are small, 2.5–6 mm long, and have the stocky appearance typical of

fossorial A fossorial () animal is one adapted to digging which lives primarily, but not solely, underground. Some examples are badgers, naked mole-rats, clams, meerkats, and mole salamanders, as well as many beetles, wasps, and bees. Prehistoric eviden ...

scarabs, with short, heavy, spurred legs. Color ranges from tan to dark brown, and the back is covered with short setae. Efforts to raise glaresids in the laboratory were undertaken in the 1980s by

C. H. Scholtz C. or c. may refer to: * Century, sometimes abbreviated as ''c.'' or ''C.'', a period of 100 years * Cent (currency), abbreviated ''c.'' or ''¢'', a monetary unit that equals of the basic unit of many currencies * Caius or Gaius, abbreviated as ...

and others, but were unsuccessful. ''Glaresis'' was originally classified with

Trogidae Trogidae, sometimes called hide beetles, is a family of beetles with a distinctive warty or bumpy appearance. Found worldwide, the family includes about 300 species contained in four or five genera. Trogids range in length from 2 to 20 mm. Thei ...

(originally a subfamily within Scarabaeidae), and has many characteristics of "primitive" scarabaeoids, but no affinities to any of the other primitive groups; recent work suggests that they may in fact belong in Trogidae. Scholtz argued that ''Glaresis'' is the most primitive type of scarabaeoid, but more recent research indicates that the Pleocomidae hold this position. The species in North, Central, and South America have been revised by Robert Gordon and Guy Hanley, January 2014, in the journal ''Insecta Mundi''.

Species

* ''

Glaresis alfierii ''Glaresis'' is a genus of beetles, sometimes called "Enigmatic scarab beetles", in its own family, the Glaresidae. It is closely related to, and was formerly included in, the family Scarabaeidae. Although its members occur in arid and sandy a ...

'' * ''Glaresis arabica'' * ''Glaresis arenata'' * ''Glaresis australis'' * ''Glaresis bajaensis'' * ''Glaresis bautista'' * ''Glaresis beckeri'' * ''Glaresis caenulenta'' * ''Glaresis california'' * ''Glaresis canadensis'' * ''Glaresis carthagensis'' * ''Glaresis cartwrighti'' * ''Glaresis ceballosi'' * ''Glaresis celiae'' * ''Glaresis clypeata'' * ''Glaresis confusa'' * ''Glaresis contrerasi'' * ''Glaresis costaricensis'' * ''Glaresis costata'' * ''Glaresis dakotensis'' * ''Glaresis dentata'' * ''Glaresis desperata'' * ''Glaresis donaldi'' * ''Glaresis ecostata'' * ''Glaresis exasperata'' * ''Glaresis falli'' * ''Glaresis foveolata'' * ''Glaresis franzi'' * ''Glaresis freyi'' * ''Glaresis fritzi'' * ''Glaresis frustrata'' * ''Glaresis gineri'' * ''Glaresis gordoni'' * ''Glaresis handlirschi'' * ''Glaresis hespericula'' * ''Glaresis hispana'' * ''Glaresis holmi'' * ''Glaresis holzschuhi'' * ''Glaresis howdeni'' * ''Glaresis imitator'' * ''Glaresis impressicollis'' * ''Glaresis inducta'' * ''Glaresis kocheri'' * ''Glaresis koenigsbaueri'' * ''Glaresis limbata'' * ''Glaresis lomii'' * ''Glaresis longisternum'' * ''Glaresis mandibularis'' * ''Glaresis maroccana'' * ''Glaresis mauritanica'' * ''Glaresis medialis'' * ''Glaresis mendica'' * ''Glaresis methneri'' * ''Glaresis minuta'' * ''Glaresis mondacai'' * ''Glaresis montenegro'' * ''Glaresis namibensis'' * ''Glaresis obscura'' * ''Glaresis ordosensis'' * ''Glaresis orientalis'' * ''Glaresis oxiana'' * ''Glaresis paramendica'' * ''Glaresis pardoalcaidei'' * ''Glaresis pardoi'' * ''Glaresis penrithae'' * ''Glaresis phoenicis'' * ''Glaresis porrecta'' * ''Glaresis quedenfeldti'' * ''Glaresis rufa'' * ''Glaresis smithi'' * ''Glaresis subulosa'' * ''Glaresis texana'' * ''Glaresis thiniensis'' * ''Glaresis tripolitana'' * ''Glaresis tumida'' * ''Glaresis villiersi'' * ''Glaresis walzlae'' * ''Glaresis warneri'' * ''Glaresis yanegai'' * ''Glaresis zacateca'' * ''Glaresis zarudniana'' * ''Glaresis zvirgzdinsi''

Fossil species

* †''Glaresis burmitica'' Cai and Huang 2018 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian * †''Glaresis orthochilus'' Bai et al. 2010 Yixian Formation, China, Aptian * †''Glaresis tridentata'' Bai et al. 2014M. Bai, R. G. Beutel, and D. Ren. 2014
Description of a new species of Glaresidae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) from the Jehol Biota of China with a geometric morphometric evaluation.
''Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny'' 72:223-236 Yixian Formation, China, Aptian ''"Glaresis" cretacea'' Nikolajev 2007 from the Aptian aged Zaza Formation in Russia is considered questionable, with Cai and Huang 2018 considering it to have no diagnostic characters of the family.

References

* Mary Liz Jameson, "Glaresidae", in Ross H. Arnett, Jr. and Michael C. Thomas, ''American Beetles'' (CRC Press, 2001), vol. 2

External links

* Browne et al.
''Glaresis''
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Tree of Life
{{Taxonbar, from1=Q140720, from2=Q14868999 Scarabaeoidea genera Scarabaeiformia