Gerald William Heaney (January 29, 1918 – June 22, 2010) served for nearly forty years as a
United States Circuit judge
In the United States, federal judges are judges who serve on courts established under Article Three of the U.S. Constitution. They include the chief justice and the associate justices of the U.S. Supreme Court, the circuit judges of the U.S. ...
of the
United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit
The United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (in case citations, 8th Cir.) is a United States federal court with appellate jurisdiction over the following United States district courts:
* Eastern District of Arkansas
* Western Dist ...
, from his appointment by President
Lyndon B. Johnson
Lyndon Baines Johnson (; August 27, 1908January 22, 1973), often referred to by his initials LBJ, was an American politician who served as the 36th president of the United States from 1963 to 1969. He had previously served as the 37th vice ...
in November 1966 until his full retirement in August 2006.
[Remarks of James Oberstar]
"Debate on H.R. 187"
'' Congressional Record- House'', February 7, 2007, pp. H1299–H1300. Heaney's career in public service began in 1941, upon graduation from law school. He soon enlisted in the
United States Army
The United States Army (USA) is the land warfare, land military branch, service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight Uniformed services of the United States, U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army o ...
, volunteered for the
United States Rangers, and soon became a second lieutenant in the
2nd Ranger Battalion
The 2nd Ranger Battalion, currently based at Joint Base Lewis–McChord south of Seattle, Washington, United States, is the second of three ranger battalions belonging to the United States Army's 75th Ranger Regiment.
History
World War II
Fo ...
.
[Jeffrey Brandon Morris, ''Establishing Justice in Middle America: A History of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit'', 150 (U of Minnesota Press - Minneapolis: 2007) .] Heaney's endurance as a judge was related to his endurance as a Ranger; of the hundreds of members of the Second Ranger Battalion who landed at Normandy on the early hours of
D-Day, Heaney was one of only three still on the front lines with the Rangers on
VE Day
Victory in Europe Day is the day celebrating the formal acceptance by the Allies of World War II of Germany's unconditional surrender of its armed forces on Tuesday, 8 May 1945, marking the official end of World War II in Europe in the Easter ...
.
[ Between the end of ]World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing ...
and his appointment to the federal bench, he rewrote the Free State of Bavaria
Bavaria ( ; ), officially the Free State of Bavaria (german: Freistaat Bayern, link=no ), is a state in the south-east of Germany. With an area of , Bavaria is the largest German state by land area, comprising roughly a fifth of the total lan ...
's labor laws, and was a valued political advisor and organizer for several liberal Democratic politicians, including Hubert Humphrey
Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr. (May 27, 1911 – January 13, 1978) was an American pharmacist and politician who served as the 38th vice president of the United States from 1965 to 1969. He twice served in the United States Senate, representing Mi ...
, Adlai Stevenson, Orville Freeman
Orville Lothrop Freeman (May 9, 1918February 20, 2003) was an American Democratic politician who served as the 29th Governor of Minnesota from January 5, 1955, to January 2, 1961, and as the U.S. Secretary of Agriculture from 1961 to 1969 under ...
, Eugene McCarthy, and Walter Mondale
Walter Frederick "Fritz" Mondale (January 5, 1928 – April 19, 2021) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 42nd vice president of the United States from 1977 to 1981 under President Jimmy Carter. A U.S. senator from Minnesota ...
.[ As an appellate court judge, Heaney typically favored broad interpretations of the ]Bill of Rights
A bill of rights, sometimes called a declaration of rights or a charter of rights, is a list of the most important rights to the citizens of a country. The purpose is to protect those rights against infringement from public officials and pr ...
and civil rights, labor and employment rights statutes.
Personal background
Heaney was born in the farming community of Goodhue, in southeastern Minnesota
Minnesota () is a state in the upper midwestern region of the United States. It is the 12th largest U.S. state in area and the 22nd most populous, with over 5.75 million residents. Minnesota is home to western prairies, now given over to ...
