''Glandularia'',
common name
In biology, a common name of a taxon or organism (also known as a vernacular name, English name, colloquial name, country name, popular name, or farmer's name) is a name that is based on the normal language of everyday life; and is often contrast ...
mock vervain or mock verbena, is a
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
of
annual
Annual may refer to:
*Annual publication, periodical publications appearing regularly once per year
** Yearbook
** Literary annual
*Annual plant
*Annual report
*Annual giving
*Annual, Morocco, a settlement in northeastern Morocco
*Annuals (band), ...
and
perennial
A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wide ...
herbaceous
Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials.
Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous"
The fourth edition of t ...
flowering plant
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...
s in the
family
Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...
Verbenaceae
The Verbenaceae ( ), the verbena family or vervain family, is a family of mainly tropical flowering plants. It contains trees, shrubs, and herbs notable for heads, spikes, or clusters of small flowers, many of which have an aromatic smell.
The ...
. They are
native
Native may refer to:
People
* Jus soli, citizenship by right of birth
* Indigenous peoples, peoples with a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory
** Native Americans (disambiguation)
In arts and entert ...
to the Americas.
Description
These plants, like their relatives the vervains (verbenas), usually have showy five-petalled flowers in shades of pink, purple and blue.
Taxonomy
''Glandularia'' species are closely related to the true vervains and sometimes still included with them in ''
Verbena
''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas a ...
''.
Horizontal chloroplast
A chloroplast () is a type of membrane-bound organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant and algal cells. The photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight, converts it, and stores it in ...
transfer occurred at least twice and possibly three times between these genera, which are otherwise too distinct to warrant unification. Somehow, chloroplasts from ''
V. orcuttiana'', swamp verbena (''
V. hastata'') or a close relative of these had admixed into the ''
G. bipinnatifida''
genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism. It consists of nucleotide sequences of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The nuclear genome includes protein-coding genes and non-coding ge ...
. Although
hybridization runs rampant in the true and mock vervains – the ancestors of the well-known
garden vervain
A garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the cultivation, display, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. The single feature identifying even the wildest wild garden is ''control''. The garden can incorporate both ...
are quite obscure – it does not seem to have been the cause of the cross-species gene transfer.
Research has found a signal of one more transfer event. This had introduced chloroplasts from an ancestral member of the ''Verbena'' lineage nowadays found in South America into ''Glandularia''. Although all members of the present genus can be distinguished to have a
chromosome count of five, the South American species are
diploid
Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes. Sets of chromosomes refer to the number of maternal and paternal chromosome copies, respectively ...
, while
polyploid
Polyploidy is a condition in which the cells of an organism have more than one pair of ( homologous) chromosomes. Most species whose cells have nuclei ( eukaryotes) are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes, where each set contain ...
hybrid ''Glandularia'' are very widespread from northern Central America northwards. The second genetic introgression must have occurred before the genus spread north, as species with the ''Verbena''-like chloroplasts are found all over the Americas. Since the new chloroplast genes replaced the old ones, it may be that the possibly hybridogenic ''G. bipinnatifida'' actually underwent horizontal chloroplast transfer twice in its evolutionary history.
Cultivation
A large number of
cultivar
A cultivar is a type of cultivated plant that people have selected for desired traits and when propagated retain those traits. Methods used to propagate cultivars include: division, root and stem cuttings, offsets, grafting, tissue culture, ...
s, in shades of white, pink, blue and purple, have been developed for garden use, and are particularly suitable for containers - window-boxes and hanging baskets. Though tender perennials, they are usually grown in temperate areas as half-hardy annuals (sown under glass), or sold as young plants for planting out after the danger of frost has passed. They are still widely referenced in the British horticulture trade as verbenas. The following have gained the
Royal Horticultural Society
The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), founded in 1804 as the Horticultural Society of London, is the UK's leading gardening charity.
The RHS promotes horticulture through its five gardens at Wisley (Surrey), Hyde Hall (Essex), Harlow Carr (Nort ...
’s
Award of Garden Merit
The Award of Garden Merit (AGM) is a long-established annual award for plants by the British Royal Horticultural Society (RHS). It is based on assessment of the plants' performance under UK growing conditions.
History
The Award of Garden Merit ...
:-
*’Claret’
*’Donalena Lavender Grace’ (Donalena Series)
*Quartz Series
*’Silver Anne’
*’Sissinghurst’
*’Toronto’ (''G. canadensis'')
Species
The following species are recognised by ''
The Plant List
The Plant List was a list of botanical names of species of plants created by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden and launched in 2010. It was intended to be a comprehensive record of all known names of plant species ...
'':
*''
Glandularia alejandrana''
B.L.Turner
*''
Glandularia amoena''
(Paxton) Umber
*''
Glandularia andalgalensis''
(Moldenke) P.Peralta
*''
Glandularia angustilobata''
(Moldenke) P.Peralta & V.Thode
*''
Glandularia araucana''
(Phil.) Botta
*''
Glandularia aristigera''
(S.Moore) Tronc.
*''
Glandularia atacamensis''
(Reiche) J.M.Watson & A.E.Hoffm.
*''
Glandularia aurantiaca''
(Speg.) Botta
*''
Glandularia bajacalifornica''
(Moldenke) Umber
*''
Glandularia balansae''
(Briq.) N.O'Leary
*''
Glandularia bipinnatifida
''Glandularia bipinnatifida'', commonly called Dakota mock vervain, prairie verbena, and Moradilla, among others, is a species of flowering plant in the verbena family (Verbenaceae).
