Giovanni Amendola (15 April 1882 – 7 April 1926) was an Italian journalist, professor and politician, noted as an opponent of Italian Fascism.

Biography

Early life and education

Amendola was born in

Naples Naples (; it, Napoli ; nap, Napule ), from grc, Νεάπολις, Neápolis, lit=new city. is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's adminis ...

on 15 April 1882. He moved to

Rome , established_title = Founded , established_date = 753 BC , founder = King Romulus (legendary) , image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg , map_caption ...

, where he obtained the middle school diploma. At fifteen he joined the socialist youth. The following year he was an apprentice to the newspaper of the Italian Radical Party "La Capitale." He graduated with a degree in

philosophy Philosophy (from , ) is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. Some ...

, he collaborated with such publications as ''

Leonardo Leonardo is a masculine given name, the Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese equivalent of the English, German, and Dutch name, Leonard Leonard or ''Leo'' is a common English masculine given name and a surname. The given name and surname originate ...

'' of Giovanni Papini and '' La Voce'' of

Giuseppe Prezzolini Giuseppe Prezzolini (27 January 1882 – 16 July 1982) was an Italian literary critic, journalist, editor and writer. He later became an American citizen. Biography Prezzolini was born in Perugia in January 1882, to Tuscan parents from Siena, Luig ...

. After that, he obtained the chair of theoretical philosophy at the University of Pisa. Between 1912 and 1914 Amendola was the editor of the Bologna-based daily '' Il Resto del Carlino''. He worked for ''

Corriere della Sera The ''Corriere della Sera'' (; en, "Evening Courier") is an Italian daily newspaper published in Milan with an average daily circulation of 410,242 copies in December 2015. First published on 5 March 1876, ''Corriere della Sera'' is one of It ...

'' from 1914 to 1920.

Political career

Attracted by

politics Politics (from , ) is the set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of power relations among individuals, such as the distribution of resources or status. The branch of social science that studies ...

, he was elected three times to the

Italian Chamber of Deputies The Chamber of Deputies ( it, Camera dei deputati) is the lower house of the bicameral Italian Parliament (the other being the Senate of the Republic). The two houses together form a perfect bicameral system, meaning they perform identical funct ...

for

Salerno Salerno (, , ; nap, label= Salernitano, Saliernë, ) is an ancient city and ''comune'' in Campania (southwestern Italy) and is the capital of the namesake province, being the second largest city in the region by number of inhabitants, after ...

. In the 1910s, Amendola supported the Italian liberal movement, but he was completely against the ideology of

Giovanni Giolitti Giovanni Giolitti (; 27 October 1842 – 17 July 1928) was an Italian statesman. He was the Prime Minister of Italy five times between 1892 and 1921. After Benito Mussolini, he is the second-longest serving Prime Minister in Italian history. A pr ...

. During

World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

, he adopted a position of democratic irredentism and, at the end of the war, was nominated minister by

Prime Minister A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is not ...

Francesco Saverio Nitti. His critical positions while confronting the

right-wing Right-wing politics describes the range of political ideologies that view certain social orders and hierarchies as inevitable, natural, normal, or desirable, typically supporting this position on the basis of natural law, economics, authorit ...

extremism cost him a series of attacks by hired Fascist hitmen. In 1924 Amendola refused to adhere to the " Listone Mussolini", and attempted to become Prime Minister, at the head of a liberal coalition which ran in the elections. He was defeated, but continued the democratic battle by writing columns for the '' Il Mondo'', a new daily newspaper which he founded together with other intellectuals in 1922. During the height of the Matteotti Crisis, Amendola published the Rossi Testimony in one of his newspapers, on 27 December 1924. The document directly implicated Prime Minister Mussolini in the murder of Giacomo Matteotti, the leader of the Socialist PSU party, on the 10 June 1924. In the same document, Amendola also declared that Mussolini was behind the reign of terror which led up to the April 6th, 1924 general elections. Resented by Mussolini for his prominent activism, Amendola was, together with the Unitary Socialist Party deputy Giacomo Matteotti and the popular priest Don

Giovanni Minzoni Giovanni Minzoni (born 1 July 1885 in Ravenna; died on 23 August 1923 in Argenta, province of Ferrara) was an Italian anti-fascist Catholic priest who was killed by a fascist squad in 1923. Minzoni was born to a middle-class family. He studied i ...

