''Geum quellyon'', commonly called scarlet avens, Chilean avens, Double Bloody Mary, or Grecian rose, is a

perennial herb A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also widel ...

in the family

Rosaceae Rosaceae (), the rose family, is a medium-sized family of flowering plants that includes 4,828 known species in 91 genera. The name is derived from the type genus ''Rosa''. Among the most species-rich genera are ''Alchemilla'' (270), ''Sorbus ...

. It is

native Native may refer to: People * Jus soli, citizenship by right of birth * Indigenous peoples, peoples with a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory ** Native Americans (disambiguation) In arts and entert ...

to the central and southern regions of

Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east a ...

. ''G. quellyon'' has been introduced to other countries including

Belgium Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to th ...

Bolivia , image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg , flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red, yellow, and green from top to bottom) with the coat of arms of Bolivia in the center , flag_alt2 = 7 × 7 square p ...

, and the

United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and North ...

, where it was first planted in 1826.

Description

Macroscale

Plants reach a height of between . Leaves are compound, with between 3 and 10 pairs of leaflets.Fischer S., L. Inostroza, R. Wilckens, M.T. Berti, M. Baeza, and E. Pastene. 2007
Characterization and evaluation of two population of ''Geum quellyon''
p. 293-297. ''In'' J. Janick and A. Whipkey (eds.) Issues in New Crops and New Uses. Proceedings 6th National Symposium Creating Markets for Economic Development of New crops and New Uses. ASHS Press. Alexandria, VA. ''G. quellyon'' grows a thick taproot which smells of

cloves Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, ''Syzygium aromaticum'' (). They are native to the Maluku Islands (or Moluccas) in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice, flavoring or fragrance in consumer products, s ...

when broken due to the presence of aromatic compounds. Flowers vary in colour from yellow-orange to pink-red.

Microscale

When in

metaphase Metaphase ( and ) is a stage of mitosis in the eukaryotic cell cycle in which chromosomes are at their second-most condensed and coiled stage (they are at their most condensed in anaphase). These chromosomes, carrying genetic information, align ...

, somatic

chromosomes A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells the most important of these proteins are ...

of ''G. quellyon'' (and of ''G. magellanicum'', another species of ''Geum'' native to Chile) are shorter and fatter than those in other ''Geum'' species.

Distribution

''G. quellyon'' is native to the following

regions of Chile Chile is divided into 16 regions (in Spanish, ''regiones''; singular ''región''), which are the country's first-level administrative division. Each region is headed by an intendant (''intendente)'', appointed by the President of Chile, and a di ...

: Araucanía, Aysén, Biobío, Los Lagos (including the island of Chiloé),

Magallanes Magallanes may refer to: * Ferdinand Magellan (1480–1521), Portuguese explorer who led part of the first expedition around the world * Strait of Magellan, the strait between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, located in Chile Places * Magallane ...

, Maule, Metropolitana de Santiago, Ñuble, O’Higgins, Los Ríos, and

Valparaíso Valparaíso (; ) is a major city, seaport, naval base, and educational centre in the commune of Valparaíso, Chile. "Greater Valparaíso" is the second largest metropolitan area in the country. Valparaíso is located about northwest of Santiago ...

Uses

Medicinal

''G. quellyon'' has been used in the

traditional medicine Traditional medicine (also known as indigenous medicine or folk medicine) comprises medical aspects of traditional knowledge that developed over generations within the folk beliefs of various societies, including indigenous peoples, before the ...

of the

Mapuche The Mapuche ( (Mapuche & Spanish: )) are a group of indigenous inhabitants of south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina, including parts of Patagonia. The collective term refers to a wide-ranging ethnicity composed of various groups who sha ...

people of Chile for tooth neuralgia, gastric inflammation, prostatitis, and to regulate menstruation.Russo, A.; Cardile, V.; Lombardo, L.; Vanella, L.; Vanella, A.; Garbarino, J.A. (2005). Antioxidant activity and antiproliferative action of methanolic extract of ''Geum quellyon'' Sweet roots in human tumor cell lines. '' Journal of Ethnopharmacology''. 100(3): 323-332
abstract
/ref> A

methanolic Methanol (also called methyl alcohol and wood spirit, amongst other names) is an organic chemical and the simplest aliphatic alcohol, with the formula C H3 O H (a methyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, often abbreviated as MeOH). It is a l ...

extract is obtained from its

roots A root is the part of a plant, generally underground, that anchors the plant body, and absorbs and stores water and nutrients. Root or roots may also refer to: Art, entertainment, and media * ''The Root'' (magazine), an online magazine focusing ...