It is native to the North America, where its natural range ext ...
''
(Schauer) Nutt. – Dakota mock vervain
*''
Glandularia brachyrhynchos''
G.L.Nesom & Vorobik
*''
Glandularia cabrerae''
(Moldenke) Botta
*''
Glandularia canadensis''
(L.) Small – rose mock vervain
*''
Glandularia catharinae''
(Moldenke) N.O'Leary & P.Peralta
*''
Glandularia cheitmaniana''
(Moldenke) Botta & Poggio
*''
Glandularia chiricahensis''
Umber
*''
Glandularia clavata''
(Ruiz & Pav.) Botta
*''
Glandularia corymbosa''
(Ruiz & Pav.) N.O'Leary & P.Peralta
*''
Glandularia delticola''
(Small ''ex'' Perry) Umber
*''
Glandularia dissecta''
(Willd. ''ex'' Spreng.) Schnack & Covas
*''
Glandularia dusenii''
(Moldenke) N.O'Leary & P.Peralta
*''
Glandularia elegans''
(Kunth) Umber
*''
Glandularia flava''
(Gillies & Hook.) Schnack & Covas
*''
Glandularia gooddingii''
(Briq.) Solbrig – southwestern mock vervain
*''
Glandularia guaibensis''
P.Peralta & V.Thode
*''
Glandularia guaranitica''
Tronc.
*''
Glandularia gynobasis''
(Wedd.) N.O'Leary & P.Peralta
*''
Glandularia hassleriana''
(Briq.) Tronc.
*''
Glandularia hatschbachii''
(Moldenke) N.O'Leary & P.Peralta
*''
Glandularia herteri''
(Moldenke) Tronc.
*''
Glandularia humifusa''
(Cham.) Botta
*''
Glandularia jordanensis''
(Moldenke) N.O'Leary & P.Peralta
*''
Glandularia kuntzeana''
(Moldenke) Tronc.
*''
Glandularia laciniata''
(L.) Schnack & Covas
*''
Glandularia lilacina''
(Greene) Umber – Cedros Island verbena
*''
Glandularia lilloana''
(Moldenke) Botta
*''
Glandularia lipozygioides''
(Walp.) L.E.Navas
*''
Glandularia lobata''
(Vell.) P.Peralta & V.Thode
*''
Glandularia macrosperma''
(Speg.) Tronc.
*''
Glandularia maritima''
(Small) Small
*''
Glandularia marrubioides''
(Cham.) Tronc.
*''
Glandularia megapotamica''
(Spreng.) Cabrera & G.Dawson
*''
Glandularia mendocina''
(Phil.) Covas & Schnack
*''
Glandularia microphylla''
(Kunth) Cabrera
*''
Glandularia nana''
(Moldenke) Tronc.
*''
Glandularia paraguariensis''
(Moldenke) N.O'Leary
*''
Glandularia parodii''
Covas & Schnack
*''
Glandularia paulensis''
(Moldenke) A.L.R.Oliveira & Salimena
*''
Glandularia peruviana''
(L.) Small – Peruvian mock vervain
*''
Glandularia phlogiflora''
(Cham.) Schnack & Covas
*''
Glandularia platensis''
(Spreng.) Schnack & Covas
*''
Glandularia polyantha''
Umber
*''
Glandularia porrigens''
(Phil.) J.M.Watson & A.E.Hoffm.
*''
Glandularia pulchra''
(Moldenke) Botta
*''
Glandularia pumila''
(Rydb.) Umber
*''
Glandularia quadrangulata''
(A.Heller) Umber
*''
Glandularia racemosa''
(Eggert) Umber
*''
Glandularia radicans''
Schnack & Covas
*''
Glandularia rectiloba''
(Moldenke) P.Peralta & V.Thode
*''
Glandularia reichei''
(Acevedo) L.E.Navas
*''
Glandularia santiaguensis''
Covas & Schnack
*''
Glandularia scrobiculata''
(Griseb.) Tronc.
*''
Glandularia selloi''
(Spreng.) Tronc.
*''
Glandularia sessilis''
(Cham.) Tronc.
*''
Glandularia stellarioides''
(Cham.) Schnack & Covas
*''
Glandularia subincana''
Tronc.
*''
Glandularia sulphurea''
(D.Don) Schnack & Covas
*''
Glandularia tampensis''
(Nash) Small
*''
Glandularia tecticaulis''
(Tronc.) N.O'Leary
*''
Glandularia tenera''
(Spreng.) Cabrera
*''
Glandularia tessmannii''
(Moldenke) P.Peralta & V.Thode
*''
Glandularia teucriifolia''
(M.Martens & Galeotti) Umber
*''
Glandularia thymoides''
(Cham.) N.O'Leary
*''
Glandularia tomophylla''
(Briq.) P.Peralta
*''
Glandularia tristachya''
(Tronc. & Burkart) Schnack & Covas
*''
Glandularia tumidula''
(L.M.Perry) Umber
*''
Glandularia turneri''
G.L.Nesom
*''
Glandularia tweedieana''
(Niven ''ex'' Hook.) P.Peralta
*''
Glandularia venturii''
(Moldenke) Botta
*''
Glandularia verecunda''
Umber
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q148131
Verbenaceae
Verbenaceae genera
Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin