In
mathematics
Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics ...
, Gijswijt's sequence (named after
Dion Gijswijt
Dion may refer to:
People
Ancient
*Dion (mythology), a king in Laconia and husband of Iphitea, the daughter of Prognaus
* Dion of Syracuse (408–354 BC), ancient Greek politician
*Dio of Alexandria, first century BC, ancient Greek philosop ...
by
Neil Sloane
__NOTOC__
Neil James Alexander Sloane (born October 10, 1939) is a British-American mathematician. His major contributions are in the fields of combinatorics, error-correcting codes, and sphere packing. Sloane is best known for being the creator a ...
) is a
self-describing
In computer programming, self-documenting (or self-describing) source code and user interfaces follow naming conventions and structured programming conventions that enable use of the system without prior specific knowledge. In web development, ...
sequence
In mathematics, a sequence is an enumerated collection of objects in which repetitions are allowed and order matters. Like a set, it contains members (also called ''elements'', or ''terms''). The number of elements (possibly infinite) is calle ...
where each term counts the maximum number of repeated blocks of numbers in the sequence immediately preceding that term.
The sequence begins with:
: 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 1, ...
The sequence is similar in definition to the
Kolakoski sequence
In mathematics, the Kolakoski sequence, sometimes also known as the Oldenburger–Kolakoski sequence, is an infinite sequence of symbols that is the sequence of run lengths in its own run-length encoding. It is named after the recreational mathe ...
, but instead of counting the longest run of single terms, the sequence counts the longest run of blocks of terms of any length. Gijswijt's sequence is known for its remarkably slow rate of growth. For example, the first 4 appears at the 220th term, and the first 5 appears near the
rd term.
Definition
The process to generate terms in the sequence can be defined by looking at the sequence as a series of letters in the
alphabet
An alphabet is a standardized set of basic written graphemes (called letters) that represent the phonemes of certain spoken languages. Not all writing systems represent language in this way; in a syllabary, each character represents a syll ...
of
natural numbers
In mathematics, the natural numbers are those numbers used for counting (as in "there are ''six'' coins on the table") and ordering (as in "this is the ''third'' largest city in the country").
Numbers used for counting are called ''cardinal n ...
:
#
, and
#
, where
is the largest natural number such that the word
can be written in the form
for some words
and
, with
having non-zero length.
The sequence is
base-agnostic. That is, if a run of 10 repeated blocks is found, the next term in the sequence would be a single number 10, not a 1 followed by a 0.
Explanation
The sequence begins with 1 by definition. The 1 in the second term then represents the length 1 of the block of 1s that is found immediately before it in the first term. The 2 in the third term represents the length 2 of the block of 1s that are in the first and second term. At this point, the sequence decreases for the first time: The 1 in the fourth term represents the length 1 of the block of 2s in the 3rd term, as well as the length 1 of the block "1, 2" spanning the second and third term. There is no block of any repeated sequence immediately preceding the fourth term that is longer than length 1. The block of two 1s in the first and second term cannot be considered for the 4th term because they are separated by a different number in the 3rd term.
The 1 in the fifth term represents the length 1 of the "repeating" blocks "1" and "2, 1" and "1, 2, 1" and "1, 1, 2, 1" that immediately precede the fifth term. None of these blocks are repeated more than once, so the fifth term is 1. The 2 in the sixth term represents the length of the repeated block of 1s immediately leading up to the sixth term, namely the ones in the 4th and 5th terms. The 2 in the seventh term represents the 2 repetitions of the block "1, 1, 2" spanning terms 1-3 and then 4-6. This "3-number word" occurs twice immediately leading up to the seventh term - so the value of the seventh term is 2.
The 2 in the eighth term represents the length of the repeated block of 2s immediately leading up to the eighth term, namely the twos in the sixth and seventh terms. The 3 in the 9th term represents the thrice-repeated block of single 2s immediately leading up to the 9th term, namely the twos in the sixth, seventh, and eighth terms.
Properties
Only limited research has focused on Gijswijt's sequence. As such, very little has been proven about the sequence and many open questions remain unsolved.
Rate of growth
Given that 5 does not appear until around
, brute force search techniques would never find the first occurrence of a term greater than 4. It has, however, been proven that the sequence contains every natural number.
The exact rate of growth is not known, but is conjectured to grow
super-logarithm
In mathematics, the super-logarithm is one of the two inverse functions of tetration. Just as exponentiation has two inverse functions, roots and logarithms, tetration has two inverse functions, super-roots and super-logarithms. There are severa ...
ically, with the first occurrence of any natural
positioned near
.
Average value
Though it is known that each natural number occurs at a finite position within the sequence, it has been conjectured that the sequence may have a finite
mean
There are several kinds of mean in mathematics, especially in statistics. Each mean serves to summarize a given group of data, often to better understand the overall value (magnitude and sign) of a given data set.
For a data set, the '' ari ...
. To define this formally on an infinite sequence, where re-ordering of the terms may matter, the conjecture is that:
:
Likewise, the
density
Density (volumetric mass density or specific mass) is the substance's mass per unit of volume. The symbol most often used for density is ''ρ'' (the lower case Greek letter rho), although the Latin letter ''D'' can also be used. Mathematical ...
of any given natural number within the sequence is not known.
Recursive structure
The sequence can be broken into discrete "block" and "glue" sequences, which can be used to recursively build up the sequence. For example, at the base level, we can define
and
as the first block and glue sequences, respectively. Together, we can see how they form the beginning of the sequence:
:
The next step is to recursively build up the sequence. Define
. Noting that the sequence starts with
, we can define a glue string
which gives:
:
We assigned
to a particular sequence which gives the property that
also occurs at the top of the sequence.
This process can be continued indefinitely with
. It turns out that we can discover a glue string
by noting that
will never have a 1, and that it stops once it reaches the first 1 to follow
.
It has also been proven that Gijswijt's sequence can be built up in this fashion indefinitely ‒ that is,
and
are always finite in length for any
.
Clever manipulation of the glue sequences in this recursive structure can be used to demonstrate that Gijswijt's sequence contains all the natural numbers, among other properties of the sequence.
See also
*
Look-and-say sequence
In mathematics, the look-and-say sequence is the integer sequence, sequence of integers beginning as follows:
: 1, 11, 21, 1211, 111221, 312211, 13112221, 1113213211, 31131211131221, ... .
To generate a member of the sequence from the previous m ...
*
Kolakoski sequence
In mathematics, the Kolakoski sequence, sometimes also known as the Oldenburger–Kolakoski sequence, is an infinite sequence of symbols that is the sequence of run lengths in its own run-length encoding. It is named after the recreational mathe ...
*
Autogram
An autogram ( grc, αὐτός = self, = letter) is a sentence that describes itself in the sense of providing an inventory of its own characters. They were invented by Lee Sallows, who also coined the word ''autogram''. An essential feature is th ...
References
External links
First 50 million terms* -- (the lengths of the glue sequences)
: {{OEIS el, 1=A090822, 2=Gijswijt's sequence, formalname=Gijswijt's sequence: a(1) = 1; for n>1, a(n) = largest integer k such that the word a(1)a(2)...a(n-1) is of the form xy^k for words x and y (where y has positive length), i.e., the maximal number of repeating blocks at the end of the sequence so far
Parity (mathematics)