German Torpedo Boat T25

The German torpedo boat ''T25'' was one of fifteen Type 39 torpedo boats built for the ''Kriegsmarine'' (German Navy) during World War II. Completed in late 1942, she was transferred to France in July 1943. ''T25'' was unsuccessfully attacked by Allied motor torpedo boats and aircraft during her voyage down the English Channel and then came to the aid of a convoy being attacked by Allied destroyers. Later that year she escorted blockade runners and Axis submarines through the Bay of Biscay. ''T25'' also helped to lay minefields in the English Channel in mid-1943. She participated in the Battle of Sept-Îles in October and was sunk two months later by British light cruisers during the Battle of the Bay of Biscay.

Design and description

The Type 39 torpedo boat was conceived as a general-purpose design, much larger than preceding German torpedo boats. The boats had an overall length of and were long at the waterline. They had a beam of , a draft of at deep load and displaced at standard load and at deep load.Gröner, p. 195 Their crew numbered 206 officers and sailors. The Type 39s were fitted with a pair of geared steam turbine sets, each driving one propeller, using steam from four high-pressure water-tube boilers. The turbines were designed to produce which was intended give the ships a maximum speed of . They carried enough fuel oil to give them a range of at .Whitley 1991, pp. 54, 203

As built, the Type 39 ships mounted four SK C/32 guns in single mounts protected by gun shields; one forward of the superstructure, one between the funnels, and two aft, one superfiring over the other. Anti-aircraft defense was provided by four SK C/30 AA guns in two twin-gun mounts on platforms abaft the rear funnel, six C/38 guns in one quadruple mount on the aft superstructure and a pair of single mounts on the bridge wings. They carried six above-water torpedo tubes in two triple mounts amidships and could also carry 30 mines; the full complement of 60 mines made the ships top-heavy which could be dangerous in bad weather. For anti-submarine work the boats were fitted with a ''S-Gerät'' sonar and four depth charge launchers. The Type 39s were equipped with a FuMO 21 radar and various FumB radar detectors were installed late in the war.

Construction and career

Originally ordered as a Type 37 torpedo boat on 30 March 1939, ''T25'' was reordered on 10 November 1939 from Schichau. The boat was laid down on 30 November 1940 at their Elbing, East Prussia, shipyard as yard number 1484, launched on 1 December 1941 and commissioned on 12 November 1942. After working up until June 1943, on 3 July ''T25'' and her sister departed for Western France. On the morning of 5 July, the sisters were unsuccessfully attacked by three Dutch-manned motor torpedo boats and shelled by British coastal artillery. After reaching Boulogne harbor, they were attacked by Hawker Typhoon fighters on 6 July which were equally unsuccessful. The boats sailed shortly after midnight on 7 July, bound for Le Havre where they arrived without being attacked. On the night of 9/10 July, on passage between Saint-Malo and Brest, they were tasked to provide distant cover for a convoy that was escorted by five minesweepers off Ushant. The convoy was attacked by the British destroyers , and the Norwegian-manned which sank one of the minesweepers and damaged another before ''T25'' and ''T24'' could arrive. The sisters heavily damaged ''Melbreak'' before the Allied ships disengaged. Now assigned to the 4th Torpedo Boat Flotilla, the torpedo boats were tasked to help escort U-boats through the Bay. On 2 August ''T25'', ''T24'' and their sister , responding to a distress call from another submarine, rescued survivors from the submarine . From 29 to 31 August, the same three boats escorted the through the Bay to Lorient.

''T25'' helped to lay minefields in the Channel from 3 to 5 September. While providing distant cover for a small convoy during the night of 3/4 October, the 4th Flotilla spotted a force of five British destroyers off the Sept-Îles near the coast of Brittany in the Channel and attacked with torpedoes with complete surprise. The first volley of five torpedoes all missed, but the British did not see them and continued on their course. Only when ''T23'' turned on her radar to determine the range for a second volley did they react when one of the British destroyers detected the radar; they altered course just in time for the second volley of torpedoes to miss. Two of the British ships were able to pursue the retreating Germans at high speed, but both were damaged by German gunfire and forced to disengage.

