Gigantorhynchus Gigas
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Oligacanthorhynchida is an order containing a single parasitic worm family, Oligacanthorhynchidae, that attach themselves to the intestinal wall of terrestrial vertebrates.


Taxonomy and description


Species

''Oligacanthorhynchida'' contains twelve genera and numerous species.


Cucullanorhynchus

The genus ''Cucullanorhynchus'' Amin, Ha and Heckmann, 2008 is named for the anterior hood. It was described in 2008 based on samples collected from the intestines of mammals between 1998 and 2004 in Vietnam. *''Cucullanorhynchus constrictruncatus'' Amin, Ha and Heckmann, 2008 ''C. constrictruncatus'' is the only species in the genus ''Cucullanorhynchus''. It has been found in the intestine of the
leopard The leopard (''Panthera pardus'') is one of the five extant species in the genus '' Panthera'', a member of the cat family, Felidae. It occurs in a wide range in sub-Saharan Africa, in some parts of Western and Central Asia, Southern Russia, a ...
(''Panthera pardus'') in Vietnam. The trunk has an anterior hood in both sexes and a posterior constriction in females. The species name derives from this constriction near the posterior end of females.


Heptamegacanthus

The genus ''Heptamegacanthus'' Spencer-Jones, 1990 contains 1 species. *''Heptamegacanthus niekerki'' Spencer-Jones, 1990 ''H. niekerki'' is a parasite of the
giant golden mole The giant golden mole (''Chrysospalax trevelyani'') is a small mammal found in Africa. At in length, it is the largest of the golden mole species. The mole has dark, glossy brown fur; the name ''golden'' comes from the Greek word for green-gold, ...
(''Chrysospalax trevelyani'') found in South-East Africa.


Macracanthorhynchus

The genus ''Macracanthorhynchus'' Travassos, 1917 contains many species. *''Macracanthorhynchus catulinus'' Kostylev, 1927 *''Macracanthorhynchus erinacei'' Dollfus, 1953 *''Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus'' (Pallas, 1781) ''M. hirudinaceus'' is a parasite which lives in the
intestine The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, digestive tract, alimentary canal) is the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus. The GI tract contains all the major organs of the digestive system, in humans ...
s of pigs and other
suids Suidae is a family of artiodactyl mammals which are commonly called pigs, hogs or swine. In addition to numerous fossil species, 18 extant species are currently recognized (or 19 counting domestic pigs and wild boars separately), classified into ...
, and very occasionally in humans or dogs. It causes enteritis, gastritis or peritonitis. Its life cycle includes beetles of the genus '' Melolontha'' as
intermediate host In biology and medicine, a host is a larger organism that harbours a smaller organism; whether a parasitic, a mutualistic, or a commensalist ''guest'' (symbiont). The guest is typically provided with nourishment and shelter. Examples include a ...
s. This species has many synonyms which include: ''Echinorhynchus gigas'' (Block, 1782), ''Macracanthorhynchus gigas'' (Block, 1782), ''Echinorhynchus hirundinacea'' (Palas, 1781), ''Gigantorhynchus hirundinaceus'' (Pallas, 1781), ''Gigantorhynchus gigas'' (Block, 1782), ''Hormorhynchus gigas'' (Block, 1782), ''Taenia haeruca'' (Pallas, 1776), and ''Taenia hirundinaceus'' (Pallas, 1781) The complete mitochondrial genome of ''M. hirudinaceus'' has been sequenced. The eggs have 4 membranes are 98 um long and have an elongation ratio of 1.85.Pfenning, A. C. (2017). Egg morphology, dispersal, and transmission in acanthocephalan parasites: integrating phylogenetic and ecological approaches.Url=https://via.library.depaul.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1273&context=csh_etd *''Macracanthorhynchus ingens'' (
Linstow Linstow or von Linstow may refer to: * Linstow AS, one of the largest companies of Norway * Dobbin-Linstow, a municipality in the Rostock district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany * Hans Linstow (1787–1851), a Danish-born, Norwegian architec ...
, 1879)
The eggs have 3 membranes are 94 um long and have an elongation ratio of 1.66. It parasitizes the raccoon (''Procyon lotor'') in the United States.


