Gilbert Stuart

Gilbert Charles Stuart ( Stewart; December 3, 1755 – July 9, 1828) was an American painter from Rhode Island Colony who is widely considered one of America's foremost portraitists. His best-known work is an unfinished portrait of George Washington, begun in 1796, which is sometimes referred to as the ''Athenaeum Portrait''. Stuart retained the portrait and used it to paint scores of copies that were commissioned by patrons in America and abroad. The image of George Washington featured in the painting has appeared on the United States one-dollar bill for more than a centuryGilbert Stuart Birthplace and Museum
. ''Gilbert Stuart Biography''. Accessed July 24, 2007. and on various postage stamps of the 19th century and early 20th century.

Stuart produced portraits of more than 1,000 people, including the first six Presidents., ''The Story of Gilbert Stuart''. Woonsocket Connection. Retrieved on July 25, 2007. His work can be found today at art museums throughout the United States and the United Kingdom, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Frick Collection in New York City, the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., the Philadelphia Museum of Art in Philadelphia, the National Portrait Gallery in London, Worcester Art Museum in Worcester, Massachusetts, and the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.Gilbert Stuart
. ArtCyclopedia. Paintings in Museums and Public Art Galleries. Accessed July 24, 2007.

Biography

Early life

Stuart was born on December 3, 1755, in Saunderstown, a village of North Kingstown in the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, and he was baptized at Old Narragansett Church on April 11, 1756. He was the third child of Gilbert Stuart, a Scottish immigrant employed in the snuff-making industry, and Elizabeth Anthony Stuart, a member of a prominent land-owning family from Middletown, Rhode Island. Stuart's father owned the first snuff mill in America, which was located in the basement of the family homestead.

Stuart moved to Newport, Rhode Island at the age of six, where his father pursued work in the merchant field. In Newport, he first began to show great promise as a painter. In 1770, he made the acquaintance of Scottish artist Cosmo Alexander, a visitor to the colonies who made portraits of local patrons and who became a tutor to Stuart. Under the guidance of Alexander, Stuart painted the portrait ''Dr. Hunter's Spaniels'' when he was 14; it hangs today in the Hunter House Mansion in Newport.

In 1771, Stuart moved to Scotland with Alexander to finish his studies; however, Alexander died in Edinburgh one year later. Stuart tried to maintain a living and pursue his painting career, but to no avail, so he returned to Newport in 1773.

England and Ireland

Stuart's prospects as a portraitist were jeopardized by the onset of the American Revolution and its social disruptions. Although he was a patriot, he departed for England in 1775 following the example set by John Singleton Copley.National Gallery of Art
. ''Gilbert Stuart''. London (1775–1787). Accessed: July 31, 2007. His painting style during this period began to develop beyond the relatively hard-edged and linear style that he had learned from Alexander. He was unsuccessful at first in pursuit of his vocation, but he became a protégé of Benjamin West in 1777 and studied with him for the next six years. The relationship was beneficial, with Stuart exhibiting for the first time at the Royal Academy in spring of 1777.Christman, M., & Barlow, M. (2003). Stuart tewart Gilbert. Grove Art Online. Retrieved November 29, 2019.

By 1782, Stuart had met with success, largely due to acclaim for ''The Skater'', a portrait of Sir William Grant. It was Stuart's first full-length portrait and, according to art historian Margaret C. S. Christman, it "belied the prevailing opinion that Stuart 'made a tolerable likeness of a face, but as to the figure, he could not get below the fifth button'".Christman, Margaret C. S. "Stuart, Gilbert." In ''Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online'', retrieved October 1, 2012 Stuart said that he was "suddenly lifted into fame by a single picture".

The prices for his pictures were exceeded only by those of renowned English artists Joshua Reynolds and Thomas Gainsborough. Despite his many commissions, however, he was habitually neglectful of finances and was in danger of being sent to debtors' prison. In 1787, he fled to Dublin, Ireland where he painted and accumulated debt with equal vigor.

New York City and Philadelphia

Stuart ended his 18-year stay in Britain and Ireland in 1793, leaving behind numerous unfinished paintings. He returned to the United States with a particular goal of painting a portrait of George Washington and having an engraver reproduce it and provide for his family through the engraving's sale. He settled briefly in New York City and pursued portrait commissions from influential people who could bring him to Washington's attention. In 1794, he painted statesman John Jay, from whom he received a letter of introduction to Washington. In 1795, Stuart moved to the Germantown section of Philadelphia, where he opened a studio, and Washington posed for him later that year.