, on January 29, 1918.[ He was one of seven children of a butcher (William J. Heaney) and his wife (Johanna (Ryan) Heaney).][Stephanie Hemphill]
"Heaney looks back -- and forward"
Minnesota Public Radio June 10, 2006, accessed at May 3, 2008. Heaney's involvement in political campaigns began with the 1928 presidential election
The following elections occurred in the year 1928.
Africa
* 1928 Southern Rhodesian general election
Asia
* 1928 Japanese general election
* 1928 Persian legislative election
* 1928 Philippine House of Representatives elections
* 1928 Philippin ...
, when, as a ten-year-old, he assisted in posting campaign signs for New York Governor and Democratic Nominee Al Smith.[ Heaney came of age during ]the Great Depression
The Great Depression (19291939) was an economic shock that impacted most countries across the world. It was a period of economic depression that became evident after a major fall in stock prices in the United States. The economic contagio ...
.[ He attended the College (now University) of St. Thomas, then transferred to the ]University of Minnesota
The University of Minnesota, formally the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, (UMN Twin Cities, the U of M, or Minnesota) is a public land-grant research university in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. ...
, where he received a Bachelor of Science in Law
The Bachelor of Science in Law (BSL) is a somewhat special-purpose undergraduate degree that is typically intended for students who have completed some undergraduate education, but not received a baccalaureate degree, and are intending to resume th ...
degree in 1939.["History of the Eighth Circuit: a Bicentennial Project", 76 (Judicial Conference of the United States Bicentennial Committee 1976).] Upon graduation he enrolled in the University of Minnesota Law School
The University of Minnesota Law School is the law school of the University of Minnesota, located in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The school confers four law degrees: a Juris Doctor (J.D.), a Master of Laws (LL.M.), a Master of Science in Patent L ...
.[ Heaney received his ]Bachelor of Laws
Bachelor of Laws ( la, Legum Baccalaureus; LL.B.) is an undergraduate law degree in the United Kingdom and most common law jurisdictions. Bachelor of Laws is also the name of the law degree awarded by universities in the People's Republic of Ch ...
in 1941, and then worked in the securities division of the Minnesota Department of Commerce. However, his legal career was soon interrupted by the United States' entry into World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing ...
.
Service in World War II
In 1942, at age 24, Heaney enlisted. After the United States Marines
The United States Marine Corps (USMC), also referred to as the United States Marines, is the maritime land force service branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations through com ...
rejected him due to color blindness, he enlisted as a private in the United States Army
The United States Army (USA) is the land warfare, land military branch, service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight Uniformed services of the United States, U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army o ...
.[ He then volunteered for the United States Rangers, and would soon be commissioned as a second lieutenant in Company C of the Second Ranger Battalion, then in intense training to serve as a spearhead in Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of western Europe.
Organizers of Operation Overlord decided that Ranger Company C would constitute Ranger "Task Force B".][Robert W. Black, "''The Battalion: The Dramatic Story of the 2nd Ranger Battalion in World War II''", 63, 299 (Stackpole Books 2006) .] Unlike Ranger Task Force A (which scaled Pointe du Hoc, as depicted in '' The Longest Day'') and Ranger Task Force C (which landed in Dog Green sector of Omaha Beach as depicted at the outset of ''Saving Private Ryan
''Saving Private Ryan'' is a 1998 American epic war film directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Robert Rodat. Set during the Battle of Normandy in World War II, the film is known for its graphic portrayal of war, especially its depicti ...
''), the story of Task Force B on D-Day is lesser-known. In the first minutes of the invasion's amphibious landing, Task Force B disembarked in "Charlie" sector of Omaha Beach. That sector was located at Omaha Beach's far western end, where the beach abruptly terminates in a rocky promontory of 100-foot cliffs called Pointe de la Percee.[Joseph Balkoski, ''Omaha Beach: D-Day, June 6, 1944'', 113 (Stackpole Books 2006) .] The Task Force's mission included taking out the four German pillboxes at the top of the cliffs, as part of coordinated actions with Rangers' efforts to take the Vierville draw (to the east) and Pointe du Hoc (to the west).[
In a ]Library of Congress
The Library of Congress (LOC) is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the ''de facto'' national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the country. The library ...