Multisentis

The genus ''Multisentis'' Smales, 1997 contains 1 species. * ''Multisentis myrmecobius'' Smales, 1997


Neoncicola

The genus ''Neoncicola'' Schmidt, 1972 contains several species. *''Neoncicola artibei'' Smales, 2007 ''N. artibei'' was found infesting the
great fruit-eating bat The great fruit-eating bat (''Artibeus lituratus'') is a bat species found from Mexico to Brazil and Argentina, as well as in Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Grenada, Martinique, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobag ...
(''Artibeus lituratus'') in Paraguay. *''Neoncicola avicola'' (Travossos, 1917) *''Neoncicola bursata'' (Meyer, 1931) *''Neoncicola curvata'' (
Linstow Linstow or von Linstow may refer to: * Linstow AS, one of the largest companies of Norway * Dobbin-Linstow, a municipality in the Rostock district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany * Hans Linstow (1787–1851), a Danish-born, Norwegian architec ...
, 1897)
*''Neoncicola novellae'' (Parona, 1890) *''Neoncicola pintoi'' (Machado, 1950) *''Neoncicola potosi'' (Machado, 1950) *''Neoncicola sinensis'' Schmidt and Dunn, 1974 *''Neoncicola skrjabini'' (Morosow, 1951)


Nephridiacanthus

The genus ''Nephridiacanthus'' Meyer, 1931 contains several species. *''Nephridiacanthus gerberi'' Baer, 1959 *''Nephridiacanthus kamerunensis'' Meyer, 1931 *''Nephridiacanthus longissimus'' Golvan, 1962 *''Nephridiacanthus major'' (Bremser, 1811) ''N. major'' has been found infesting the long-eared hedgehog (''Hemiechinus auritus'') and the southern white-breasted hedgehog (''Erinaceus concolor'') in Iran, Germany, Morocco, central Asia, Egypt, Bulgaria, Tajikistan, Lebanon, Sicily, Italy, Nigeria, Turkey and Mongolia. Phylogenetic analysis has been done on the small subunit ribosomal DNA and cytochrome c genes, and have determined that it belongs to the family Oligacanthorhynchidae. *''Nephridiacanthus manisensis'' Meyer, 1931 *''Nephridiacanthus maroccanus'' Dollfus, 1951 *''Nephridiacanthus palawanensis'' (Tubangui and Masiluñgan, 1938) *''Nephridiacanthus thapari'' (Sen and Chauhan, 1972)