, one of the régime's earliest victims, as he was beaten by 15 Blackshirts with clubs in July, 1925. Amendola formulated the notion of

totalitarianism Totalitarianism is a form of government and a political system that prohibits all opposition parties, outlaws individual and group opposition to the state and its claims, and exercises an extremely high if not complete degree of control and reg ...

as total political power which is exercised by the state in 1923, describing Italian Fascism as a system which was fundamentally different from conventional

dictatorship A dictatorship is a form of government which is characterized by a leader, or a group of leaders, which holds governmental powers with few to no limitations on them. The leader of a dictatorship is called a dictator. Politics in a dictatorship are ...

s. The term was later assigned a positive meaning in the writings of

Giovanni Gentile Giovanni Gentile (; 30 May 1875 – 15 April 1944) was an Italian neo-Hegelian idealist philosopher, educator, and fascist politician. The self-styled "philosopher of Fascism", he was influential in providing an intellectual foundation for I ...

, Italy's most prominent philosopher and leading theorist of

fascism Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian, ultra-nationalist political ideology and movement,: "extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy and political and cultural liberalism, a belief in natural social hierarchy an ...

. He used the term ''totalitario'' to refer to the structure and goals of the new state which was to provide the "total representation of the nation and total guidance of national goals."

Death

Amendola died on 7 April 1926 at

Cannes Cannes ( , , ; oc, Canas) is a city located on the French Riviera. It is a communes of France, commune located in the Alpes-Maritimes departments of France, department, and host city of the annual Cannes Film Festival, Midem, and Cannes Lions I ...

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...

, in agony from violence inflicted when he was beaten by 15 Blackshirts with clubs.

Personal life

Amendola married Eva Kuhn in 1906, and they remained together until Amendola's death in 1926. Together, they had four children : Giorgio Amendola (1907-1980), who became an important

communist Communism (from Latin la, communis, lit=common, universal, label=none) is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current within the socialist movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, a s ...

writer and politician, Adelaide (1910-1980), Antonio (1916-1953), and

Pietro Pietro is an Italian masculine given name. Notable people with the name include: People * Pietro I Candiano (c. 842–887), briefly the 16th Doge of Venice * Pietro Tribuno (died 912), 17th Doge of Venice, from 887 to his death * Pietro II Can ...

(1918-2007), who also became a journalist and politician.

In popular culture

In the

Florestano Vancini Florestano Vancini (24 August 1926 – 18 September 2008) was an Italian film director and screenwriter. He directed over 20 films since 1960. His 1966 film '' Le stagioni del nostro amore'', starring Enrico Maria Salerno, was entered into ...

's film

The Assassination of Matteotti ''The'' () is a grammatical article in English, denoting persons or things already mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in English. ''The'' is the m ...

(1973), Amendola is played by Damiano Damiani.

References

Bibliography

* Eva Kühn Amendola: ''Life with Giovanni Amendola'', Parenti, Florence 1960 * Giorgio Amendola: ''A choice of life'', Rizzoli, Milan, 1976 ISBN 88-17-12610-1 * Simona Colarizi: ''The Democrats in the Opposition: Giovanni Amendola and the National Union (1922-1926)'', Il Mulino, Bologna, 1973 * Antonio Sarubbi: ''The World of Amendola and Cianca and the collapse of liberal institutions (1922-1926)'', Milan, 1998, ISBN 978-88-464-0514-2 (1986, 1998) * Elio d'Auria: ''Liberalism and democracy in the political experience of Giovanni Amendola'', Southern Publishing Company, Salerno-Catanzaro, 1978 * Elio d'Auria: ''Giovanni Amendola: Epistolario 1897-1926'', 6 volumes, La Terza and La Caita, Rome-Bari, 1986-2011 * Elio d'Auria (edited by): ''Giovanni Amendola and the Crisis of the Liberal State. Political Writings from the Libyan War to the Opposition to Fascism'', Newton Compton Editori, Rome, 1974

External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Amendola, Giovanni 1882 births 1926 deaths Politicians from Naples Democratic Liberal Party (Italy) politicians Deputies of Legislature XXV of the Kingdom of Italy Deputies of Legislature XXVI of the Kingdom of Italy Deputies of Legislature XXVII of the Kingdom of Italy Italian male journalists Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals Assassinated Italian politicians Italian people murdered abroad People murdered in France Terrorism deaths in France Italian anti-fascists Exiled Italian politicians 20th-century Italian journalists 20th-century Italian male writers 1926 murders in France