The Northern Adelbert or Pihom–Isumrud languages are a family of two dozen languages in the Madang stock of New Guinea. The occupy the coastal northern

Adelbert Range Adelbert Range is a mountain range in Madang Province, north-central Papua New Guinea. The highest point of the mountains is at . The Northern Adelbert languages and Southern Adelbert languages are spoken in the region. Fauna and flora As with ...

of mountains, vs. the

Southern Adelbert languages The South Adelbert or Southern Adelbert Range languages are a family of languages in the Madang stock of New Guinea, spoken along the tributaries of the Ramu River in the watershed of the Adelbert Range. Languages The languages are as follows. * ...

, another branch of Madang. Malcolm Ross posited a "

linkage Linkage may refer to: * ''Linkage'' (album), by J-pop singer Mami Kawada, released in 2010 *Linkage (graph theory), the maximum min-degree of any of its subgraphs *Linkage (horse), an American Thoroughbred racehorse * Linkage (hierarchical cluster ...

" connecting the Northern Adelbert languages with the Mabuso languages, and named this group Croisilles , as the two families bracket

Cape Croisilles Cape Croisilles is a cape in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Cape Croisillesin Geonames.org (cc-by) post updated 2014-09-06; database downloaded 2015-06-22 The Croisilles languages are named after the cape. See also *Croisilles languages Th ...

(Northern Adelbert to the north, Mabuso to the south). However, Ross never claimed Croisilles was an actual language family, and other researchers have rejected the connection.

Languages

Croisilles was first posited by Malcolm Ross (1995), not as an actual language family, but as a

. It was a merger of Wurm's Pihom-Isumrud-Mugil and Mabuso stocks, each of which contained 25–30 languages. Pick (2017) and Usher reject the merger, and provisionally the inclusion of Mugil (Bargam), though Pick retains the name. Usher disambiguates the (non-Mabuso) family as 'Adelbert Range'.

Usher (2020)

Timothy Usher classifies the languages as follows.Adelbert Range – Isumrud Strait
(NewGuineaWorld) ;Adelbert Range – Isumrud Strait * Kowan (Isumrud Strait): Waskia, Korak (Amako) *(North) Adelbert Range ** Yamben **Omosan (Omosa River): Pal (Abasakur),

Kobol "Kobol's Last Gleaming" is the two-part first-season finale of the reimagined ''Battlestar Galactica'' television series. In the first part, the human fleet discovers the abandoned planet Kobol, the mythical birthplace of humanity, who left here ...

(Koguman) **

Gilagil River The Gilagil River is a river in northern Papua New Guinea. Gilagil Riverin Geonames.org (cc-by) GeoNames (or GeoNames.org) is a user editable geographical database available and accessible through various web services, under a Creative Com ...

(old Isumrud proper) *** Dimir (Gavak) *** Brem (Bunabun), Malas (Manep) **Northwest Adelbert Range (

Mount Pihom Mount is often used as part of the name of specific mountains, e.g. Mount Everest. Mount or Mounts may also refer to: Places * Mount, Cornwall, a village in Warleggan parish, England * Mount, Perranzabuloe, a hamlet in Perranzabuloe parish ...

) ***

Kaukombar River The Kaukomba River (Kaukomba, Kokumba, Kukumba) is a small river of Madang Province in Papua New Guinea. It joins Jabab Creek to form the Toto River, which enters the ocean just east of the village of Asuramba. It is located 600 km from Port Mo ...

: Mala (Pay), Miani (Maiani, Tani), Maia (Pila, Saki) ***Kumil–Timper ****

Kumil River The Kumil River is a river in northern Papua New Guinea. Kumil Riverin Geonames.org (cc-by) post updated 2012-01-17; database downloaded 2015-06-22 See also *List of rivers of Papua New Guinea This is a list of rivers of Papua New Guinea. In al ...

: Bepour, Mauwake (Ulingan),

Moere Moere is a small village located within the municipality of Gistel in West Flanders, Belgium. The village gained some fame when American singer Marvin Gaye moved there for several months in the early 1980s. During his stay, the singer composed h ...

****

Tiboran River The Timper River is a river in northern Papua New Guinea.Timper Riverin Geonames.org (cc-by) post updated 2011-07-09; database downloaded 2015-06-22 See also *List of rivers of Papua New Guinea This is a list of rivers of Papua New Guinea. In a ...

(

Timper River The Timper River is a river in northern Papua New Guinea. Timper Riverin Geonames.org (cc-by) post updated 2011-07-09; database downloaded 2015-06-22 See also *List of rivers of Papua New Guinea This is a list of rivers of Papua New Guinea. In ...

): Musar; Wanambre; Kowaki, Mawak, Pamosu (Hinihon) **Mabulap–Numugen *** '' Amaimon'' (Mabulap) isolate *** Numugen River (see)

Pick (2017)

A quite similar internal classification was worked out independently by Pick (2017).
video
Pick could not establish regular sound correspondences with Kobol–Pal (Omosan) or Amaimon (Mabulap), and thus leaves them out of the family. ;Northern Adelbert *Kumil–Tibor (*t- > s, *p- > f, *ŋ > zero) **Tibor -n > zero, *a > e *** Mokati (Wanambre) ***(*k- > h, *C- > ��voice Kowaki, Mawak, Pamosu, Hember Avu (Musar) ** Kumil k- *t- > , *C- > [−voice *-k > zero">��voice.html" ;"title="k- *t- > , *C- > [−voice">k- *t- > , *C- > [−voice *-k > zero Bepour, Mauwake,

* Kaukombar [*k- *ŋ *-n > zero">Kaukombar languages">Kaukombar [*k- *ŋ *-n > zero Mala, Miani, Maiani, Maia *Manep–Barem Maiani language">Maiani, Maia *Manep–Barem Manep (Malas) ** Barem (Brem) * Gabak (Dimir) *Numugen languages">Numugen (*ŋ > n, 6 languages) *Kowan languages">Amako–Waskia: Waskia, Korak Pick notes that Barem and Malas share pronominal markers on the verbs 'to teach' and 'to show' that are unique to those two verbs.

Phonology

Pick reconstructs the phonemes of Proto-Croisilles as, with five vowels *a *e *i *o *u.

References

External links