Oligacanthorhynchus

The genus ''Oligacanthorhynchus'' Travassos, 1915 contains numerous species. The trunk is cylindrical and smooth or irregularly ringed. The proboscis is generally globular being somewhat longer than it is wide and has stout hooks in left handed spiral rows, with their point obliquely cut and their root produced forwards. The proboscis receptacle consists of a thick inner wall i inserted into inside of proboscis which is shrinks along the ventral side, and a thinner outer wall inserted at base of neck. A series of intercommunicating spaces branching from two median main vessels and numerous longitudinal and circular anastomoses in the hypodermis form the lacunar system. Protonephridia are present. The lemnisci are filiform with a central canal and numerous nuclei. In the far posterior of the male, there are testes and eight cement glands used to temporarily close the posterior end of the female after copulation.Rabie, S. A., AbdEl-Latif, M. E. D. Z., Mohamed, N. I., & El-Hussin, O. F. A. Description of Some Acanthocephalan Species from Some Reptiles in Qena Governorate. url=http://www.aun.edu.eg/uploaded_full_txt/27206_full_txt.pdf The eggs are almost spherical with shells that are radially
striated Striations means a series of ridges, furrows or linear marks, and is used in several ways: * Glacial striation * Striation (fatigue), in material * Striation (geology), a ''striation'' as a result of a geological fault * Striation Valley, in ...
. Hosts include birds with snakes being the
intermediate host In biology and medicine, a host is a larger organism that harbours a smaller organism; whether a parasitic, a mutualistic, or a commensalist ''guest'' (symbiont). The guest is typically provided with nourishment and shelter. Examples include a ...
s. *''Oligacanthorhynchus aenigma'' (Reichensperger, 1922) *''Oligacanthorhynchus atratus'' (Meyer, 1931) *''Oligacanthorhynchus bangalorensis'' (Pujatti, 1951) *''Oligacanthorhynchus carinii'' (Travassos, 1917) ''O. carinii'' was found infesting the southern three-banded armadillo (''Tolypeutes matacus'') in Paraguay. *''Oligacanthorhynchus cati'' (Gupta and Lata, 1967) *''Oligacanthorhynchus circumplexus'' (Molin, 1858) *''Oligacanthorhynchus citilli'' (Rudolphi, 1806) *''Oligacanthorhynchus compressus'' (Rudolphi, 1802) *''Oligacanthorhynchus decrescens'' (Meyer, 1931) *''Oligacanthorhynchus erinacei'' (Rudolphi, 1793) *''Oligacanthorhynchus hamatus'' ( von Linstow, 1897) *''Oligacanthorhynchus iheringi'' Travassos, 1917 *''Oligacanthorhynchus indicus'' Rengaraju and Das, 1981 *''Oligacanthorhynchus kamerunensis'' (Meyer, 1931) *''Oligacanthorhynchus kamtschaticus'' Hokhlova, 1966 *''Oligacanthorhynchus lagenaeformis'' (Westrumb, 1821) *''Oligacanthorhynchus lamasi'' (Freitas and Costa, 1964) *''Oligacanthorhynchus lerouxi'' (Bisseru, 1956) *''Oligacanthorhynchus major'' (Machado-Filho, 1963) *''Oligacanthorhynchus manifestus'' (Leidy, 1851) *''Oligacanthorhynchus mariemily'' (Tadros, 1969) *''Oligacanthorhynchus microcephala'' (Rudolphi, 1819) *''Oligacanthorhynchus minor'' Machado-Filho, 1964 *''Oligacanthorhynchus oligacanthus'' (Rudolphi, 1819) *''Oligacanthorhynchus oti'' Machado-Filho, 1964 *''Oligacanthorhynchus pardalis'' (Westrumb, 1821) The eggs are 58 um long and have an elongation ratio of 1.45. *''Oligacanthorhynchus ricinoides'' (Rudolphi, 1808) ''O. ricinoides'' was found inside the body cavity of 0.68% of the African five-lined skink (''Trachylepis quinquetaeniata'' reported as ''Mabuya quinquetaeniata'') sampled in the Qena Governorate, Egypt. The worm is cylindrical and white. The wall of the body consists of a thin
cuticle A cuticle (), or cuticula, is any of a variety of tough but flexible, non-mineral outer coverings of an organism, or parts of an organism, that provide protection. Various types of "cuticle" are non- homologous, differing in their origin, structu ...
over a syncytical hypodermis. The proboscis is cylindrical and contains recurved sclerotized hooks. The trunk measures 1.9–3.1 mm long by 0.56–0.77 mm wide in the female and 1.9–2.99 mm. in length and 0.58–0.98 mm in width in the much smaller male. A series of intercommunicating spaces branching from two median main vessels and numerous longitudinal and circular anastomoses in the hypodermis form the lacunar system. The proboscis receptacle is inserted in the inner side of proboscis. The lemnisci are filiform with a central canal and numerous nuclei. The testes are located in the mid-region of the body and each measure 0.14–0.15 mm long by 0.10–0.11 mm wide. *''Oligacanthorhynchus shillongensis'' (Sen and Chauhan, 1972) *''Oligacanthorhynchus spira'' (Diesing, 1851) *''Oligacanthorhynchus taenioides'' (Diesing, 1851) *''Oligacanthorhynchus thumbi'' Haffner, 1939 *''Oligacanthorhynchus tortuosa'' (Leidy, 1850) *''Oligacanthorhynchus tumidus'' (Van Cleve, 1947)