oral history interview conducted by Congressman James Oberstar, Heaney recounted the first moments of the battle:
"At 6:30 we arrived close to the beach. We could not quite get into the beach because of the obstacles that the Germans had placed under water and also had proximity bombs that would blow up ships. They were having trouble getting the vessels in, so they could not get to the beach, but they got into relatively shallow water. And the door went down on the landing craft, and the captain stood up and said, everyone ashore, and he was cut down by gunfire. And the first lieutenant stood up and said, everyone ashore, and he was cut down by gunfire. And then that left me, Second Lieutenant Gerald Heaney, in charge, and I looked up and said, we are not going out that door; everybody over the side."[ Unfortunately, the landing craft had stopped in water over the heads of the soldiers, most of whom were burdened down by packs and equipment. Only by cutting loose their equipment and then swimming to shore could most of them avoid drowning.
Only half of the members of Task Force B reached the relative safety at the foot of the cliff.][Thomas H. Taylor, ''Rangers: Lead the Way'', 52–54 (Turner Publishing Co. 1997) .] The Task Force's preferred route to the high ground – through the Vierville draw in Dog Green sector – had quickly become a killing zone
In military tactics, the kill zone, also known as killing zone, is an area entirely covered by direct and effective fire, an element of ambush within which an approaching enemy force is trapped and destroyed. The objective of the ambush force i ...
, forcing Task Force B to find a route directly up the face of the cliff.[ Without the London fire ladders that helped Task Force A to take Pointe du Hoc, and with most of their other climbing equipment at the bottom of the Channel, Task Force B's surviving Rangers used bayonets thrust into the cliffs as footholds, and eventually reached the crest of Pointe de la Percee. There, control of the trenches surrounding the pillboxes switched back and forth between German and American forces for hours, further depleting the Company's ammunition and manpower. By the end of the battle, Task Force B secured Charlie sector, but at great cost in lives. For his heroism on D-Day, Second Lieutenant Heaney was awarded the Silver Star.][
After D-Day, the Second Ranger Battalion served alongside regular infantry units in areas such as the Cherbourg peninsula (in June–July 1944), ]Brest
Brest may refer to:
Places
*Brest, Belarus
**Brest Region
**Brest Airport
**Brest Fortress
* Brest, Kyustendil Province, Bulgaria
* Břest, Czech Republic
*Brest, France
** Arrondissement of Brest
**Brest Bretagne Airport
** Château de Brest
*Br ...
(in August–September 1944), the Crozon peninsula
Crozon (, ; br, Kraozon, , ) is a commune in the department of Finistère and the administrative region of Brittany, northwestern France. As well as the town of Crozon, the village of Morgat is part of the commune.
Crozon is located on the Cr ...
(September 1944), LeFret (September 1944) and the Hürtgen Forest
The Hürtgen forest (also: Huertgen Forest; german: Hürtgenwald) is located along the border between Belgium and Germany, in the southwest corner of the German federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia. Scarcely in area, the forest lies within a ...
(in December 1944). For his courage in battles after D-Day, Heaney was awarded a Bronze Star
The Bronze Star Medal (BSM) is a United States Armed Forces decoration awarded to members of the United States Armed Forces for either heroic achievement, heroic service, meritorious achievement, or meritorious service in a combat zone.
Wh ...
.[
By May 1945, Heaney's unit had reached so deeply into Axis-held territory that it crossed Germany's pre-1938 eastern border, entering areas of Bohemia that later would be turned over to Soviet control and become a part of ]Czechoslovakia
, rue, Чеськословеньско, , yi, טשעכאסלאוואקיי,
, common_name = Czechoslovakia
, life_span = 1918–19391945–1992
, p1 = Austria-Hungary
, image_p1 ...
(now a part of the Czech Republic
The Czech Republic, or simply Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Historically known as Bohemia, it is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the southeast. The ...