Stuart painted Washington in a series of iconic portraits, each of them leading to a demand for copies and keeping him busy and highly paid for years. The most famous and celebrated of these likenesses is known as ''The Athenaeum'' and is portrayed on the United States one-dollar bill. Stuart painted about 75 reproductions of ''The Athenaeum''. However, he never completed the original version; after finishing Washington's face, he kept the original version to make the copies. He sold up to 70 of his reproductions for a price of $100 each, but the original portrait was left unfinished at the time of his death in 1828. The painting was jointly purchased by the National Portrait Gallery and Museum of Fine Arts, Boston in 1980, and is generally on display in the National Portrait Gallery.

Another celebrated image of Washington is the ''Lansdowne portrait'', a large portrait with one version hanging in the East Room of the White House. This painting was rescued during the Burning of Washington in the War of 1812 thanks to the efforts of First Lady Dolley Madison and Paul Jennings, one of President James Madison's slaves. Four versions of the portrait are attributed to Stuart, and additional copies were painted by other artists for display in U.S. government buildings. In 1803, Stuart opened a studio in Washington, D. C.

Boston, 1805–1828

Stuart moved to Devonshire Street in Boston in 1805, continuing in both critical acclaim and financial troubles. He exhibited works locally at Doggett's Repository and Julien Hall. He was sought out for advice by other artists, such as John Trumbull, Thomas Sully, Washington Allston, and John Vanderlyn.

Personal life

Stuart married Charlotte Coates around September 1786; she was 13 years his junior and "exceedingly pretty". They had 12 children, five of whom died by 1815 and two others died while they were young. Their daughter Jane (1812–1888) was also a painter. She sold many of his paintings and her replicas of them from her studios in Boston and Newport, Rhode Island. In 2011, she was inducted into the Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame.

In 1824, Stuart suffered a stroke which left him partially paralyzed, but he continued to paint for two years until his death in Boston on July 9, 1828, at 72. He was buried in the Central Burial Ground at Boston Common.

Stuart left his family deeply in debt, and his wife and daughters were unable to purchase a grave site. He was, therefore, buried in an unmarked grave which was purchased cheaply from Benjamin Howland, a local carpenter. His family recovered from their financial troubles 10 years later, and they planned to move his body to a family cemetery in Newport. However, they could not remember the exact location of his body, and it was never moved. There is a monument for Stuart, his wife, and their children at the Common Burying Ground in Newport.

The Boston Athenæum held a benefit exhibition of Stuart's works in August 1828 in an effort to provide financial aid for his family. More than 250 portraits were lent for this critically acclaimed and well-subscribed exhibition. This also marked the first public showing of his unfinished 1796 ''Athenæum Head'' portrait of Washington.

Legacy

By the end of his career, Gilbert Stuart had painted the likenesses of more than 1,000 American political and social figures. He was praised for the vitality and naturalness of his portraits, and his subjects found his company agreeable. John Adams said:

Stuart was known for working without the aid of sketches, beginning directly upon the canvas, which was very unusual for the time period. His approach is suggested by the advice which he gave to his pupil Matthew Harris Jouett: "Never be sparing of colour, load your pictures, but keep your colours as separate as you can. No blending, tis destruction to clear & bea iful effect."

John Henri Isaac Browere created a life mask of Stuart around 1825. In 1940, the U.S. Post Office issued a series of postage stamps called the " Famous Americans Series" commemorating famous artists, authors, inventors, scientists, poets, educators, and musicians. Gilbert Stuart is found on the 1 cent issue in the artists category, along with James McNeill Whistler, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Daniel Chester French, and Frederic Remington.

Today, Stuart's birthplace in Saunderstown, Rhode Island is open to the public as the Gilbert Stuart Birthplace and Museum. The museum consists of the original house where he was born, with copies of his paintings hanging throughout the house. The museum opened in 1930.

File:GStuartgrave.JPG, alt=Marble plaque with an outlay of a feather linked to a piece of chain, and the name "Gilbert Stuart" carved on it., Memorial tablet located in the Boston Common
File:GilbertStuart ca1825 byJohn HI Browere.png, John H. I. Browere's life mask portrait of Stuart, c. 1825
File:Gilbert Stuart 1940 Issue-1c.jpg,

Gilbert Stuart's paintings of Washington, Jefferson, and others have served as models for dozens of U.S. postage stamps. Washington's image from the famous portrait ''The Athenaeum'' is probably the most noted example of Stuart's work on postage.