Oncicola

The genus ''Oncicola'' Travassos, 1916 contains many species. *''Oncicola campanulata'' (Diesing, 1851) *''Oncicola canis'' (Kaupp, 1909) ''O. canis'' was found infesting the
Red fox The red fox (''Vulpes vulpes'') is the largest of the true foxes and one of the most widely distributed members of the Order (biology), order Carnivora, being present across the entire Northern Hemisphere including most of North America, Europe ...
(''Vulpes vulpes'') in Iran. *''Oncicola chibigouzouensis'' Machado-Filho, 1963 *''Oncicola confusa'' (Machado-Filho, 1950) *''Oncicola dimorpha'' Meyer, 1931 *''Oncicola freitasi'' (Machado-Filho, 1950) *''Oncicola gigas'' Meyer, 1931 *''Oncicola justatesticularis'' (Machado-Filho, 1950) *''Oncicola luehei'' (Travassos, 1917) The complete mitochondrial genome of ''O. luehei'' has been sequenced. *''Oncicola machadoi'' Schmidt, 1917 *''Oncicola macrurae'' Meyer, 1931 *''Oncicola magalhaesi'' Machado-Filho, 1962 *''Oncicola malayanus'' Toumanoff, 1947 *''Oncicola martini'' Schmidt, 1977 *''Oncicola michaelseni'' Meyer, 1932 *''Oncicola micracantha'' Machado-Filho, 1949 *''Oncicola oncicola'' (von Ihering, 1892) *''Oncicola paracampanulata Machado-Filho, 1963 *''Oncicola pomatostomi'' (Johnston and Cleland, 1912) *''Oncicola schacheri'' Schmidt, 1972 ''O. schacheri'' is named after the collector of the samples Dr. John F. Schacher. It was found in the small intestines of around 20% of foxes ('' Vulpes vulpes'', ''palestina'' subspecies) and juveniles were also found in the mesentaries of a badger (''Meles meles'') and are considered incidental hosts. All samples were collected in Lebanon. There is no marked sexual dimorphism apart from a small size difference: males were between 30.0 and 39.0 mm long and females were 39.0 to 44.0 mm long. There are twelve regularly alternative longitudinal rows of 3 hooks each. The hooks vary in size between 95 and 210 microns. *''Oncicola signoides'' (Meyer, 1932) *''Oncicola spirula'' (Olferas, 1819) South American species that is common in captive primates. *''Oncicola travassosi'' Witenberg, 1938 *''Oncicola venezuelensis'' Marteau, 1977 This species was described by a sample infecting the intestine of the
ocelot The ocelot (''Leopardus pardalis'') is a medium-sized spotted wild cat that reaches at the shoulders and weighs between on average. It was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. Two subspecies are recognized. It is native to the southwes ...
(''Leopardus pardalis'') in Venezuela, where it gets its name. It differs from other species of the genus mainly by its longer lemnisci which have six nuclei. There is no sexual dimorphism, with males ranging in length from 13.5 to 14.4 mm (without proboscis) and 2 mm maximum width and females ranging in length from 15 to 16 mm (also without proboscis) with a maximum width of 1.9 to 2.2 mm. Cystacanths of ''O. venezuelensis'' are present in the hemocoel of Caribbean termites (''
Nasutitermes acajutlae ''Nasutitermes'' is a genus of termites with a tropical distribution world-wide. Species The ''Termite Catalogue'' lists the following: # '' Nasutitermes acajutlae'' # '' Nasutitermes acangussu'' # ''Nasutitermes acutus'' # '' Nasutitermes a ...
'') from St. Thomas and St. John islands in the
U.S. Virgin Islands The United States Virgin Islands,. Also called the ''American Virgin Islands'' and the ''U.S. Virgin Islands''. officially the Virgin Islands of the United States, are a group of Caribbean islands and an unincorporated and organized territory ...
as an intermediate host. Cystacanths were present in Other intermediate hosts including in subcutaneous nodules of lizards ('' Anolis cristatellus'' and ''
Anolis stratulus ''Anolis stratulus'' is a moderately-sized species of anole () (family Dactyloidae) found in Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands. It is a gray-colored lizard spotted with brown markings. It is arboreal, u ...
''), in the greater omentum of small Indian mongooses ('' Urva auropunctata''), and embedded in mesenteries of pearly-eyed thrashers (''Margarops fuscatus''). The host from the U.S Virgin Islands is yet to be determined.


Pachysentis

The genus ''Pachysentis'' Meyer, 1931 contains ten species.full key to species here: https://link.springer.com/article/10.2478/s11686-019-00080-6 Generally, they look identical to ''Oncicola'' apart from the number of hooks on the proboscis. Species of ''Oncicola'' have 36 or less hooks whereas species of ''Pachysentis'' have more. Specifically, the proboscis is not quite spherical and contains 42 to 102 hooks arranged into 12 longitudinal rows 3 to 12 hooks each. The rows may be regularly or irregularly alternating and straight or crooked. Hooks have tips with or without barbs, and the larger hooks with complex manubria and roots with the remaining spines being rootless. The trunk is fairly wide relative to the length with the anterior half usually wider than the posterior half. The testes are in tandem with at least one located before the middle of the worm. There are eight cement glands compactly arranged each with single giant nucleus used to temporarily close the posterior end of the female after copulation. The eggs have a sculptured outer membrane. Hosts include Brazilian or Egyptian carnivores. Species can be distinguished based on the number and arrangements of proboscis hooks, whether these hooks are barbed, the arrangement of the cement glands, host, and the length of lemnisci. *''Pachysentis angolensis'' (Golvan, 1957) *''Pachysentis canicola'' Meyer, 1931 *''Pachysentis dollfusi'' (Machado-Filho, 1950) *''Pachysentis ehrenbergi'' Meyer, 1931 *''Pachysentis gethi'' (Machado-Filho, 1950) *''Pachysentis lenti'' (Machado-Filho, 1950) *''Pachysentis procumbens'' Meyer, 1931 *''Pachysentis procyonis'' (Machado-Filho, 1950) *''Pachysentis rugosus'' (Machado-Filho, 1950) *''Pachysentis septemserialis'' (Machado-Filho, 1950)