).[ There, as Germany's surrender was imminent, Heaney – now a captain—was responsible for a poignant moment. American, British, and Soviet forces had met and were preparing for a flag-raising ceremony, when Heaney recognized that no American flag was available. Heaney went into a nearby village, found swatches of red, white and blue cloth, and seamstresses, and convinced them to create a 48-star United States flag in time for the ceremony.][ That impromptu flag returned home with Captain Heaney, and serves as a cherished feature of many patriotic events in Duluth.
Because of the Second Ranger Battalion's extraordinary service, General Omar Bradley permitted them to return home as a group.][ Before returning, however, Heaney assisted the new government of ]Bavaria
Bavaria ( ; ), officially the Free State of Bavaria (german: Freistaat Bayern, link=no ), is a state in the south-east of Germany. With an area of , Bavaria is the largest German state by land area, comprising roughly a fifth of the total lan ...
in West Germany
West Germany is the colloquial term used to indicate the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; german: Bundesrepublik Deutschland , BRD) between its formation on 23 May 1949 and the German reunification through the accession of East Germany on 3 O ...
to revise its labor laws, helping to organize a free trade movement.[ Heaney left the service in 1946.][
]
Political and legal career
Upon his return to Minnesota, Heaney moved to Duluth, practicing labor law with the Lewis, Hammer, Heaney, Weyl and Halverson firm, and becoming deeply involved in activities of Minnesota's Democratic-Farmer-Labor (DFL) Party.[ By 1948, he soon found himself in the middle of a watershed year in the history that party, as a new generation of young liberals led by future governor ]Orville Freeman
Orville Lothrop Freeman (May 9, 1918February 20, 2003) was an American Democratic politician who served as the 29th Governor of Minnesota from January 5, 1955, to January 2, 1961, and as the U.S. Secretary of Agriculture from 1961 to 1969 under ...
and Minneapolis Mayor (and United States Senate Candidate) Hubert Humphrey
Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr. (May 27, 1911 – January 13, 1978) was an American pharmacist and politician who served as the 38th vice president of the United States from 1965 to 1969. He twice served in the United States Senate, representing Mi ...
wrested control of the party away from supporters of third-party presidential candidate Henry Wallace, while at the same time building the foundation for a 30-year political dynasty.[ Among that group, Heaney was considered "one of the shrewdest politicians in Minnesota",][ and became a Democratic national committeeman in 1955.][ Heaney became involved in Adlai Stevenson's 1956 presidential campaign. In Minnesota Senator Hubert Humphrey's unsuccessful run for the democratic presidential nomination in 1960, Heaney served as a campaign manager. In 1964 he was appointed by the Minnesota Legislature to fill a vacancy on the Board of Regents of the University of Minnesota.
Heaney's political career was not without its setbacks. In May 1960, during the DFL convention, he was unseated as a member of the Democratic National Committee. Newspapers reported that "his foes called him high-handed, arrogant and ruthless." In 1965, the Minnesota Legislature ended his career as a university regent, even though he was an incumbent and the governor's nominee for reappointment, and the Legislature had not failed to reappoint a regent for twelve years.]["Hartl Wins over Heaney in Race for Regent Post", ''Fergus Falls Daily Journal'', May 19, 1965.] His rejection was attributed to conservatives in the Legislature.[
]
Federal judicial service
Heaney was nominated by President Lyndon B. Johnson
Lyndon Baines Johnson (; August 27, 1908January 22, 1973), often referred to by his initials LBJ, was an American politician who served as the 36th president of the United States from 1963 to 1969. He had previously served as the 37th vice ...
on September 9, 1966, to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit
The United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (in case citations, 8th Cir.) is a United States federal court with appellate jurisdiction over the following United States district courts:
* Eastern District of Arkansas
* Western Dist ...
, to a new seat authorized by 80 Stat. 75.[ His nomination came upon the recommendation of former Minnesota Governor and then Secretary of Agriculture ]Orville Freeman
Orville Lothrop Freeman (May 9, 1918February 20, 2003) was an American Democratic politician who served as the 29th Governor of Minnesota from January 5, 1955, to January 2, 1961, and as the U.S. Secretary of Agriculture from 1961 to 1969 under ...
