''Phrynoidis juxtasper'', also known as the giant river toad or Borneo river toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is found in Borneo ( Brunei, Indonesia, and Malaysia) and

Sumatra Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 (182,812 mi.2), not including adjacent i ...

(Indonesia) below

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. Prior to its species description, it was confused with ''

Phrynoidis asper The Asian giant toad (''Phrynoidis asper''), sometimes referred to as the river toad, is a species of true toad native to Mainland Southeast Asia and the Greater Sundas. It is a medium-large toad, but it is easily confused with its larger relativ ...

'' (hence the

specific name Specific name may refer to: * in Database management systems, a system-assigned name that is unique within a particular database In taxonomy, either of these two meanings, each with its own set of rules: * Specific name (botany), the two-part (bino ...

''juxtasper'', from Latin ''juxta-'' meaning "near to").

Description

''Phrynoidis juxtasper'' are large toads: males grow to and females to in snout–vent length. Habitus is stocky, but the limbs are relatively long. The snout is obtusely pointed. The tympanum is distinct. Supratympanic bony crests are thick and the parotoid glands are large. Skin bears large, round warts; ventral skin is granular. Warts of head, trunk, and limbs have melanic spinules on their tips. Toes have extensive webbing. These toads can secrete large amounts of highly toxic, milky poison from their warts when disturbed. Eggs and tadpoles are also poisonous.

Habitat and conservation

Natural habitats of ''Phrynoidis juxtasper'' are primary and secondary forests, often along rocky creeks and riverbanks. They are good swimmers and jumpers. ''Phrynoidis juxtasper'' is a relatively adaptable species that is not facing significant threats. Large specimens are occasionally hunted for food.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1941866 juxtasper Amphibians of Borneo Fauna of Sumatra Amphibians of Brunei Amphibians of Indonesia Amphibians of Malaysia Amphibians described in 1964 Taxa named by Robert F. Inger Taxonomy articles created by Polbot Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN