The gingival fibers are the

connective tissue Connective tissue is one of the four primary types of animal tissue, along with epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. It develops from the mesenchyme derived from the mesoderm the middle embryonic germ layer. Connective tissue ...

fibers that inhabit the

gingival tissue The gums or gingiva (plural: ''gingivae'') consist of the mucosal tissue that lies over the mandible and maxilla inside the mouth. Gum health and disease can have an effect on general health. Structure The gums are part of the soft tissue li ...

adjacent to teeth and help hold the tissue firmly against the teeth. They are primarily composed of type I collagen, although type III fibers are also involved. These fibers, unlike the fibers of the

periodontal ligament The periodontal ligament, commonly abbreviated as the PDL, is a group of specialized connective tissue fibers that essentially attach a tooth to the alveolar bone within which it sits. It inserts into root cementum one side and onto alveolar ...

, in general, attach the tooth to the gingival tissue, rather than the tooth to the

alveolar bone The alveolar process () or alveolar bone is the thickened ridge of bone that contains the tooth sockets on the jaw bones (in humans, the maxilla and the mandible). The structures are covered by gums as part of the oral cavity. The synonymous te ...

Functions of the gingival fibers

The gingival fibers accomplish the following tasks: *They hold the marginal gingiva against the tooth *They provide the marginal gingiva with enough rigidity to withstand the forces of

mastication Chewing or mastication is the process by which food is crushed and ground by teeth. It is the first step of digestion, and it increases the surface area of foods to allow a more efficient break down by enzymes. During the mastication process, th ...

without distorting *They serve to stabilize the marginal gingiva by uniting it with both the tissue of the more rigid attached gingiva as well as the

cementum Cementum is a specialized calcified substance covering the root of a tooth. The cementum is the part of the periodontium that attaches the teeth to the alveolar bone by anchoring the periodontal ligament.Illustrated Dental Embryology, Histology, ...

layer of the tooth.

Gingival fibers and periodontitis

In theory, gingival fibers are the protectors against

periodontitis Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a set of inflammatory conditions affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth. In its early stage, called gingivitis, the gums become swollen and red and may bleed. It is considered the main cau ...

, as once they are breached, they cannot be regenerated. When destroyed, the gingival sulcus (labelled G in the diagram) increases in depth apically, allowing more debris and

bacteria Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were am ...

to remain in intimate contact with the delicate sulcular and junctional epithelia for longer times.

Types of gingival fibers

There are three groups within which gingival fibers are arranged: *dentogingival group - there are three types of fibers within this group: **fibers that extend towards the crest of the gingiva **fibers that extend laterally to the outer surface of the gingiva and **fibers that extend outward, past the height of the alveolar crest, and then downward along the cortex of the

. *circular group - these fibers are unique in that they exist entirely within the gingiva and do not contact the tooth *transseptal group - these fibers have traditionally been described as spanning the interproximal tissue between adjacent teeth, into which they are embedded. However, two other types of fibers have been described in this group: **''semicircular fibers'' - fibers that run through the facial and lingual gingiva around each tooth, attaching to the interproximal surfaces of the same tooth. **''transgingival fibers'' - fibers that run between two non-adjacent teeth and are embedded in the

of their proximal surfaces, passing around the tooth in the middle of the two teeth attached with these fibers.

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gingival Fibers Gingiva