. Observations of a

kidney transplant Kidney transplant or renal transplant is the organ transplant of a kidney into a patient with end-stage kidney disease (ESRD). Kidney transplant is typically classified as deceased-donor (formerly known as cadaveric) or living-donor transplantati ...

patient showed a pharmacological interaction between ''G. quellyon'' and cyclosporine, an

immunosuppressant Immunosuppressive drugs, also known as immunosuppressive agents, immunosuppressants and antirejection medications, are drugs that inhibit or prevent activity of the immune system. Classification Immunosuppressive drugs can be classified in ...

used to prevent

transplant rejection Transplant rejection occurs when Organ transplant, transplanted tissue is rejected by the recipient's immune system, which destroys the transplanted tissue. Transplant rejection can be lessened by determining the molecular similitude between don ...

Horticultural

''Geum quellyon'' is commonly cultivated as a garden ornamental, and in that context is sometimes called ''Geum chiloense''. ''G. quellyon'' grows best in full sun to part shade, in moist but well-drained soil. Plants become damaged and do not recover well if exposed to temperatures of or below.

Cultivars A cultivar is a type of Horticulture, cultivated plant that people have selected for desired phenotypic trait, traits and when Plant propagation, propagated retain those traits. Methods used to propagate cultivars include: division, root and st ...

include: * ''Geum'' 'Blazing Sunset', which produces brick-red

double flowers "Double-flowered" describes varieties of flowers with extra petals, often containing flowers within flowers. The double-flowered trait is often noted alongside the scientific name with the abbreviation ''fl. pl.'' (''flore pleno'', a Latin ablati ...

on tall stems from June to September. It grows to a height and spread of approximately . *''Geum'' 'Lady Stratheden', also known as ''Geum'' 'Gold Ball', which produces yellow semi-double flowers. The

Royal Horticultural Society The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), founded in 1804 as the Horticultural Society of London, is the UK's leading gardening charity. The RHS promotes horticulture through its five gardens at Wisley (Surrey), Hyde Hall (Essex), Harlow Carr (Nort ...

has awarded ''Geum'' 'Lady Stratheden' the

Award of Garden Merit The Award of Garden Merit (AGM) is a long-established annual award for plants by the British Royal Horticultural Society (RHS). It is based on assessment of the plants' performance under UK growing conditions. History The Award of Garden Merit ...

. *''Geum'' 'Mrs J Bradshaw', which produces large semi-double flowers from June to September. It grows to a height and spread of approximately 60 cm. It is often planted in

cottage gardens Cottage Gardens is a historic house in Natchez, Mississippi, USA. History The house was built for Don José Vidal in 1795. It was subsequently purchased by Earl Norman, a photographer. By 1963, it was purchased by William C. McGehee. Architectu ...

. The Royal Horticultural Society has awarded ''Geum'' 'Mrs J Bradshaw' the Award of Garden Merit. *''Geum'' 'Totally Tangerine', which is a

hybrid Hybrid may refer to: Science * Hybrid (biology), an offspring resulting from cross-breeding ** Hybrid grape, grape varieties produced by cross-breeding two ''Vitis'' species ** Hybridity, the property of a hybrid plant which is a union of two dif ...

of ''G. quellyon'' 'Mrs J Bradshaw' and '' G. rivale.'' It grows to a height of , and produces

sterile Sterile or sterility may refer to: *Asepsis, a state of being free from biological contaminants * Sterile (archaeology), a sediment deposit which contains no evidence of human activity *Sterilization (microbiology), any process that eliminates or ...

, peach-orange flowers. It is subject to plant breeders' rights in the

European Union The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. The union has a total area of and an estimated total population of about 447million. The EU has often been des ...

and the United Kingdom until 31 December 2036.

Diseases

''G. quellyon'' may be affected by pathogens belonging to the genus '' Peronospora.''

Notes

References

External links

* * {{Taxonbar, from=Q2561859 quellyon Flora of Chile Medicinal plants of South America Garden plants