Battle of Sept-Îles

On 22 October, the 4th Flotilla, now consisting of ''T25'', ''T22'', ''T23'', and their sisters and , sortied from Brest to provide cover for the unladen blockade runner ''Münsterland'' and her close escort from the 2nd Minesweeping Flotilla as they sailed up the Channel. The British were aware of ''Münsterland'' and attempted to intercept her on the night of the 23rd with a scratch force that consisted of the light cruiser and the destroyers , , , ''Wensleydale'', and . ''T22''s hydrophones detected the British ships off the Sept-Îles at 00:25 and ''Korvettenkapitän'' Franz Kohlauf maneuvered his flotilla to intercept them before they could reach ''Münsterland''. ''Limbourne'' overheard the radio transmissions about 01:20 as the German ships turned and alerted the other British ships. At 01:36 ''Charybdis''s radar detected the German torpedo boats at a range of and she fired star shells in an unsuccessful attempt to spot them visually. About this time, ''T23'' spotted ''Charybdis'' silhouetted against the lighter horizon and Kohlauf ordered every boat to fire all of their torpedoes. Two of these struck the cruiser, which sank shortly afterwards, and another blew the bow off ''Limbourne'', which had to be scuttled later. None of these torpedoes were fired by ''T25'' as her partially trained torpedo officer did not react in time. The loss of the flagship threw the British into confusion as they had not worked together before the attack, and the torpedo boats successfully disengaged before the senior surviving British captain realized that he was in command.

Battle of the Bay of Biscay

On 24–26 December ''T25'' was one of the escorts for the blockade runner through the Bay of Biscay. Another blockade runner, the refrigerated cargo ship , trailed ''Osorno'' by several days and four destroyers of the 8th Destroyer Flotilla and the six torpedo boats of the 4th Flotilla set sail on 27 December to escort her through the Bay. The Allies were aware of these blockade runners through their Ultra code-breaking efforts and positioned cruisers and aircraft in the Western Atlantic to intercept them in Operation Stonewall. A Consolidated B-24 Liberator heavy bomber from No. 311 Squadron RAF sank ''Alsterufer'' later that afternoon.

The German ships were unaware of the sinking until the following afternoon and continued onward to the rendezvous point. They had been spotted by an American Liberator bomber on the morning of the 28th and the British light cruisers and , which were assigned to Stonewall, maneuvered to intercept them. By this time, the weather had gotten significantly worse and the German ships were steaming for home, hampered by the rough seas that threw sea spray over their forward guns which made their operation difficult. It also severely reduced visibility and hampered the rangefinders and sights for the guns and torpedoes. Using her radar, ''Glasgow'' was the first to open fire at 13:46 at a range of with ''Enterprise'' following a few minutes later. About that time, the destroyers began firing back with guns and torpedoes; the latter all missed and one hit was made on ''Glasgow'' at 14:05. ''Kapitän zur See'' (Captain) Hans Erdmenger, commander of the 8th Flotilla, decided to split his forces and ordered the destroyers , , and ''T22'', ''T25'' and ''T26'' to reverse course to the north at 14:18. The cruisers pursued them with ''Enterprise'' crippling ''Z27'' and ''Glasgow'' engaging ''T25''. At 14:54 the cruiser began to make multiple hits on ''T25'', killing the crews of the aft torpedo tubes, the quadruple 2 cm gun mount and the 3.7 cm guns. They also stopped one turbine and severed the oil pipes supplying after engine room, causing the boat to lose speed. Another hit blew the foremast and the forward funnel overboard and knocked out electrical power. At 15:10 ''T25'' fired her forward torpedoes without effect. Her captain requested that ''T22'' come alongside and rescue his crew, but ''Glasgow''s intense fire prevented her from complying. The cruiser switched targets to ''T26'' shortly afterwards, leaving ''T24'' drifting by herself with some hope of restarting one turbine. At 16:35 ''Enterprise'' reappeared and closed to a range of , despite sporadic firing from the German guns, which were almost out of ammunition, before firing one torpedo that caused ''T25'' to founder at 16:46 with the loss of 85 crewmen. The survivors were rescued by , which picked up 34 men from ''T25''; several hundred other survivors from ''Z27'', ''T25'' and ''T26'' were rescued by the Irish merchantman , the British minesweeper and two Spanish destroyers, but the precise breakdown of which survivors belong to which ship is not available.Gröner, p. 195; Hervieux, pp. 98–99; Rohwer, p. 295; Whitley 1991, pp. 149–153

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External links

''T25'' at german navy.de

{{DEFAULTSORT:T25
Type 39 torpedo boats
World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
Maritime incidents in December 1943
1941 ships
Ships built by Schichau
Ships built in Elbing