Paraprosthenorchis

''Paraprosthenorchis'' Amin, Ha and Heckmann, 2008 have a trunk over 200 mm long, ornate proboscis with three non-barbed hooks in each of 16 rows. They have simple hook roots without manubria, and a large oblong horizontally posterior hook base. There are about 35 festoons. Protonephridia are gill-like and capsular. Gonopore is terminal. The primary host are Manidae in Vietnam with ants and termites as intermediate hosts. This genus is named for its nearest oligacanthorhynchid genus, ''Prosthenorchis''. *''Paraprosthenorchis ornatus'' Amin, Ha and Heckmann, 2008 ''P. ornatus'' has been found in the intestine of the Chinese pangolin (''Manis pentadactyla'') collected from the
Hanoi Zoological Park Hanoi or Ha Noi ( or ; vi, Hà Nội ) is the capital and second-largest city of Vietnam. It covers an area of . It consists of 12 urban districts, one district-leveled town and 17 rural districts. Located within the Red River Delta, Hanoi is ...
, Vietnam. The anterior trunk has many small festoons and proboscis hooks are inserted in elevated papillae separated by beady, near hexagonal, ornate grids. The species is named for its uniquely ornate proboscis.


Prosthenorchis

''Prosthenorchis'' Travassos, 1915 have a trunk up to 50 mm long, a proboscis that is not ornate with three barbed hooks in each of 12 rows. They have complex hook roots with large manubria, and a small discoid posterior hook base. There are up to 23 festoons. Gonopore is subterminal. The primary host are primates in South America and Felidae in Africa with cockroaches and
beetles Beetles are insects that form the order Coleoptera (), in the superorder Endopterygota. Their front pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, elytra, distinguishing them from most other insects. The Coleoptera, with about 400,000 describ ...
as intermediate hosts. *''Prosthenorchis elegans'' (Diesing, 1851) *''Prosthenorchis fraterna'' (Baer, 1959) *''Prosthenorchis lemuri'' Machado-Filho, 1950 *''Prosthenorchis sinicus'' Hu-Jiand, 1990


Tchadorhynchus

The genus ''Tchadorhynchus'' Troncy, 1970 was erected as the single species contained within differs from related Oligacanthorhynchidae genera by morphological features of bot the adult and embryo as well as the group of hosts, hyenas, the worms parasitize. *''Tchadorhynchus quentini'' Troncy, 1970Troncy, P. M. (1970). A contribution to the study of helminths in Africa, mainly Chad. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 41(6), 1487-1511. ''T. quentini'' was found parasitizing the striped hyena (''Hyaena hyaena'') and the
spotted hyena The spotted hyena (''Crocuta crocuta''), also known as the laughing hyena, is a hyena species, currently classed as the sole extant member of the genus ''Crocuta'', native to sub-Saharan Africa. It is listed as being of least concern by the IUC ...
(''Crocuta crocuta'')in
Chad Chad (; ar, تشاد , ; french: Tchad, ), officially the Republic of Chad, '; ) is a landlocked country at the crossroads of North and Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic ...
.


Hosts

''Oligacanthorhynchidae'' species parasitize mammals with insect and lizard intermediate hosts. File:Leopard africa.jpg, The
leopard The leopard (''Panthera pardus'') is one of the five extant species in the genus '' Panthera'', a member of the cat family, Felidae. It occurs in a wide range in sub-Saharan Africa, in some parts of Western and Central Asia, Southern Russia, a ...
is a host of ''Cucullanorhynchus constrictruncatus'' File:Vulpes vulpes at Eshel HaNasi3, israel.jpg, ''
Oncicola schacheri ''Oncicola'' is a genus of parasitic worms belonging to the family Oligacanthorhynchidae. ''Oncicola'' belongs to the phylum Acanthocephalans that include many thorny-headed worms. This family contains 12 genera including the genus ''Oncicola''. ...
'' was found parasitizing the Palestinian subspecies of the
red fox The red fox (''Vulpes vulpes'') is the largest of the true foxes and one of the most widely distributed members of the Order (biology), order Carnivora, being present across the entire Northern Hemisphere including most of North America, Europe ...
File:Manis pentadactyla (29054818144).jpg, alt=Chinese pangolin in grass, The Chinese pangolin is a host of ''Paraprosthenorchis ornatus''


Notes


References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1806420 Acanthocephala families Archiacanthocephala