.[ Goldman, Sheldon, ''Picking Federal Judges: Lower Court Selection from Roosevelt Through Reagan'', 162 (Yale University Press – New Haven 1997) .] Freeman noted in his letter to President Johnson that Heaney was a close personal friend, had served as a Democratic National Committee member from Minnesota, was an excellent lawyer, and a supporter of Johnson's Great Society
The Great Society was a set of domestic programs in the United States launched by Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964–65. The term was first coined during a 1964 commencement address by President Lyndon B. Johnson at the Universit ...
program.[ Heaney was confirmed by the ]United States Senate
The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress, with the House of Representatives being the lower chamber. Together they compose the national bicameral legislature of the United States.
The composition and pow ...
on October 20, 1966, and received his commission on November 3, 1966. He entered active service in December 1966.[ He assumed ]senior status
Senior status is a form of semi- retirement for United States federal judges. To qualify, a judge in the federal court system must be at least 65 years old, and the sum of the judge's age and years of service as a federal judge must be at leas ...
on December 31, 1988. His service terminated on August 31, 2006, due to his retirement.
Judicial philosophy and law clerks
The Heaney appointment was one of three by Johnson to the Eighth Circuit that collectively altered the balance of the court. Heaney, along with Johnson nominees Myron H. Bright
Myron Howard Bright (March 5, 1919 – December 12, 2016) was an American lawyer and jurist who served as a United States federal judge, United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit.
Early life and educ ...
of North Dakota and Donald P. Lay of Nebraska and Iowa, "were more likely to vote for civil liberties claims and were more willing to accept an activist judiciary (as well as more likely to publish dissents) than their predecessors."[ Judges Heaney, Lay and Bright also shared a relative youthfulness at the time of appointment and a commitment to public service that led each of them to remain on the bench for many decades; the three served, collectively, over 129 years on the Eighth Circuit. According to Judge Bright, Judge Heaney hired the Eighth Circuit's first woman law clerk (Rebecca Knittle, in 1970), and its first African-American law clerk (Henry L. Jones, Jr., later a United States Magistrate Judge in Little Rock, Arkansas).
]
School desegregation in St. Louis, Missouri
During Heaney's tenure on the Eighth Circuit, school desegregation suits arising in cities such as Little Rock, St. Louis and Kansas City were among the court's most complex and lengthy proceedings. Judge Heaney played a particularly personal role in the St. Louis desegregation case, and wrote every appellate opinion in the case after 1980.[Donna Walter, "Eighth Circuit Judge Gerald Heaney Retires after Long Career", '' St. Louis Daily Record'', July 27, 2006.] The case involved implementation of a voluntary city-county transfer plan, and eventually drew 13,000 black students to county schools from the city, which Heaney credits for an increase in the percentage of black students who graduated from high school and went on to college.[ In 2004, after recusing himself from the St. Louis desegregation cases, Judge Heaney co-authored (with Dr. Susan Uchitelle, a former law clerk), a book on segregation and desegregation in the St. Louis school systems entitled ''Unending Struggle: The Long Road to an Equal Education in St. Louis''.
]
Influential opinions
In ''Chess v. Widmar'', 635 F.2d 1310, 1320 (8th Cir. 1980), members of a religious student organization at the University of Missouri-Kansas City alleged that university officials violated their right to free exercise of religion under the First Amendment by refusing to grant them equal access to university facilities. Writing for the Eighth Circuit, Judge Heaney agreed, holding that once a university opens its facilities for certain groups, it must keep them open for all groups. The United States Supreme Court granted certiorari, and in ''Widmar v. Vincent'', 454 U.S. 263 (1981) affirmed this ruling.
In ''Brenden v. Independent School District No. 742'', 477 F.2d 1292, 1300 (8th Cir. 1973), two female students who requested to participate in non-contact sports at schools that offered no varsity teams for females brought an action claiming that a state high school league rule prohibiting females from participating with males in interscholastic sports violated the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause. Writing for the court, Judge Heaney found the rule unconstitutional, holding that the activities were non-contact and the females displayed the ability to compete with males.