File:George Washington2 1861 Issue-10c.jpg, 1861
File:George Washington 1861 Issue-12c.jpg, 1861
File:George Washington2 1903 Issue-2c.jpg, 1903
File:Washington 1954 Issue2-1c.jpg, 1954

Notable people painted

This is a partial list of portraits painted by Stuart.
* Abigail Adams – Second First Lady of the United States, wife of John Adams
* John Adams – Second President of the United States
* John Quincy Adams – Sixth President of the United States
* Charles Humphrey Atherton - United States Representative from New Hampshire from 1815 to 1817
* John Jacob Astor – First American multi-millionaire, fur trader, art patron
* John Bannister – Owner of Bannister's Wharf in Newport, Rhode Island
* Commodore John Barry – Father of the American Navy
* Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry – Hero of the Battle of Lake Erie in 1814.
* Ann Willing Bingham – Philadelphia socialite
* Horace Binney – Prominent Philadelphia lawyer
* Elizabeth Bowdoin, Lady Temple – wife of Sir John Temple, first British consul general to United States, 1785
* Hugh Henry Brackenridge – early American writer, Pennsylvania Supreme Court justice, and founder of the University of PittsburghMantle 1929.
* Jean Baptiste Casmiere Breschard – Performer and theatrical impresario
* Rosalie Stier Calvert – Belgian-born heiress and mother of Charles Benedict Calvert
* Mary Willing Clymer – Philadelphia socialite
* John Singleton Copley – American colonial portraitist
* Thomas Dawes - Early American architect, builder, military leader, politician
* Horatio Gates – American Revolutionary War general
* King George III – King of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, 1760–1820
* King George IV – King of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, 1820–30
* John Jay – First Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court
* Thomas Jefferson – Third President of the United States
* Rufus King – a signer of United States Constitution
* Robert Kingsmill – Admiral in Royal Navy during American and French Revolutionary Wars
* King Louis XVI – King of France, 1774–92
* James Madison – Fourth President of the United States
* Samuel Miles – Revolutionary War General and Philadelphia mayor
* James Monroe – Fifth President of the United States
* Daniel Pinckney Parker – Prominent Boston merchant
* John Randolph of Roanoke – Virginia congressman and senator
* Joshua Reynolds – English artist
* Henry Rice – Boston merchant and Massachusetts state legislator
* John Tayloe III – Virginia planter, builder of The Octagon House in Washington, DC.
* Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney – the cities of Sydney in New South Wales and Sydney, Nova Scotia are named in his honor
* John Trumbull – artist during the period of the American Revolutionary War
* George Washington – First President of the United States
* Martha Washington – First Lady of the United States, wife of George Washington
* Benjamin West – American painter
* Catherine Brass Yates – Philadelphia socialite
* John Bill Ricketts – Equestrian, leader of Ricketts' Circus in Philadelphia
*Elisabeth Merry - Wife of Anthony Merry 1805.

