Gertrude Guillaume-Schack

Gertrude Guillaume-Schack (9 November 1845 – 20 May 1903) was a German women's rights activist who pioneered the fight against state-regulated prostitution in Germany, where she was born. She met considerable resistance due to the prevailing belief that such matters should not be discussed by respectable people, especially women. She also became active in organizing workers associations for German women, and was linked to the Social Democratic Party (SPD). Her activities and political views caused her to be exiled by the German authorities. She moved to England in 1886, where she became involved in Socialist organizations, but fell out with Friedrich Engels. Refusal to accept medical treatment may have contributed to her early death of untreated breast cancer.

Early years

Gertrud Schack was born in the village of Uschütz, Silesia, Germany, near what is now Gorzów Śląski, on 9 November 1845.
Her parents were Count Alexander Schack von Wittenau and Elizabeth, Countess of Königsdorf.
Her father's family belonged to the old nobility of Lower Silesia.
Her father, Count Schack, was an open-minded and wise man who exercised great influence on his gifted daughter.
In 1862, when Gertrud was seventeen years old, her parents left their estate and bought a villa in Beuthen an der Oder.
Her father sent Gertrud to live with a sister, asking her to visit him often.

In the autumn of 1873 she moved to Neufchatel, Switzerland.
In 1876 she married a Swiss painter, and lived for a while with him in his parents' house.
Her husband was Edouard Guillaume of Les Verrières, Neuchatel.
Her brother-in-law was James Guillaume, an anarchist closely associated with Mikhail Bakunin.
The newlyweds moved to Paris, but it turned out that her husband was not willing to commit to marriage and abandon his bachelor habits, and Gertrude was constrained to demand a divorce.
In the summer of 1878 she returned home from Paris.

Abolitionist

While in Paris Guillaume-Schack became active in the abolitionist movement started by Josephine Butler of England to fight state-regulated prostitution. She began the campaign in Germany with the same goals.
In her view, compulsory medical examinations and other regulations imposed on prostitutes penalized the women, but ignored their male clients.
In January 1879 she went to Berlin to work for the cause, and in May 1879 gave her first lectures to very small audiences.
She spoke publicly against state-regulated prostitution in the city hall of Berlin on 14 May 1880, but very few people turned up to hear her.
On 7 March 1880 she founded the ''Deutscher Kulturbund'' (German Cultural Association) in Berlin.
The ''Deutscher Kulturbund'' was, in effect, the first chapter of what would become the International Abolitionist Federation (IAF) in Germany.
Technically, it was independent of the IAF, due to restrictions imposed by the laws of Prussia, and was based in Beuthen an der Oder,
however, it followed the principles that Butler had defined.

Although she was supported by the leaders of the Berlin's women's movement, Lina Morgenstern and Franziska Tiburtius, progress was slow. Many respectable people thought that it was not proper for them to discuss prostitution publicly.
Guillaume-Schack expressed this view when she opened a public talk in 1882 by saying, "perhaps it will have surprised you, that a matter so difficult to handle as the morality question should be discussed in public, and perhaps yet more that I, a woman, want to speak about it."
The Prussian Law of Association, which remained in force until 1908, also restricted the right of women to meet and talk about social and political issues in public.

Guillaume-Schack spoke at many events and meetings. The ''Bulletin Continental'', the organ of the British, Continental and General Federation (the future IAF), reported that in January and February 1882 she had spoken in Breslau, Liegnitz, Berlin, Hanover, Bonn, Cologne, and Düsseldorf.
In March she attended meetings in Elberfeld, Barmen, Wiesbaden, and then Darmstadt, where a large mixed meeting including women and girls was organized in the gymnasium. The audience had been told of the subject in advance, and listened quietly other than a few male hecklers at the front. She told them that the morality police were a source of difficulty for a young fallen woman who wanted to return to an honest life. At this, the police commissioner and his agents went up to her and demanded that she stop her speech, since it was immoral.

The following day Guillaume-Schack and another participant were charged for having disturbed the peace and caused grave disorders.
Her trial was due to her effrontery in simply speaking openly about prostitution.
At the trial it was confirmed that Guillaume-Schack had been dignified and serious. The trial turned into an inquiry into the vice squad, while the two defendants were acquitted.
It emerged that children of thirteen or fourteen years of age could be registered as prostitutes and allowed to practice this trade as long as they followed police regulations, the only trade a minor could follow without the permission of their parents.
In 1882 Guillaume-Schack published the polemical ''Über unsere sittlichen Verhältnisse'' ("About our moral relations") concerning prostitution and white slavery.
The movement gradually came to life. The Berlin branch of the Cultural Association was allowed to hold meetings in a room at the Ministry of Religion and Justice, where they distributed a number of leaflets and brochures. Some of the worst excesses of the system were curtailed.
Despite interference from the police the organization grew to twelve branches. Many of its members were feminists.
They tried to help girls and women, and also to end regulated prostitution in Germany, a system that let these women "fall".

Guillaume-Schack met the Silesian activist Lina Morgenstern, and they founded the ''Verein zur Rettung und Erziehung minorenner strafentlassener Mädchen'' ("Association for the Rescue and Education of Girls Dismissed of Criminal Charges"), which ran a hostel for young women seeking work.
It was located opposite the newly opened main Berlin railway station.
In August 1885 Guillaume-Shack visited Berne and gave two public talks to audiences of women, leading to formation the next year of the Association of Berne Women to Improve Morality.
The authorities banned Guillaume-Schack due to her public meetings on abolitionist issues, and her association with the banned Social Democratic Party (SPD).

German Socialist

In 1884 Guillaume-Schack founded the ''Central-Kranken- und Begräbniskasse für Frauen und Mädchen in Deutschland'' (Central Ambulance and Funeral Fund for Women and Girls in Germany).
This was a front organization for unauthorized workers associations as well as a regional platform.
It sparked activity among working women, and soon grew to 20,000 members.
In 1885 Guillaume-Schack and Emma Ihrer founded the ''Verein zur Vertretung der Interessen der Arbeiterinnen'' (the Association to Promote the Interests of Working Women) in Berlin in collaboration with the SDP.
Guillaume-Schack was elected honorary President of the Berlin workers association.
It was banned after a year as a political organization.

Guillaume-Schack joined the SPD in 1885. She was strongly opposed to special regulations for women's work and organized protests against proposed protective legislation for women when it was debated in the Reichstag in 1885.
Guillaume-Schack undertook a lecture tour of Germany during which, despite massive police intervention, she managed to found workers associations in many other cities on the Berlin model.
Encouraged by Guillaume-Schack, other women ventured to speak out and make organizational tours.
Guillaume-Schack spoke at meetings of German women workers associations, where she attacked militarism and advanced socialist ideas.
Guillaume also attended many meetings in Switzerland where she spoke of the misery of working women.
She supported creation of the first associations of working women and housewives.

In January 1886 Guillaume-Schack launched '' Die Staatsbürgerin (The Citizeness)'', a newspaper, in Offenbach am Main.
The paper reported the meetings of working women's associations, gave statistics on working conditions and wages, and gave news and commentary on the wage struggles.
''Die Staatsbürgerin'', the first German journal for working women, was prohibited and pulped after just six months of publication.
By marrying a Swiss Guillaume-Schack was considered to have given up her German citizenship.
She was barred from living in several cities in Germany, and then deported, allowed to return only for short family visits.

England

Guillaume-Schack arrived in England in 1886. She met Friedrich Engels

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