In ''U.S. v. City of Black Jack, Missouri'', 508 F.2d 1179 (8th Cir. 1974), cert. denied, 422 U.S. 1042 (1975), the Eighth Circuit became one of the first United States Courts of Appeals to decide what standards should apply to challenges under the Civil Rights Act of 1968, otherwise known as the Fair Housing Act, to zoning decisions that allegedly had a disproportionate impact on the ability of residents of segregated communities to move to desegregated communities. Writing for the court, Judge Heaney found that the city's actions violated the act because of its disparate impact on the ability of minority group residents of St. Louis to relocate to suburban Black Jack, and because Black Jack's justification did not satisfy a rigorous standard. The Supreme Court declined to review the case, and for many years Judge Heaney's analysis was cited approvingly by other federal courts interpreting the act.
In ''Consolidated Freightways Corp. of Delaware v. Kassel'', 612 F.2d 1064 (8th Cir. 1979), aff'd, 450 U.S. 662 (1981), Iowa's prohibition of extra-long semitrailer trucks was alleged to unconstitutionally burden interstate commerce, in violation of what is known as the dormant Commerce Clause. The court upheld the claim and struck down the requirement. In the court's opinion, Judge Heaney reasoned that, while "some burdening of interstate commerce will be tolerated" for the sake of safety, The Iowa regulation failed because it burdened interstate commerce and failed to directly protect a state safety interest. Two years later, the United States Supreme Court affirmed this ruling.
Later activities
Gerald and Eleanor Heaney continued to live in Duluth, where he worked to raise money for scholarships for students attending the University of Minnesota-Duluth.[ Free again to become involved in partisan politics, in late 2006 he volunteered at local DFL Party campaign offices, and in March 2007 endorsed John Edwards' bid for the 2008 Democratic nomination for president. In the fall of 2007 he served as co-chair of ]Don Ness
Don Ness (born January 9, 1974) is an American politician who served as the 38th Mayor of Duluth, Minnesota from 2008 to 2016. He is a member of the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party.
Early life and education
Ness was born in Duluth to Don ...
's successful campaign for mayor of Duluth.
Honors
The federal courthouse and customhouse in Duluth,["To designate the Federal building and United States courthouse and custom house located at 515 West First Street in Duluth, Minnesota, as the 'Gerald W. Heaney Federal Building and United States Courthouse and Customhouse'"]
Public Law 110-35. May 8, 2007. and residence hall at the University of Minnesota-Duluth
A university () is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. Universities typically offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. In the United States, t ...
,[ are named in Heaney's honor. In 2001 he received an honorary Doctor of Laws Degree for Public Service from the University of Minnesota-Duluth.]
Death
Heaney died June 22, 2010, in Duluth
, settlement_type = City
, nicknames = Twin Ports (with Superior), Zenith City
, motto =
, image_skyline =
, image_caption = Clockwise from top: urban Duluth skyline; Minnesota ...
, Minnesota.
References
External links
Judge Gerald Heaney 1918–2010
"In a time of Minnesota giants, none stood taller than Judge Heaney"
''MinnPost
''MinnPost'' is a nonprofit online newspaper in Minneapolis, founded in 2007, with a focus on Minnesota news.
Funding
''MinnPosts initial funding of $850,000 came from four families: John and Sage Cowles, Lee Lynch and Terry Saario, Joel and ...
''. June 23, 2010.
"The late judge Gerald Heaney, in his own words"
MPR News
Minnesota Public Radio (MPR), is a public radio network for the state of Minnesota. With its three services, News & Information, YourClassical MPR and The Current, MPR operates a 46-station regional radio network in the upper Midwest.
MPR ha ...
. June 30, 2010.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Heaney, Gerald William
1918 births
2010 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
Military personnel from Minnesota
Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit
Minnesota Democrats
Minnesota lawyers
People from Duluth, Minnesota
Recipients of the Silver Star
United States Army officers
United States Army Rangers
United States court of appeals judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson
20th-century American judges
University of Minnesota Law School alumni
People from Goodhue County, Minnesota