Portrait gallery

File:John Banister, Jr.jpg, ''John Banister, Jr.'', 1774–75
File:Christian Stelle Banister and son.jpg, ''Christian Stelle Banister and Son'', 1774
File:Jacob Rodriguez Rivera.jpg, ''Jacob Rodriguez Rivera'', c. 1775
File:Benjamin Waterhouse by Gilbert Stuart, 1775.png, Benjamin Waterhouse, 1775
File:Benjamin West by Gilbert Stuart 1783-84.jpg, American artist Benjamin West, 1783–84
File:Gilbert Stuart Sir Joshua Reynolds.jpg, English artist Joshua Reynolds, 1784
File:JohnSingletonCopley.jpeg, American artist John Singleton Copley, c. 1784
File:John Jones of Frankley.jpg, ''John Jones of Frankley'', 1785, Birmingham Museum of Art
File:Joseph Brant 2.jpg, Mohawk leader Joseph Brant, 1785, British Museum, London
File:Robert R Livingston by Gilbert Stuart.jpeg, Robert R. Livingston, diplomat and Founding Father, 1793–94
File:Gilbert Stuart - Catherine Brass Yates.jpg, Mrs. Catherine Brass Yates 1793-1794
File:John Jay (Gilbert Stuart portrait).jpg, John Jay, 1794, First Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court
File:1794, Stuart, Gilbert, William Bayard.jpg, William Bayard, 1794, Princeton University Art Museum
File:HoratioGatesByStuart.jpeg, Horatio Gates, 1794, Metropolitan Museum of Art
File:PeterGansevoortByStuart.jpeg, Peter Gansevoort, 1794
File:Gilbert Stuart Admiral Robert Kingsmill.jpg, Sir Robert Kingsmill, Admiral in Royal Navy during American and French Revolutionary Wars
File:Peter Stuyvesant (merchant).jpg, Peter Stuyvesant, New York landowner and merchant, -95
File:George Washington, 1795 by Gilbert Stuart.jpg, George Washington, 1795, Metropolitan Museum of Art New York City
File:Gilbert Stuart - George Washington (Lansdowne Portrait) - Google Art Project.jpg, ''Lansdowne portrait'' of George 1797
File:Stuart-george-washington-constable-1797.jpg, ''George Washington (The Constable-Hamilton Portrait, 1797)'' Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art, Bentonville, Arkansas
File:George Gibbs.jpg, ''George Gibbs'', 1798, Newport Art Museum, Rhode Island
File:Anna Payne Cutts by Gilbert Stuart 1804.jpeg, '' Anna Payne Cutts'', sister of First Lady Dolley Madison, 1804, The White House
File:James Madison by Gilbert Stuart 1804.jpeg, The fourth President of the United States, James Madison, 1804, Bowdoin College Museum of Art
File:Jérôme Bonaparte by Gilbert Stuart 1804.jpeg, Jérôme Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, 1804
File:George Calvert.jpg, George Calvert, politician and planter, 1804
File:Rosalie Stier Calvert.jpg, Rosalie Stier Calvert, Belgian-born heiress and wife of George Calvert
File:John Carroll Gilbert Stuart.jpg, John Carroll, first Catholic bishop of the United States, c. 1804, Georgetown University Art Collection, Washington, D.C.
File:WashingtonAtDorchesterHeightsByStuart.jpeg, ''George Washington At Dorchester Heights'', 1806, Boston Museum of Fine Arts
File:Gilbert Stuart Mrs Harrison Gray Otis.jpg, ''Mrs. Harrison Gray Otis'', 1809, Reynolda House Museum of American Art, Winston-Salem, NC
File:Abigail Adams by Gilbert Stuart.jpg, The second First Lady of the United States, Abigail Adams, c. 1800–1815
File:Gilbert Stuart - Major-General Henry Dearborn - 1913.793 - Art Institute of Chicago.jpg, Major-General Henry Dearborn 1812-1815 File:Henry Rice MET DP208350.jpg, Henry Rice, Boston merchant and Massachusetts state legislator, c. 1815
File:John Trumbull Gilbert Stuart 1818.jpeg, American artist John Trumbull, c. 1818
File:John Quincy Adams by Gilbert Stuart, 1818.jpg, The sixth President of the United States, John Quincy Adams, 1818
File:Gilbert Stuart Thomas Jefferson.jpg, The third President of the United States, Thomas Jefferson, c. 1821, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
File:Gilbert Stuart, James Madison, c. 1821, NGA 56914.jpg, The fourth President of the United States, James Madison, c. 1821, National Gallery of Art
File:GSJamesMonroe.jpg, The fifth President of the United States, James Monroe, c. 1820–1822
File:Gilbert Stuart John Adams.jpg, The second President of the United States, John Adams, 1826
File:Louisa Cathering Johnson Adams by Gilbert Stuart, 1821-26.jpg, The sixth First Lady of the United States, '' Louisa Catherine Adams'' c. 1821–26, daughter-in law of John and Abigail Adams
File:Walters Gilbert Stuart George Washington.jpg, ''George Washington'', 1825, one of Stuart's many copies of the ''Athenaeum Portrait'', Walters Art Museum

References

Bibliography

*
*
*
* Park, Lawrence, John Hill Morgan, and Royal Cortissoz (1926). ''Gilbert Stuart : An Illustrated Descriptive List of His Works''. New York: W. E. Rudge.

External links

*

Gilbert Stuart at the National Gallery of Art, Washington

Gilbert Stuart Biography, National Gallery of Art

Gilbert Stuart Museum Website

Gilbert-Stuart.org
155 works by Gilbert Stuart



Union List of Artist Names, Getty Vocabularies.
ULAN Full Record Display for Gilbert Stuart. Getty Vocabulary Program, Getty Research Institute. Los Angeles, California.

''Gilbert Stuart''
a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stuart, Gilbert
1755 births
1828 deaths
18th-century American painters
18th-century American male artists
American male painters
19th-century American painters
American people of Scottish descent
American portrait painters
Burials in Boston
Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees
Painters from Rhode Island
People from North Kingstown, Rhode Island
People of colonial Rhode Island
19th-century American male artists